Name: Christine Diane C.

Guamos Subject: CDI 8

Course/Year & Section: BSC 3A Instructor: Sir Jose Salopesa

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Administer - the act of introducing any dangerous drug into the body of any person with
or without his knowledge.
Chemical - is any substance taken into the body that alters the way and the mind and the
body work.
Chemical Abuse - is an instance when the use of chemical has produced negative or
harmful consequences.
Cultivate - or Culture is any act of knowingly planting, growing, raising, or permitting
the planting, growing or raising of any plant which is source of a dangerous drug.
Drug - is a chemical substance used as medicine or in the making of medicines, which
affects the body and mind and have potential for abuse.
Drug Abuse - is the illegal, wrongful or improper use of any drug.
Drug Addiction - refers to the state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by the
repeated consumption of a drug.
Drug Dependence - refers to the state of psychic or physical dependence or both on
dangerous drugs following the administration or use of that drug. WHO defines it as the
periodic, continuous, repeated administration of a drug.
Drug Experimenter - one who illegally, wrongfully, or improperly uses any narcotic
substances for reasons of curiosity, peer pressure, or other similar reasons.
Drug Syndicate - It is a network of illegal drug operations operated and manned
carefully by groups of criminals who knowingly traffic through nefarious trade for
personal or group profit.
Manufacturer - the production, preparation, compounding or processing a dangerous
drug either directly or indirectly or by extraction from substances of natural origin or by
chemical synthesis.
Narcotic Drug - refers to illegally used drugs or dangerous drugs, which are either
prohibited or regulated drugs. It also refers to drugs that produces sleep or stupor and
relieves pain due to its depressant effect on the CNS. The term Narcotic comes from the
Greek word “narcotikos”. It is sometimes known as “opiates”.
Physical Dependence - an adaptive state caused by repeated drug use that reveals it self
by development of intense physical symptoms when the drug is stopped (withdrawal
syndrome).
Psychological Dependence - an attachment to drug use that arises from a drug ability to
satisfy some emotional or personality needs of an individual.
Pusher - any person who sell, administer, deliver or give away to another, distribute,
transport any dangerous drug.
Rehabilitation - Restoration of an optimum state of health by medical, physical,
psychological, social and peer group support for a chemically dependent person and his
significant others.
Tolerance - is the increasing dosage of drugs to maintain the same effect in the body.
Treatment - Application of planned procedures to identify and change patterns of
behavior that are maladoptive, destructive, health injuring or to restore appropriate levels
of physical, psychological or social functioning.
Use - the act of injecting, consuming, any dangerous drugs. The means of introducing the
dangerous drug into the physiological system of t mohe body.

WHAT ARE DRUGS?

A drug, as defined, is a chemical substance used as a medicine or in making medicines,
which affects the body and mind and have potential for abuse. Without an advice or
prescription from a physician, drugs can be harmful.
Hundreds of pure chemicals have been developed plants and put into pills, capsules or
liquid medicines. Drugs also help a person’s body and mind function better during an
illness. But drugs have to be taken correctly in order to do these things. The wrong drug
or the wrong amount of the right one can make an illness, worse, destroy blood cells,
damage the body and many cause death. For this reason, most drugs can be legally
purchased only with doctor’s written order called prescription. Only a medical doctor can
prescribe medicinal drugs. These drugs could be dangerous and must be used with care,
according to the doctor’s prescription. He gives direction on how much medicine to take
and how often.
The practice of taking drugs without proper medicinal supervision is called the non-
medical use of drugs or drug abuse.

FORMS OF DRUGS
There are also two forms of drugs, natural and synthetic/artificial.

Natural Drugs - include natural plant leaves, flowering tops, resin, hashish, opium, and
marijuana.
Synthetic Drugs - are produced by clandestine laboratories which include those drugs
that are controlled by law because they are used in the medical practice.

Physicians prescribe them and are purchased in the legitimate outlets like drugstores.

THE PRESCRIPTIVE DRUGS

These are drugs requiring written authorization from a doctor to allow a purchase.
They are prescribed according to the individual’s age, weight and height and should not
be taken by anyone else. It is a personal requirement and self-medication that should be
strictly avoided. The pharmacist should never allow the consumer to request them
knowingly without first consulting a doctor.

Once again strict emphasis of following directions needs to be stated. In addition to

dosage, the physician indicates both when and for how long the medicine should be
taken. Theses directions are intended to safeguard the patient from needlessly treating
himself after his illness has been brought under control or from prematurely stopping a
drug because he thinks he is well. Since the chemistry of the body is subtle and variable,
only a physician should have the responsibility of prescribing and directing the use of
drugs in the treatment of illnesses.
THE OVER - THE COUNTER - DRUGS (OTC)
These are non-prescription medicines, which may be purchased from any pharmacy or
drugstore without written authorization from a doctor. They are use to treat minor and
short term illnesses and any persistent condition should be immediately referred to a
physician. It should be strongly emphasized that “directions” be closely followed and all
precautions necessarily taken to avoid complications.

