DECLARATION

I, S.MEENA bearing the Reg. No. PB21034, 1st YEAR of L.L.M, for the academic year 2021-
2023, do hereby declare that this research paper entitled “A DESCRIPTIVE TO ACCESS
THE LEGAL KNOWLEDGE AMONG THE PUBLIC ON SPITTING IN PUBLIC
PLACES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCES WITH SALEM CITY” is an original work of
mine and is a result of my own intellectual efforts, submitted to THE CENTRAL LAW
COLLEGE, SALEM in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
L.L.M, under the guidance of Mr. K. KARNAN., B.E., M.A., M.Sc., L.L.M., PGCCL. I have
quoted titles of all original sources i.e., original documents and name of the authors whose work
has helped me in writing this paper have been placed at appropriate places. I have not infringed
copy rights of any other author.

DATE : 14/11/2022
PLACE : SALEM

S.MEENA
Reg.No:PB21034
1ST YEAR OF L.L.M
THE CENTRAL LAW COLLEGE
SALEM-8

i
K. KARNAN., B.E., M.A., M.Sc., LL.M., PGCCL
Assistant Professor of Law
The Central Law College
Salem-8

CERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that the assignment entitled “A DESCRIPTIVE TO ACCESS THE LEGAL
KNOWLEDGE AMONG THE PUBLIC ON SPITTING IN PUBLIC PLACES WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCES WITH SALEM CITY” is a bonafied work done by Ms.
S.MEENA bearing the Reg..No. PB21034, Ist YEAR of L.L.M, for the academic year 2021 –
2023 submitted to The Central Law College, Salem in partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of degree of L.L.M under my guidance and supervision. The report has been prepared
is her original work and it has not been previously the basis for award of any degree, diploma,
associate ship, fellowship or other similar work.

DATE : 14/11/2022
PLACE : SALEM

K. KARNAN., B.E., M.A., M.Sc., LL.M., PGCCL

Assistant Professor of Law
The Central Law College
Salem-8

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Gratitude can never be expressed in words, but this is only the deep perception which makes the
words to flow from one’s inner heart.

With great pleasure, I take this opportunity to acknowledge those who helped and supported me
during this internship. First thank to my family and God the almighty for the abundant blessings
showered upon me.

I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to our Chairman. Mr. D. Saravanan, The Central
Law College, Salem, Co- chairman, Bar Council of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, for giving me
to wonderful opportunity to complete this work.

I express my thanks to our college Dean Dr. T.N.Geetha and Principal Ms. Begum Fatima who
accept me and permit me to do this research.

I would like to express my special and peculiar thanks of gratitude to my Guide

Mr.K.Karnan., B.E., M.A., M.Sc., L.L.M., P.G.C.C.L Assistant Professor of Law, for having
given me a proper guidance in choosing the topic in this Non – Doctrinal research.

I extend my thanks to our college librarian Mr. Murali Krishnan sir, Dr. Santhi and Mrs.
Padma mam to provide guidance on the basics of literature.

I would like to express my thanks to all the teaching and non- teaching staff of our college for
their support to complete the study.

I would never have been possible to complete this study without untiring support from my
Respectable Senior Mrs. T.Vasugi., M.A., B.L, Advocate, and my Friend Mr. N.Kevin.,
B.A.,LL.B and my beloved juniors Mr. Rishibalan., B.A., LL.B & Mr.Hariharan., B.A.,LL.B.
Thank you for your support and encouragement during the course of study.

I am thankful to my beloved Co- student who are help me and support me during this research.

I thank all the respondents/ samples who participated in my study and their co-operation
throughout the study. And I am greatly indebted to the various writers, jurists and all others from
whose writings and work I have taken help to complete this study into a great extent

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Contents
DECLARATION...............................................................................................................................................i

CERTIFICATE.................................................................................................................................................ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................................................................................iii

TABLE OF CONTENT....................................................................................................................................iv

LIST OF ABBREVIATION...............................................................................................................................vi

LIST OF REFERRED STATUTE........................................................................................................................vi

MISCELLANEOUS.........................................................................................................................................vi

LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................................................vi

LIST OF FIGURES.........................................................................................................................................vii

ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................viii

CHAPTER 1......................................................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 2......................................................................................................................................................8

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

iv
CHAPTER 3...................................................................................................................................................13

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER 4...................................................................................................................................................18

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

CHAPTER 5...................................................................................................................................................36

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESSTIONS

REFERENCE................................................................................................................................................40

APPENDIX.....................................................................................................................................................42

APPENDIX 2: Photography with Respondents.......................................................................................44

v
 LIST OF ABBREVIATION

1) ATM ----- Automated Teller Machine

2) COVID ----- Corona Virus Disease
3) NSS ----- National Service Scheme
4) SHF ----- Sambandh Health Foundation
5) TB ----- Tuberculosis
6) TN ----- Tamil Nadu
7) UNGA ----- United Nation General Assembly
8) USA ----- United States of America

LIST OF REFERRED STATUTE

1) Indian Constitution, 1950

2) Factories Act, 1948
3) The Disaster Management Act, 2005
4) The TN Prohibition of Smoking and Spitting Act, 2002

MISCELLANEOUS

1) Indian Railway (Penalties for Activities Affecting Cleanliness at Railway Premises) Rule,
2012
2) Dock Workers (Safety, Health and Welfare) Regulations, 1990

