Pharmaceutic Phase

Tablet – Disintegration – Dissolution

- Absorption – transfer of a drug from its site pf administration to the bloodstream

Affected by 3 major factors;
- Route of administration
- Blood flow
- Concentration
- Distribution – movement of a drug to the body’s tissues
- Lipid solubility
- Ionization
- Tissue perfusion
Protein Binding
- Albumin
- Protein-drug complex is relatively large
- Only free drugs are active and can cause a pharmacologic response
- Metabolism (Biotransformation)
- An active drug into less-active or inactive forms
- PRODRUG (inactive or less active drug) into a more active drug
- Liver -> CY450
- Excretion – removal of drug from the body
- Skin
- Saliva
- Lungs
- Bile
- Feces
- Urine by glomerular filtration
Half-life
- Change the amount of drug in the body by one-half during elimination

Loading Dose
- If therapeutic concentration must be achieved rapidly and the volume of distribution is
large
- if the LD is very large dose, it should be given slowly to prevent toxicity

Maintenance Dose
- Equal to the rate of elimination at steady state
- Important to maintain concentration above minimum therapeutic level

Adver
Right Patient
Know thru
- Coded ID band
- Birthday
- Middle Names

Right Drug
- Prescribed by any licensed health care provider
- Telephone order (TO) or verbal order (VO) must be “read back” and cosigned within 24
hours
- To avoid drug error, the drug label should be read three times;
a. At the time of contact with the drug
b. Before measuring the drug
c. After measuring the drug
Components:
 Date and time the order is written
 Drug name (genetic preferred)
 Drug dosage
 Route of administration
 Frequency and duration of administration
 Any special instruction for withholding or adjusting
 Physician or other health care provider’s signature or name if TO or VO

Know – must know the patient

Check – check the medication order is complete and legible
Purpose – know purpose of the medication
Check – check, check, check!
Start and end – start and end for drug to be administered

Right Dose
verification by the nurse that the dose administered is the amount ordered and that it is safe
Based on: patient’s physical status weight
- Calculate the drug dose correctly
- Formulary, package insert, or other drug references

Right Time
- Done is ordered to administered

Affected by food be given 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals

Irritate the stomach give with food
Check

Right Route
 - Assess the pt.’s ability to swallow
- Do not crush or mix medications in other substances
- Do not mix medications in an infant’s formula feeding
- Use aseptic technique
- Stay with the patient until oral drugs have been swallowed

Right Documentation
 Drug name
 Dose
 Route
 Time and date
 Initials or Signature

- Patient’s response:
- Unexpected or adverse effects

Right to Education – accurate and thorough information about the medication and how it
relates to their condition.
- Purpose
- Expected result
- Side effects
- Dietary restriction
- Skill of administration
- Monitoring

Right to refuse – pt can do refuse can and do refuse to take a medication. It is the nurses’
responsibility to determine, when possible,

Nurses’ Rights when administering med

6 rights of nurses – this is to provide safe medications;

1. The right to a complete and clear order
2. The right to have the correct drug, route(form), and dose dispensed
3. The right to have access to information
4. The right to have policies to guide safe medication administration
5. The right to administer medications safely and to identify problems in the system
6. The right to stop, think, and be vigilant when administering medications

Medication Administration

Right Evaluation
- Appraisal of a drug’s therapeutic and adverse effects

Routes
Oral Route -
Buccal and Sublingual Route
Topical Route – slowest absorption
Inhalation Route –
Transdermal Route – skin for systemic effect
Rectal Route -
Parenteral route

Tablets and Capsules

- Most common, convenient and less expensive, do not require special skills or equipment
- Are not given
- Enteric-coated, extended-release and timed-release capsules must be swallow whole
- Administer irritating drugs on an empty stomach if food interferes with medication
absorption
- Sublingual

Liquids
Elixirs – alcohol substance (not necessarily to shake)
Emulsions – 2 substance na gi mix, a combination og oil and water
Suspensions – non soluble

Lower meniscus –

Transdermal
- Medication is stored in a patch placed n the skin and absorbed through skin, having a
systemic effect
- Should be rotated to different sites an

Topical
- Frequently applied to the skin
- Applicator – must not reinsert it (single use only)

Instillations
- Examples; eye drops, nasal sprays