OTC drugs are used for the prevention and symptomatic relief of minor ailments. The
precautions that must be observed when dispensing OTCs are the following:

1. the correct drug with the correct drug content is given to the correct patient in the
correct dosage form;
2. the pharmacist must counsel the patient to make sure that he/she takes the drugs
correctly; and
3. the pharmacist must be aware of and know about the possible toxicity’s possessed by
the OTC drugs to avoid food/drug incompatibilities and overdoses.

OTCs must be used discriminately:

1. To avoid the dispensing of OTC to known identified habitual drug users.

2. To avoid complications, this is done by inquiring from the buyer of the drugs as to the
identity of the patient, the patient’s age and other information such as pregnancy,
hypertension, etc.
3. Counseling the patient so as to avoid the “self-medication” syndrome by inquiring
about the buyer’s source of information about the drug.

SELF-MEDICATION SYNDROME
The “self-medication” syndrome is found in users and would be users of drugs whose
sources of information are people or literature other than doctors, pharmacists and health
workers. These could be members of the family, relatives, and/or neighbors, all of whom
may have previously used the drug for their specific disease or disorder. Selfmedication
may work against the good of the user because it can lead to intoxication and other
adverse reactions. Possible outcomes of self-medication are:

1. Adverse reaction towards the drug, such as allergies that may be mild or severe.
2. Possible non-response of the patient to the drug effectively due to incorrect drug usage.
3. Possible drug toxicities, through over dosage which may lead to severe reactions such
as nausea, vomiting, rashes, etc.
4. Possible habit-forming characteristics due to periodic use of the drugs even when such
are no longer needed.

TYPES OF DOSE
1. Minimal dose – amount needed to treat or heal, that is, the smallest amount of a drug
that will produce a therapeutic effect.
2. Maximal dose – largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired therapeutic
effect, without any accompanying symptoms of toxicity.
3. Toxic dose – amount of d rug that produces untoward effects or symptoms of
poisoning
4. Abusive dose – amount needed to produce the side effects and action desired by an
individual who improperly uses it
5. Lethal dose – amount of drug that will cause death.

HOW DRUGS ARE ADMINISTERED?

The common methods of administration are the following:

1. Oral – this is the safest most convenient and economical route whenever possible.
There are however, drugs, which cannot be administered this way because they are
readily destroyed by the digestive juices or because they irritate the mucous lining of the
gastro-intestinal tract and induce vomiting.
2. Injection – this form of drug administration offers a faster response than the oral
method. It makes use of a needle or other device to deliver the drugs directly into the
body tissue and blood circulation.
3. Inhalation – this route makes use of gaseous and volatile drugs, which are inhaled and
absorbed rapidly through the mucous of the respiratory tract.
4. Topical – this refers to the application of drugs directly to a body site such as the skin
and the mucous membrane.
5. Iontophoresis – the introduction of drugs into the deeper layers of the skin by the use
of special type of electric current for local effect.

THE CONCEPT OF TOXICOLOGY

The best use of medicine depends upon the physician, the user or patient, and lastly, the
pharmacist. This idea was subscribed to by both Metro Manila Physicians (PNC Health
Education Survey, 1983) and the Pharmaceutical Manufacturer’s Association of
Washington, D.C. (U.P., MEC, DDB 1979). Their common agreements on the intelligent
use of drugs are presented below.

1. Take medicines on doctor’s advice. In prescribing medicine, the doctor considers

factors like age and weight, prevalent signs and symptoms, severity of the disease, results
of laboratory examinations, route of administration tolerated by patient, and presence of
impairment in the organ or system. The physician has always a reason for his orders.
2. When taking prescribed medicines, remember carefully the dosage, manner of
administration, frequency and time when to take it. Patient must not trust his memory
when taking medicine. The label of the medicine should be read three times – once when
medicine id remove from cabinet, again before medicine is taken and a third time after it
is taken. Medicine should not be taken in the dark even if patient knows its location.
3. If patient goes to more than one doctor, each one of them must know about all the
drugs being taken.
4. Avoid self-medication. Patient should not try to guess what is wrong with him or to
select his own medicines even if his symptoms seem to be familiar to those of his
neighbor.
5. Report any untoward effects of medicine to the physician. After taking medicine, tell
the doctor if any symptoms develop.
6. Patient should not take additional drugs without asking his physician.
7. See whether the medicine has expired or not.
8. Be sure that the label stays on a prescription container until all is used.
9. Store medicine in a safe, cool and dry place and out of reach of children.
10. Some people just purchase and use common drugs without knowing their functions
and contradictions. Thus, instead of being relieved of some symptoms, their conditions
are aggravated. Physicians share the same opinion that the following drugs are better used
under medical supervision to avoid harmful consequences and habit formation.