LIST OF TABLES

1) Table 1: Distributions of Samples

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

1) Figure 1: Age
2) Figure 2: Gender
3) Figure 3: Educational Status
4) Figure 4: Resident
5) Figure 5: Occupation
6) Figure 6: Habit of spitting
7) Figure 7: No. of time spit per day
8) Figure 8: Use of Tobacco Product
9) Figure 9: Reason for Spitting
10) Figure 10: Awareness on spitting is immoral
11) Figure 11: Awareness on spitting in public place is offence
12) Figure 12: Legal knowledge on Anti – Spitting Law
13) Figure 13: Legal knowledge on punishment for spitting in public places

v
 ABSTRACT

If I tell that spitting in public places is offence, suddenly people asked to me that “lot of heinous
offences done in our society; why do we want concentrate on this small size1 problem?” There
are 2 proverbs in English. One is, “The mustard its small, but it is still too spicy (literal)” and
another is, “the idol may be small, its fame is big”. The meaning of the above two proverbs is
“size doesn’t matter”. Maybe spitting in public places is the small problem. The consequences of
this problem we already saw in COVID pandemic period. Due to COVID we people faced
irreparable/ irreplaceable damage. Through saliva which is spit in public places, lot of diseases
spread. Corona virus also spread through the spitting. So, the Government declare that spitting in
public is offence. But no one stop spitting in public places. Even they don’t know that this is
offence. Because, no one have an idea about this law. As my perspective, “Prevention is better
than cure”. Generally, a concept believe by the legal field. That is “Law change the society”.
There is an anti- spitting law for the spitting. However, spitting in public places doesn’t
decreased. So in this paper, I will try to find the practical obstacles on enforcement of the anti-
spitting law, and remedy for the spitting in public places.

1
Petty offence

v
CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION

1
1.1 Introduction
Our nation has different varieties of landscapes like snow- capped mountain, deserts, plains, hills
and plateaus etc. Our Indian people differ from their caste, creeds, skin color, religion, culture
and language etc. However, Our Indian people have deep root of unity in famous sound that is
“thoo – thoo – thoo”.

Our India has beautiful green crops that fill our land with greenery. It also has many rivers
flowing fertile soil, a variety of flora and fauna. The Himalayas decorates India like a majestic
crown. But, we spoil our beauty of nation through spitting in public place. Now-a-days people
chew paan, paan masala, gutkha, tobacco, betel leaves and areca nut, etc. After chewing these
items, men and women spit out the remnant juices without any discrimination. We spoil our
nation’s greenery as red with reddish stains through spitting.

Many diseases are spread through saliva include TB, hepatitis, viral meningitis, cytomegalovirus
– a common virus similar to the herpes virus, and the Epstein – Barr virus, which is a common
herpes virus that causes many diseases such as glandular fever.

COVID- 19 pandemic has affected thousands of people’s livelihood and health. We suffered
from lost our loveable relations. This pandemic may spread through spitting. So, our
Government prohibited the spitting in public space through some laws2.

1.2 Background of the study

In this world, Some countries famous for few concept. In other words, some countries create,
follow and teach some concept in this world. For example,

India - Dharma

Egypt - Religion

Persia - Purity

Greece - Beauty

2
The Tamil Nadu Prevention of smoking and spitting Act, 2002: The Disaster Management Act ; Factories Act,
1948 ; Indian Railways Rules; Dock Workers Regulations, 1990

2
In this list, Rome is the famous for laws and rituals. Rome was the first in ritual of spitting also.
They spitting out thrice to ward off evil from infants and new wed. They spit out thrice because
odd numbers are considered as lucky and three is the first odd number. India also carried out this
ritual with the famous and traditional sound of spitting that is “thoo – thoo – thoo”.

In India, we people have deep root of relation with spitting. If our kids (sometimes adult) getting
injury or bruise, first they spit and apply saliva as ointment. Most of the people use their saliva
when they are count the money, change the page of notebooks paper. And typical Indian bus
conductors use their saliva for tear the tickets.

As per the religious aspect, Jesus used his spit to healed two blind men and one deaf and dumb
by smearing saliva thrice3.

The concept of spitting emotionally also connected with us. Spitting on other person’s face is a
worldwide sign of anger, hatred, disrespect or contempt.

Hindus and betel leaf and nut (Pann, beeda, betel quid) have deep connection and very long
history. In sixth century, the ancient hindu text 4 has references to the betel leaf. Tambulam is the
one the ancient hindu rituals. One of the important items in the tambulam is betel leaf and nut.
Indians give betel leaf and nut as invitation to invite relatives and friends to their house
functions.

So, from the 6th century we use the betel leaves and nuts, beeda, paan, etc. Therefore, from that
period we have the habit of spitting.

1.3 Statement of the problem

The UNGA passed resolution5 recognizing “the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable
environment as a fundamental right”. In Indian constitution, under the Article 21, right to live in
the clean and healthy environment is the fundamental right. Under the 51 A of Indian
Constitution, the citizen of India have 11 fundamental duties. Three fundamental duties are
directly and indirectly against the spitting in public place. These are;

3
The Bible, in the passages of Mark 8:22 – 26, Mark 7: 31- 37
4
The ancient hindu text “Skanda Purana”
5
This resolution adopted on 28 july 2020 by a recorded vote of 161 in favor and 0 against with 8 abstentions.

