1 PHARMACOLOGY AND VENIPUNCTURE

Lecture 1
Pharmacology
- Branch of medicine that deals with the interaction of drug with the system of living
organisms.

Venipuncture or Venepuncture
- Process of obtaining intravenous access for Blood Sampling, also called Phlebotomy or
Intravenous Therapy.

*DRUG NOMENCLATURES*

Therapeutic Classification
- Physiological change induced by the drugs.
Pharmacological Classification
- Molecular level of change.

Chemical Name
- a unique name only for one drug
- to give unambiguous name
Generic Name
- only one name is given per drug
- a shortened or simplified name of a Drug
Brand Name
- a Drug can have multiple brand name
- it’s a name given by the drug manufacturers

*METHODS OF DRUG CLASSIFICATION*

Drug
- Chemical substance of known structure and produce biological effect when administered
- intended for diagnosis, cure, mitigation, and treatment

Types of Drug by Law

1. Prescription Drugs
- Safe for use only under medical supervision
- may only be supplied with prescription
2. Non-Prescription Drugs
- Over-the-counter drugs
- safe for usage without doctor's supervision
+Dietary Supplements
- Not classified as drugs
- Do not require FDA approval
- include amino acids, vitamins, and minerals
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Drug Classification

1. Chemical Group
- comes from a chemical viewpoint and include:
+ Beta - lactam antibiotic
+ Benzodiazepine
+ Cardiac Glycoside
+ Fibrate
+ Thiazide Diuretic
+ Steroid
+ Triptan
- Beta - lactam antibiotic
+ Bacterial agents that interrupt bacterial cell-wall formation
+ ex. Amoxicillin
- Benzodiazepine
+ used for treating anxiety, seizures, and insomnia
+ short term use only
+ ex. XANAX
- Cardiac Glycoside
+ Treating heart failure and certain irregular heart beats
+ ex. Digoxin
- Fibrates
+ Cholesterol-lowering medicine
+ increase Triglycerides (fats) and increase HDL (good cholesterol)
- Thiazide Diuretic
+ used to treat high blood pressure
+ type of DIuretic
- Thiazide
+ ex. chlorothiazide
- Loop Diuretics
+ can induce Potassium wasting
+ Furosemide
- Potassium Sparing
+ Spironolactone
- Steroid
+ anti-inflammatory medicines used to treat a range of conditions
+ ex. tablets - prednisolone, Inhalers - beclometasore, Injections -
methylprednisolone, creams - hydrocortisone skin cream

- Triptan
+ Used to treat migraines
+ It works changing how blood circulates and help with menstrual migraines
+ Ex. Sumatriptan
Quiz 1
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Lecture 2

Methods of Drug Classification

Mechanism of Action
- Refers to how the drug works on a molecular level
- It is more specific And act on enzyme and receptors
Mode of Action
- A more general response of the body
- Acts on a cellular level

Agonist and Antagonist

Agonist
- Mimics neurotransmitters
- Bind to receptors and activate it
Full Agonist
- 100% Activation
- Ex. Opioid, morphine, etc
Partial Agonist
- Lesser activation effect

Antagonist
- Bind to receptors and block it from being activated
Chemical Antagonist
- Interaction between a drug and either a chemical or another drug
Physiological Antagonist
- Two drugs acting on a different pathway and receptors and oppose each other
Pharmacokinetic Antagonist
- One drug suppress the effect of another drug
Pharmacologic Antagonist
- When an antagonist inhibits the effect of an agonist

Primary Effect
- It is the desired beneficial therapeutic effect
- Physiological or therapeutical impact of drugs
- Secondary effect are all effects beside the desired effect

General Pharmacological Principles

Pharmacokinetics
- What the body does to the drug
Pharmacodynamic
- What the drug does to the body
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Pharmacokinetics

Four phases or stage of Pharmacokinetics:

1. Absorption
- Movement of drug from administration site to site of action
+ Factors affecting Absorption
- Route of administration
+ Bioavailability - the abilityof a drug to be absorbed and used by the body
- Formulation and chemical properties
- Drug-food interaction
+ IV Administration
- No Absorption is required
- Bioavailability is 100%
- Faster absorption than Oral administration
+ Oral Administration
- Less drug delivery to the site of action
- Incomplete absorption
+ First Pass Metabolism - initial metabolism of a drug before it reach the
systemic circulation
Type of Drug Administration
● Slow Absorption
+ Orally
- Through mucous membrane are ORAL and NASAL Mucosa
+ Topical/Transdermal - through the skin
+ Rectally - suppository or through the rectum
● Faster Absorption
+ Parenteral - injections
- Intravenous (IV)
- Intramuscular (IM)
- Subcutaneous (SC)
+ Inhaled - through the lungs
● Fastest Absorption
+ Directly into brain
- Intracerebral - into brain tissue
- Intracerebroventricular - into brain ventricles

2. Distribution
- outlines drug's travel through the bloodstrem and distribute to the different
tissues in the body

3. Metabolism
- process of breaking down the drugs
+ Factors
- Genetics
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- Age
- Drug interactions
4. Excretion
- Removal of drug from the body
- Urine helps this with the kidney
+ Factors
- Direct Renal Dysfunction
- Age
- Pathologies

QUIZ 2

Lecture 3
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
Indications
- specific medical condition for whish drug is prescribed
Classification of Drug Indication
1. FDA-Approved
- also called labeled Indication
2. Non-FDA Approved
- also called off-label Indication
Labeled Indications
- FDA determines sufficient evidence to approve the drug resulting in it being having a
labeled Indications
Off-label Indication
- Drugs that are not officially approved by FDA, However they have are supported by a
scientific research and evidence.

Contraindication
- refers to a situation in which a particular drug or procedure cannot be done due to
potential harm
2 Main types of Contraindication
1. Absolute Contraindication
- any use of a drug is strictly prohibited under all circumstances
2. Relative Contraindication
- use of a drug may be considered in certain situation

DOSAGE AND CALCULATION

Dose
- Quantity of a drug administered to an individual
Dosage
- Typically expressed in terms of mass
- i.e mg, mcg, ml, g, etc…
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Dosage Regimen
- structured and prescribed schedule on howa drug should be administered over time
- Dosage, Frequency, and Duration
Dosage Form
- Physical representation od a drug to be administered
- capsule, tablet, etc..

Universal Formula for calculating the Dose needed

D(desired amount)/H(amount on hand) x Q(Quantity) = Dose

Metric Table
1000 Micrograms (mcg) 1 mg

1000 g 1 kg

1000 mg 1g

2,2 pounds (lbs) 1 kg

30 ml 1 ounce (oz)

1 ml 1 cubic centimeter (cc)

1 teaspoon (tsp) 5 ml

1000 ml 1L

Drug administration
- giving of a drug through in several routes
Enteral Route
- Administered orally
- includes Sublingual and Buccal
Topical Route
- application to the skin or an oriiface
Transdermal Route
- delivered bodywide through a patch on the skin
Cutaneous Route
- use of ointments, cream, lotion, etc..
Opthalmic Route
- used to treat eye disorders
- OU - Both eyes
- OD - Right eye
- OS - Left eye
Otic Route
- For ear infection
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Nasal Route
- administered through the Nose
- generally work quicklIy
Inhalation Route
- administered by inhaling through the mouth
Nebulization Route
- drug or substance to be administered must be aerosolized into small particles
- use a nebulizer systems
Rectal Route
- use of suppository and administered in rectum
- drugs administered dissolves or liquefies after being inserted
Vaginal Route
- drugs administered in the vaginal wall and is slowly absorbed by it
Parenteral Route
- involves the usage of injecting drugs with a needle
Intradermal Route
- a shallow or superficial injection of a substance into the dermis
Subcutaneous Route
- inserted into fatty tissue beneath the skin
Intramuscular Route
- Injected to the muscle
Intravenous Route
- Inserted directly into a vein
+ IV Bolus/Push
- Single Dose
+ IV Infusion/Therapy
- Continuous Infusion
Intrathecal Route
- inserted on the spine between two vertebrae in the lower part of it
QUIZ 3
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