MEDICAL USES OF DRUGS

1. Analgesics - relieve pain. However, they may produce the opposite effects on
somebody who suffers form peptic ulcer or gastric irritation.
2. Antibiotics - combat or control infectious organisms. Ingesting the same antibiotics for
a long time can result in allergic reactions and cause resistance to the drug.
3. Antipyretics - can lower body temperature or fever due to infection.
4. Antihistamines - control or combat allergic reactions. People who on antihistamine
therapy must not operate or drive vehicles since these drugs can cause drowsiness.
5. Contraceptives - prevent the meeting of the egg cell and sperm cell or prevent the
ovary from releasing egg cells. Pregnant women must not take birth control pills to avoid
congenital abnormalities. This advice also applies to women suffering from heart disease,
varicose veins, breast limps, goiter and anemia. The effectiveness of oral contraceptives
may be reduced when taken with antibiotic.
6. Decongestants - relieve congestion of the nasal passages. Prolonged used of these
decongestants might include nasal congestion upon withdrawal.
7. Expectorants - ease the expulsion of mucus and phlegm from the lungs and the throat.
They are not drugs of choice for the newborn that does not know to cough the phlegm
out.
8. Laxatives - stimulate defecation and encourage bowel movement. They should not be
given to pregnant women and those suffering from intestinal obstruction. Taking
purgatives (stronger than laxatives) unnecessarily might result in rupture of the intestines
or appendix if there is an obstruction. Constant use might make the intestines sluggish.
9. Sedatives and tranquilizers - calm and quiet the nerves and relieve anxiety without
causing depression and clouding of the mind. Precautions must be taken in the use of
tranquilizers since they can cause impairment of judgement and dexterity.
10. Vitamins - are food substances necessary for normal growth and development and
proper functioning of the body. A person who eats a balanced diet does not need
supplements. If they are found necessary, vitamin preparations should be taken with
meals. Vitamins should be treated as drugs since the body does not manufacture them.
Excessive dosage of vitamins A and D can be dangerous and harmful to health. Excess of
vitamin D can lead to nausea, diarrhea, and weight loss, calcification and heart and
kidney troubles. Too much vitamin A might result in symptoms of a disease of the liver.

CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS

a. According to origin:
1. Natural drugs are active ingredients, secondary metabolic products of plants and other
living system that maybe isolated by extraction. Ex: raw opium, marijuana & coca bush.
2. Synthetic drugs- are artificially produced substances, synthesized in th laborator fo the
illicit market, which are almost wholly manufactured from chemical compounds in illicit
laboratories. Ex: methamphetamine barbiturates.
b.According to legal classification:
1.RA 9165- Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002
2. PD 1619- Volatile Substances
3.RA 6425- Classified as Regulated and Prohibited
c. According to international classification:
1. Narcotics substance
2. Psychotropic substance
3. Designer drugs
d.According to pharmacological classification (effects);
1. Stimulants - are drugs which increased alertness of physical disposition. Example:1.
Amphetamine (tablet or capsule) 2. Shabu (Methamphetamine Hydrochloride)-intgestion,
inhalation, sniffing, injection, smoked
2.Hallucinogens -are drugs which affect sensation, thinking, self-awareness and emotion.
Changes in time and space perception, delusions (false belief) and hallucinations may be
mild or overwhelming depending on dose and quality of drugs. Example: 1. Ecstasy
(XTC) - swallowing or inhalation, it can really kill. 2. LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)
3. Marijuana (Indian Hemp, Cannabis Sativa L.)
3. Depressants- are drugs which depress or lower the functions of the central nervous
system.
Types of depressants:
1. Narcotics- a drugs which induces sleep (hypnotics) or stupor and relieve pain
(analgesic) which include opium, opiates, heroine, morphine and codeine
2.Tranquilizers- substance that reduces anxiety, ease tension and relax the muscle. 3.
Sedative and Hypnotics- calm the nerves, reduce tension and induce sleep. Example:
Barbiturates, Alcohol.
4. Inhalants -these are any liquid, solid or mixed substances that has the property of
releasing toxic (psychoactive) vapors or fumes. Examples: solvent, glue, gasoline,
kerosene, paint, thinner & naphthalene.

REPUBLIC ACT 6425

Under Republic Act 6425, otherwise known as the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972,
dangerous drugs are classified into three main categories, namely:
1.Prohibited drug - which include opium and its active components and derivatives such
as heroine and morphine, coca leaf and its derivatives, principally cocaine, alpha and beta
eucaine, hallucinogenic drugs, such as mescaline and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD),
Indian hemp and its derivatives, all preparations made from any of the foregoing and
other drugs and chemical preparations whether natural or synthetic, with the
physiological effects of narcotics or a hallucinogenic drugs.
2. Regulated drug - which include these lf inducing sedatives such assecobarbital,
phenobarbital, pentobarbital, barbital, amobarbital and any other drug which contains a
salt or a derivative of a salt or fumes or any chemical substance barbituric acid, any salt,
isomer or salt of an isomer, of amphetamine such as benzidrine or Dexedrine or any drugs
which produces a physiological action similar to amphetamine and hypnotic drugs such
as methaqualone, nitrazipam or any other compound producing similar physiological
effects.
3. Volatile substance - liquid, solid or mixed substances having the property of
releasing toxic.