3
  Article 51 A(f) : to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture
 Article 51 A(g) : to protect and improve the natural environment
 Article 51 A(i) : to safeguard the public property

Spitting in public place is violates the fundamental duties and other’s fundamental rights. It
spoils the beauty of the nation. And spread the lot of diseases. So government of India and the
Tamil Nadu state government enacted law against spitting in public place. But, still lot of people
spit in the public place. Most of the public places like bus stand, banks, ATMs, hotels, toilets,
shops, movie halls, etc, are full of reddish stains due to spitting. Lot of article published
regarding “spitting in public place, history of spitting or psychological reason of spitting”. But no
one speaks about legal aspect of spitting. That’s why I conduct this study relating to the
knowledge among the public on spitting in public place.

1.4 Objectives of the study

1) To learn the reason for the spitting in public places
2) To analyze the level of the awareness related to spitting laws among the people in public
places
3) To identified the practical obstacles for enforcement of the Act related to spitting
4) To find out the remedy for the spitting in the public places
5) To study the penal provisions and its implication over wrong does

1.5 Research Question

1) What are the reasons for the spitting in public places?
2) How much of knowledge people have about spitting laws?
3) What are the practical obstacles in enforcement of spitting laws?
4) How do we prohibit the people from spitting in public places?
5) Isn’t the punishment for public spitting is adequate?

1.6 Hypothesis
H0 : There is no relationship between age, gender, educational status and the knowledge of
spitting law

H1 : There is a significant relationship between Educational status and spitting habit

H2 : There is a relationship between habit of using tobacco product and spitting habit

4
1.7 Significance of the study
Spitting in public place is unhealthy practice in India. Lot of consequence emerged through the
spitting in public places. These all are;

 Spitting in public place is one of the main reason of the spread the infectious diseases
including COVID – 19.
 Spitting in public place is creating the pollution in the healthy environment. It is against
fundamental rights.
 Spitting in public place like ATMs, Bus stand, Temple (including Church, Mosque),
Public office, Hotels, Toilets, Shops, Movie hall, etc. create reddish stains. It looks like
irritating.
 It disfigured the beauty of our nation.
 Many people are living in platforms/ open space. If people are spitting there, they will
affect.

So, our Government of India and Tamil Nadu state Government enacted the laws for
prevention of spitting in public places. However, still people spitting anywhere without any
fear. So, I conduct this study for trying clear out the above problems.

1.8 Assumption of the study

I begin my study with some assumption apart from the hypothesis. The assumptions are,

1) Lack of proper enforcement of the Act increase the spitting in public places.
2) Lack of strict monitoring influence the spitting in public places.
3) There is no significance in severity of punishment and the spitting habit in public places.
4) Ban of the tobacco product may reduce the spitting in public places.
5) Lack of awareness of the Act influence the increase of the spitting in public places.

1.9 Limitations of the study

The limitations of a study are its flaws or shortcomings which could be the result of
unavailability of resources, small sample size, flawed methodology, etc. No study is completely
flawless or inclusive of all possible aspects.

1. In this study, the first limitation is, I didn’t take the people who spit due to pregnancy or
mental disorder, as my sample

5
 2. The second limitation is, I didn’t take the people who spit for express their anger, hatred
or disrespect, a
3. In this study, I used convenience sampling. Because, the area of population is
undefinable.

1.10 Operational definition

In this paper, I use some words frequently. Notwithstanding any meaning mentioned for below
words in any Act/ Laws/ rules/ regulations/ orders, etc, I only mean the below definitions.

Knowledge: In my study, I meant that knowledge is familiarity/ awareness/ basic knowing about
the spitting laws.

Spitting6: Spitting means eject saliva forcibly from one’s mouth. In my study, I aren’t mean that
sometimes people use their spit as a gesture of anger / disrespect/ contempt.

Public place7: public place include Bus stand, Auditoria, Hospital buildings, Health institutions,
Movie halls, Seminar/ Conference halls, Shops, Public offices, Educational institutions,
Libraries, Entertainment places, Religious institutions, etc.

Organization

The present study has been divided into five chapters;

First chapter:

Describes the Introduction, Background of the study, Statement of the problem, Objectives,
Research questions, Hypothesis, Significance of the study, Limitation of the study, Assumption
of the study, Operational definition and organization.

Second chapter:

This chapter is related to a comprehensive review of contemporary writing on problem on

spitting in public places.

6
Section 2(h) of TN Prohibition of Smoking and Spitting Act, 2002 – spitting means voluntary ejection of saliva from
the mouth after chewing tobacco, pan-masala, gutka, betel leaf with areca nut in any form or any tobacco product
or products containing tobacco or ejection of mucus from the nose after inhaling snuff.
7
Section 2(d) of TN Prohibition of Smoking and Spitting Act, 2002 – Public place means any place declared as such
under section 3 of this Act.

6
Third chapter:

In this chapter is related to Research Methodology include Research approach, Research Design,
Research settings, variables of the study, Population, Samples and Sample size, Sampling
technique, Data collection, Pilot study, Data collection & analyze Procedure.

Fourth chapter:

Analyze and interpret the data and reveal the reason for the spitting; level of awareness on laws
related to spitting among the respondents; practical obstacles for enforcement of spitting laws
and remedy for stop spitting in public places.

Fifth chapter:

In this chapter deals with Conclusion and furnish some suggestions/ recommendations.

7
 CHAPTRT – II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

8
2.1 Introduction
A literature review surveys books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant to a
particular issues, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, provides a description, summary,
and critical evaluation of these works in relation to the research problem being investigated.
Literature reviews are designed to provide an overview of sources you have explored while
researching a particular topic and to demonstrate to your readers how your research fits within a
larger field of study8.

In this paper, review of literature mainly helped me for knowing investigation and un-
investigation aspect or dimension of the problem in the concept of spitting in public places,
history for spitting and various scientific, social and legal effects of spitting in public places.

2.2 Review of Related Literature

Alka Jain: The ritual of spitting emerged in Greek. They carried out spitting for a good omen
and to ward off evil from infants and newlyweds. One had to be spit thrice. Because odd
numbers are considered as lucky in most cultures, and three is the first odd number. The Greeks
were not alone in their glory, Indian households too have a similar practice9.

M Panging Pao: Many people chew Paan, Paan masala, gutkha, tobacco, etc. Men and women
equally chew these items. Many people start chewing these items and spit out the remnant juices
thousands of times during the day. After use of the Pann, Pann Masala, Gutkha and tobacco, etc.
people thrown the sachets on the public places. These sachets are non-biodegradable and are the
root cause for clogging of our drains and sewages, which is further leads to flooding and
waterlogging, and are a sources of many infectious diseases10.

Frank Gonzalez Crussi11: In USA, the American Lung Association undertook a veritable
“crusade” against spitting. Children in USA schools were given a list of 19 rules to observe, all

8
Fink, Arlene – Conducting research literature reviews – fourth edition -
https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/literaturereview.
9
Alka Jain – Spit and Unpolish – 2020- article published in The Hindu newspaper -
https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/spit-and-unpolish/article32820089.ece
10
M Pangung Pao – Spitting Nation – Arunachal Times - https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2022/05/01/spitting-
nation/
11
He is professor in the Department of Pathology in Northwestern University Medical School. He is the author of
several books, including “The Body Fantastic”, from which this article is excerpted.

9
of which hammered, in various tones, the injunction to avoid spitting: “1.- Do not spit. 2.- Do not
let others spit… 19.- Last, as well as first, DO NOT SPIT12.”

Liffy Thomas: Beautiful Bengaluru launched the ‘Stop India Spitting’ campaign by starting an
online petition mid-March on Change.org requesting that the Prime Minister make spitting a
punishable offence. Odette also sent an open letter to the PM, seeking that he speak about the
issue of spitting while addressing the nation in the radio programme. It may be noted that the PM
did take it up in the programme. The campaign asks people to put up A4-sized posters saying
‘No Spitting Please’ in front of their premises. It can also be downloaded from
https://beautifulbengaluru.org/. where it is available in 15 languages13.

Sanjay Seth: The Indian Council for Medical Research asked general public not to consume and
spit Smokeless Tobacco in public, Ministry of Home Affairs issued directive (under the Disaster
Management Act) banning spitting in public places. On 24th April 2020, Sambandh Health
Foundation (SHF) and National Service Scheme (NSS) launched a WebLink based awareness
campaign. Those watching the video and answering a quiz get a participation certificate.14

M Panging Pao: The bad habit of chewing and spitting has also infected many officers, educated
persons, teachers, intellectuals and leaders. Many officers have special buckets or spittoons in the
offices. This bad habit has percolated down to young boys and girls also. To counter the spitting
public, many owners have placed pictures of gods, religious figures at all corners15.

Wikipedia: Spitting upon another person, especially onto the face, is a global sign of anger,
hatred, disrespect or contempt. It can represent a “symbolical regurgitation” or an act of
intentional contamination16.

Rathina Sankari: “Although most people avoided alcohol, many were addicted to chewing a
leaf called tambur (Pann), sometimes mixing camphor and other spices and also with lime,”

12
Frank Gonzalez Crussi – The Bizarre Cultural History of Saliva - https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/the-bizarre-
cultural-history-of-saliva-as.
13
Liffy Thomas - How citizen groups are campaigning for a spit free India -
https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/spitters-beware/article31771315.ece
14
Sanjay Seth- Support the Spit free India Movement - https://milaap.org/fundraisers/support-youth-1
15
M Pangung Pao – Spitting Nation – Arunachal Times - https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2022/05/01/spitting-
nation/
16
Wikipedia – Spitting- https://en.m.wikipedia.org

1
Marco Polo wrote when he landed in the Coromandel Coast of Southern India in 1292 17. In this
article shows that from the period of 1292, our people chew the Pann and Pann Masala and they
spit.

2.3 Theoretical framework

Factories Act, 194818

Section 20 of the Factories Act, 1948 states that every factory will be provided with an adequate
number of spittoons in convenient places which are to be maintained in a cleaned and hygienic
condition. The state government is vested with the power to decide on the logistics as to how
many spittoons will be provided and at what location. They hold the power to make rules
regarding them as well the matters relating to their maintenance in a clean and hygienic
condition.

Indian Railways (Penalties for Activities Affecting Cleanliness at Railway Premises) Rules,
201219

Under Rule 3 Clause (b) with Rule 4 of This Rule, 2012, the penalty for the prohibition of
activities affecting cleanliness and hygiene in the railway premises is given. Rule 3 Clause (b)
elaborates on the activities prohibited from being done at the railway premises except for the
facilities, which include cooking, bathing, spitting, urinating, defecating, feeding animals or
birds, repairing or washing vehicles, washing utensils or clothes or any other objects or keeping
any type of storage near the area. As per Rule 4, the violation of rules 3 would result in the
imposition of a fine up to Rs. 500.

Dock Workers (Safety, Health and Welfare) Regulations, 1990

The regulation 98 talks about the spittoons which are to be provided in convenient places in
sufficient numbers in every portion of a dock including warehouses and store places. They are to
be maintained in a clean and hygienic condition. Further, all persons are prohibited from spitting

17
Rathina Sankari – through India’s Long History, the Betel leaf remains a constant –
www.wheststonemagazine.com.
18
Act No. 63 of 1948
19
This rule enacted by the Central Government under the Section 60 and 198 of the Railway Act, 1989

1
in any area except that if the spittoons provided for the purpose. Anyone violating this regulation
shall be imposed with a fine not exceeding one hundred rupees.

Disaster Management Act, 2005

Section 51 (b) of the Disaster Management Act prescribes “Punishment for Obstruction” for
refusal to comply with any direction given by or in behalf of the Central Government or the State
government or the National Executive Committee or the State Executive Committee or the
District Authority under the Act. Some states20 banned the use of tobacco products and spitting
in public places amid the pandemic outbreak.

Tamil Nadu Prohibition of Smoking and Spitting Act, 200221

Section 4 of this Act prohibits spitting in any public place of use or work. Section 5 prohibits
spitting on any public service vehicle. Contravention of Section 4 or 5 attract a punishment of
fine up to Rs. 100 and in case of a subsequent offence, a minimum of Rs. 200 which may extend
up to Rs. 500 as per Section 9 (1).

2.4 Gaps Identification

Every article talks only about the history of spitting, effects of spitting and anti- laws for spitting.
But no one talks about the reasons for the spitting and what are the practical obstacles in the
enforcement of anti- spitting laws. So, in this paper, I try to discuss on the remedy for prohibit
the habit of spitting in public places.

20
Bihar, Telangana, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Maharashtra, Assam, and Nagaland
21
Act No. 4 of 2003

1
CHAPTER – III
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY

1
3.1 Introduction
Research methodology is a specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select, process and
analyze information about the topic. In other words, Research Methodology is a way of
explaining how researcher intends to carry out their research. It’s a logical, systematic plan to
resolve a research problem. In this chapter, I would like to discuss about the research
methodology which is I use for this paper.

3.2 Research Approach

There are two type of research approach there. One is Qualitative research approach. The second
one is, Quantitative research approach. Quantitative research is expressed in numbers and
statistics. It used to test or confirm theories and assumption. Quantitative research approach is
expressed in words. It used to understand concepts, thoughts or experiences.

In this paper, I used mixed research approach. In simple words, I used mixed methodology which
is include quantitative and qualitative research approach. Because, both are important for gaining
different kinds of knowledge in my topic.

3.3 Research design

The research design is the master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and
analyzing the needed information in a research study. It is a broad plan or master plan that states
objectives of research project and provides the guidelines what to be done to realize those
objectives. It also called as blue print of the research.

Data sources : Primary date

Research approach : Mixed methodology approach

Research instrument : Interview

Method of Conduct : Personal

Sample Size : 20 Samples

1
3.4 Research settings
This study was conducting during 21st September 2022 to 14th November 2022 at Salem District.
Sufficient information regarding my questionnaires has been assisted to extract the real feedback
from spitting people.

3.5 Variables of the study

Variable is the important component in the research. In research, variables means any
characteristics that can take on different values such as height, weight, age, temperature etc.
Variable may be called as data item. In simple words, variable means measureable or countable
characteristics that can change over the course of research.

3.5.1 Demographical variable

1) Age
2) Gender
3) Educational status
4) Place of resident
5) Occupation

3.5.2 Variable on the study

1) Spitting habit
2) Knowledge of spitting laws
3) Habit of using tobacco

3.6 Population
Population is a complete set of people with a specific set of characteristic. A research population
is also known as a well-defined collection of individuals or objects known to have similar
characteristics. All individuals or objects within a certain population usually have a common,
binding characteristic or trait.

In my research paper, spitting people in Salem city are my population.

3.7 Sample and Sampling

A sample is simply a subset of the population. It is a group of people, objects or items that are
taken from a large population for measurement. The concept of sample arises from the inability

1
of the researchers to test all the individuals in a given population. In other words, sample refers
to a smaller, manageable version of a larger group.

Sampling means the technique or procedure to draw the sample from the population. In my
research, I used convenience sampling. It is non- probability 22sampling method. In convenience
sampling method, the researcher simply select the samples that are easily available and
accessible. No extra efforts are taken by the researcher. The samples are selected only based
upon the convenience of the researcher.

3.8 Data collection

Knowledge is power
Information is knowledge
Date is information
Data is kinds of information which is helps to solve the research problem. In the research, data
collection is the most important and first step for solve the research problem. Data collection is
the process of gathering and collecting information which are help to find out the relevant
questions.

3.9 Data collection method

I used Primary data collection method in my research. Primary data is original and first hand
data collected by the researcher. When the researcher collects the data himself/herself with his
own plan or design, then the data is known as primary data.

3.10 Data collecting instrument

The Interview method is used as instrument for collecting the data in my research paper. The
interview method of collecting data involves presentation of oral-verbal motivation and reply in
terms of oral – verbal responses. Personal interview method requires a person known as the
interviewer23 asking questions generally in a face to face contact to the other person or persons.

22
Non – probability sampling is defined as a sampling technique in which the researcher selects samples based on
the subjective judgment of the researcher rather than random selection.
23
Researcher

1
3.11 Data analyses procedure
Data analysis is a process of systematically applying statistical and/or logical techniques to
describe, illustrate, recap and evaluate data. In research, the purpose of data analysis is to answer
the research question and to help determined the trends and relationship among the variables.
Data analysis is a process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming data with the goal of discovering
useful information, informing conclusions and supporting decision- making. In simple words,
data analysis means raw data converted into useful information.

In my research, I used descriptive analysis. In this method of analysis helps to describe, show or
summarize data in a meaningful way. Descriptive analysis method, the researcher present the
data in a more meaningful way.

1
 CHAPTER – IV
ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

1
4.1 Analysis, Findings and Interpretation of the data
Data analysis is very critical in the action research cycle. Data analysis is a process of
categorizing, transforming and interpreting data into useful information for decision – making in
a professional pathway or project implementation. In simple words, it is a systematic and critical
examination of the collected data.

In this chapter, I discussed about the findings from the samples or respondents also includes
analysis of the samples and interpretation of the data to find out that legal knowledge among
public on spitting in public places with special references to Salem city.

Table 1: DISTRIBUTIONS OF SAMPLES

Observations
SI NO Demographic Variables
n = 20 %
a) < 20 years 0 0%
b) 21 – 40 years 10 50%
1 Age
c) 41 – 60 years 7 35%
d) 61 years < 3 15%
a) Men 13 65%
2 Gender b) Women 7 35%
c) Third Gender 0 0%

a) Illiterate 6 30%

3 Educational Status b) Primary 2 10%

c) Secondary 5 25%
d) Graduation 7 35%
a) Remote village 4 20%
b) Village 8 40%
4 Resident
c) Rural 4 20%
d) Urban 4 20%
a) Agri / daily wages 5 25%

b) Employee 7 35%
5 Occupation
c) Self – Employment 5 25%
d) Unemployment 3 15%

1
 a) Yes 19 95%
6 Spitting Habit
b) No 0 0%
c) Occasionally 1 5%

a) 1–5 4 20%
No. of time spit per b) 6 – 10 4 20%
7
day
c) 11 – 15 2 10%
d) 16 < 10 50%
a) Yes 16 80%
8 Use of tobacco habit
b) No 4 20%
a) Medical reason 4 20%
b) Disgusting
0 0%
9 Reason for spitting environment
c) Tobacco uses 16 80%
d) Other reason 0 0%

Aware that is a) Yes 19 95%

10
immoral
b) No 1 5%
Knowledge on
a) Yes 3 15%
spitting in public is
11
punishable under
b) No 17 85%
the
law
a) correct answer 1 5%
Legal knowledge on
12 b) Partially correct 1 5%
law
c) Wrong/ no idea 18 90%
a) correct answer 0 0%
Legal knowledge on
13 b) partially correct 1 5%
punishment
c) Wrong/ no idea 19 95%

4.2 Statistical Tools

Simple percentage analysis

 Column Chart

2
  Pie chart
 Bar

Chart Source: Primary Data

AGE

10

< 20 21 - 40 41 - 60 61<

Figure 1

Interpretation:

From the above observation it can be incurred that:

 0% of respondents are below 20 years of age.

 50% of respondents are 21- 40 years of age.
 35% of respondents are 41- 60 years of age.
 15% of respondents are above 61 years of age.

Interference

From this research, we can be concluded that out of 20 respondents, 50% of respondents who
spitting in public place belongs to the age group of 21- 40 years of age in Salem city.

2
Source: Primary Data

GENDER

13

0
MEN WOMEN THIRD GENDER

Figure 2

Interpretation:

From the above observation it can be incurred that:

 65% of respondent are male

 35% of respondent are female
 0% of respondent are third gender

Interference:

From this research, we can be concluded that out of 20 respondents, 65% of respondents
who spitting in public place belongs to the gender of male in Salem city.

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Source: Primary data

EDUCATIONAL STATUS
8

7
7
6
6
5
5
4

2
2
1

0
ILLITERATE PRIMARY SECONDARY GRADUATION

Figure 3

Interpretations:

From the above observation it can be incurred that:

 30% of the respondents are illiterate.

 10% of the respondents are having primary education.
 25% of the respondents are having secondary education.
 35% of the respondents from graduation.

Interference:

From this research, we can be concluded that out of 20 respondents, 35% of respondent
who spitting in public places belongs to graduation in term of education in Salem city.

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Source: Primary data

RESIDENT

4 4 4

REMOTE VILLAGE VILLAGE RURAL URBAN

Figure 4

Interpretation:

 20% of the respondents from remote village.

 40% of the respondents from village.
 20% of the respondents from rural.
 20% of the respondents from urban.

Interference:

From this research, we can be concluded that out of 20 respondents, 40% of respondents
who spitting in public places belongs to village of resident in the Salem city.

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Source: Primary data

OCCUPATION

UNEMPLOYMENT 3

SELF - EMPLOYMENT 5

EMPLOYEE 7

AGRI/DAILY WAGES 5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Figure 5

Interpretation:

From the above observation it can be incurred that:

 25% of the respondents are agri/daily wages.

 35% of the respondents are employee.
 25% of the respondents are self-employment.
 15% of the respondents are unemployment.

Interference:

From this research, we can be concluded that out of 20% of respondents, 35% of
respondents who spitting in public places belongs to employee in the Salem city.

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Source: Primary data

DO YOU HAVE THE HABIT OF SPITTING?

20
18
16 19
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

0 1

YESNOOCCASIONALLY

Figure 6

Interpretation:

From the above observation it can be incurred that:

 95% of the respondents are spitting in public place.

 0% of the respondents are not spitting in public place.
 5% of the respondents are occasionally spitting in the public place.

Interference:

From this research, we can be concluded that out of 20 respondents, 95% of the respondents are
spitting in the public place in the Salem city.

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Source: Primary data

HOW MANY TIME SPIT PER DAY

(APPROXIMATELY)
12

10
10
8

4
4 4
2
2
0
1 to 5 6 to 10 11 to 15 15 <

Figure 7

Interpretation:

From the above observation it can be incurred that:

 20% of the respondents are approximately 1-5 times spit per day.
 20% of the respondents are approximately 6-10 times spit per day.
 10% of the respondents are approximately 11-15 times spit per day.
 50% of the respondents are approximately more than 16 times spit per day.

Interference:

From this research, we can be concluded that out of 20 respondents, 50% of the respondents are
approximately more than 16 times spit per day in Salem city.

2
Source: Primary Data

DO YOU USE ANY TOBACCO?

20%

80%

YESNO

Figure 8

Interpretation:

From the above observation, it can be incurred that:

 80% of the respondents are having the habit of tobacco.

 20% of the respondents don’t have the habit of tobacco.

Interference:

From this research, we can be concluded that out of 20 respondents, 80% of the respondents are
use tobacco in the Salem city.

2
Source: Primary data

WHAT IS THE REASON FOR SPITTING?

16

0 0

MEDICAL REASON DISGUSTING ENVIRONMENT TOBACCO USES OTHER REASON

Figure 9

Interpretation:

From the above observation, it can be incurred that:

 20% of the respondents are spitting for the reason of medical reason.
 0% of the respondents are spitting for the reason of disgusting environment.
 80% of the respondents are spitting for the reason of tobacco uses.
 0% of the respondents are spitting for the other reason.

Interference:

From this research, we can be concluded that out of 20 respondents, 80% of the respondent are
spitting in public place for the reason of tobacco uses.

2
Sources: Primary Data

DO YOU AWARE THAT THIS IS IMMORAL?

5%

95%

YESNO

Figure 10

Interpretation:

From the above observation it can be incurred that:

 95% of the respondent aware that spitting in public place is immoral

 5% of the respondent don’t know that spitting in public is immoral.

Interference:

From this research, we can be concluded that out of 20 respondents, 95% of the respondent
aware that spitting in public place is immoral in the Salem district.

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Source: Primary data

DO YOU KNOW THAT SPITTING IN PUBLIC IS

PUNISHABLE UNDER THE LAW?

17

YES
NO

Figure 11

Interpretation:

From the above observation, it can be incurred that:

 15% of the respondents are know that spitting in public is offence and punishable under
the law.
 85% of the respondents don’t have knowledge on spitting in public is offence and it’s
punishable under the law.

Interference:

From this research, we can be concluded that out of 20 respondents, 85% of the respondents
don’t have knowledge on spitting in public is offence and punishable under the law in the Salem
district.

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Source: Primary data

WHAT IS THE LAW FOR SPITTING IN PUBLIC PLACES?

20

18
18
16

14

12

10

4
1 1
2
CORRECT ANSWER PARTIALLY CORRECT WRONG/ NO IDEA
0 Figure 12

Interpretation:

From the above observation, it can be incurred that:

 5% of the respondents are having legal knowledge on anti-spitting law.

 5% of the respondents are partially known about anti- spitting law.
 90% of the respondents don’t have wrong/ no idea on anti-spitting law

Interference:

From this research, we can be concluded that out of 20 respondents, 90% of the respondents
don’t have any idea on anti-spitting law in the Salem city.

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Source: Primary data

Er

WHAT ARE THE PUNISHMENTS FOR SPITTING IN

PUBLIC PLACES?

WRONG/ NO IDEA 19

PARTIALLY CORRECT1

CORRECT ANSWER0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Figure 13

Interpretation:

From the above observation, it can be incurred that:

 0% of the respondents have any idea about punishable on spitting.

 5% of the respondents are partially idea of punishable on spitting.
 95% of the respondents don’t have any idea about punishable on spitting.

Interference:

From this observation, we can be concluded that out 20 respondents, 95% of the respondents
don’t have any idea about punishment for spitting in public places.

3
4.3 Major findings of the study
Research findings are the key outcome of the investigation. It is a key fact which the researcher
can discover during an investigation. Research findings are facts and phrases, observations, and
experimental data resulting from research. The main objective of the finding section in a research
paper is to display or showcase the outcome of the research in logical manner.

The present study was taken to access the legal knowledge among public on spitting in public
places with special references to Salem city.

The samples collected from the respondents who are spitting in Salem city and various findings
observed from study results. The organization of findings as follows.

4.3.1 Demographic Variables of respondents from observation

 50% of respondents who spitting in public place belongs to the age group of 21- 40 years
of age in Salem city.
 65% of respondents who spitting in public place belongs to the gender of male in Salem
city.
 35% of respondent who spitting in public places belongs to graduation in term of
education in Salem city.
 40% of respondents who spitting in public places belongs to village of resident in the
Salem city.
 35% of respondents who spitting in public places belongs to employee in the Salem city.

4.3.2 Spitting habit of respondents from observation

 95% of the respondents are spitting in the public place in the Salem city.
 50% of the respondents are approximately more than 16 times spit per day in Salem city.

4.3.3 Reason for spitting of respondents from observation

 80% of the respondents are use tobacco in the Salem city.

 80% of the respondent are spitting in public place for the reason of tobacco uses.

4.3.4 Knowledge on anti- spitting among respondents from observation

3
 95% of the respondent aware that spitting in public place is immoral in the Salem district.
 85% of the respondents don’t have knowledge on spitting in public is offence and
punishable under the law in the Salem district.
 90% of the respondents don’t have any idea on anti-spitting law in the Salem city.
 95% of the respondents don’t have any idea about punishment for spitting in public
places.

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CHAPTER – V
CONCLUSION &
SUGGESTION

3
5.1 Conclusion
A conclusion is an important part of the paper. It provides closure for the reader while remaining
the reader of the contents and importance of the paper. It accomplishing this by stepping back
from the specifics in order to view the bigger picture of the document.

In this chapter, I would like to discuss about the conclusion and suggestion/ recommendation of
this paper.

 As per our research, 80% of the respondents are having habit of tobacco, and 80% of the
respondents are spitting in public places only the reason of using tobacco. Prohibition of
tobacco may reduce the spitting in public places.
 85% of the respondents don’t have knowledge on spitting in public is offence and
punishable under the law. 90% of the respondents don’t have any idea on anti-spitting
law. 95% of the respondents don’t have any idea about punishment for spitting in public
places. So lack of awareness on anti- spitting law is the main reason for spitting in public
places.
 95% of the respondents aware that spitting in public place is immoral. Even, they
spitting in public places. It indicates that now- a- days, morality is reduce among the
people.
 50% of respondents who spitting in public place belongs to the age group of 21- 40 years
of age. So, comparatively, youngsters have the habit of spitting frequently.

5.2 Suggestions / Recommendations

 We should make awareness among the people that spitting in public place is offence.
Because most of the people don’t know that spitting in public place is offence under
the law
 Law enforcing agencies should enforce the law effectively.
 As per the law24, the government of TN shall be appoint the authority to prohibit the
spitting in public places.

24
Section 10 of The Tamil Nadu Prohibition of Smoking and Spitting Act, 2002

3
 The schools and colleges may conduct the awareness program like conduct drawing /
speech / essay competition among the students to create awareness on spitting in
public places is illegal / immoral.
 “Boiling is stopped if you take up the burning”. So, Bann the tobacco product may
reduce the spitting in public places.
 95% of the people know that spitting is immoral. Even they spit. So create moral
education among the students.
 20% of the people spitting in public places only the reason of medical reason. So, we
setting up the spittoons in public places may reduce the spitting in public places.

3
BIBLIOGRAPHY

3
 REFERENCE

1) Fink, Arlene – Conducting research literature reviews – fourth edition -

https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/literaturereview.
2) Alka Jain – Spit and Unpolish – 2020- article published in The Hindu newspaper -
https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/spit-and-unpolish/article32820089.ece
3) M Pangung Pao – Spitting Nation – Arunachal Times -
https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2022/05/01/spitting-nation/
4) Frank Gonzalez Crussi – The Bizarre Cultural History of Saliva -
https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/the-bizarre-cultural-history-of-saliva-as.
5) Liffy Thomas - How citizen groups are campaigning for a spit free India -
https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/spitters-beware/article31771315.ece
6) Sanjay Seth- Support the Spit free India Movement -
https://milaap.org/fundraisers/support-youth-1
7) M Pangung Pao – Spitting Nation – Arunachal Times -
https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2022/05/01/spitting-nation/
8) Wikipedia – Spitting- https://en.m.wikipedia.org
9) Rathina Sankari – through India’s Long History, the Betel leaf remains a constant –
www.wheststonemagazine.com.

4
APPENDIX

4
Appendix 1: QUESTIONNARIE

A Descriptive to access the Legal Knowledge among Public on Spitting in

Public Places with Special References to Salem City
Questionnaires
1) Name
2) Age
a. < 20 years
b. 21- 40 years
c. 41- 60 years
d. 61 years <
3) Gender
a. Men
b. Women
c. Third Gender
4) Educational Status
a. Illiterate
b. Primary
c. Secondary
d. Graduation
5) Resident
a. Remote village
b. Village
c. Rural
d. urban
6) Occupation
a) Agri / Daily wages
b) Employee
c) Self – employment
d) Unemployment
7) Do you have the habit of the spitting?

4
 a. Yes
b. No
c. Occasionally
8) If Yes, How many time spit per day?
(Approximately) a. 1- 5
b. 6- 10
c. 11- 15
d. 16<
9) Do you use any tobacco?
a. Yes
b. No
10) What is the reason for the spitting?
a. Medical reason
b. Disgusting environment
c. Tobacco uses
d. Other reason
11) Do you aware that this is immoral?
a. Yes
b. No
12) Do you know that spitting in public is punishable under the law?
a. Yes
b. No
13) What are the laws regarding spitting in public places?
a) Correct answer
b) Partially correct
c) No idea / Wrong Answer

14) What is the punishment for spitting in public places?

a) Correct answer
b) Partially correct
c) No idea / Wrong Answer

4
APPENDIX 2: Photography with Respondents