DNV Fatigue

Approach
in Piping Stress
Analysis
An Introduction

domenica 10 dicembre 2023

DNV Fatigue Approach in Piping Stress Analysis
Why Adopting the DNV Fatigue Approach?
As an alternative to the ASME codes piping fatigue approach, the DNV codes one is mainly
adopted for piping on fixed and floating offshore facilities, specifically in accordance
with DNV-RP-C203 Fatigue design of offshore steel structures, together with DNV
Classification Note 30.7 - Fatigue Assessment of Ship Structures and DNV-OS-C101 -
Design of Offshore Steel Structures, General (LRFD Method).
DNV Fatigue Approach in Piping Stress Analysis
Approach Validity
DNV Fatigue Approach in Piping Stress Analysis
Probabilistic Approach – Weibull Distribution (1/2)
In detail, the adoption of the simplified approach according to Section 5 Simplified
Fatigue Analysis involves the introduction of probabilistic laws: long term stress range
distribution may be described as a two-parameter Weibull distribution and the
calculation of the resulting damage requires the use of gamma functions.
DNV Fatigue Approach in Piping Stress Analysis
Probabilistic Approach – Weibull Distribution (2/2)
fs (S)
pdf (probability density function)

Fs (S) = Ps (S) = PS(S>S*)

SR S

Fs (S)
cdf (cumulative distribution function)

1/NR

SR S
DNV Fatigue Approach in Piping Stress Analysis
Probabilistic Approach – Shape Parameter
DNV Fatigue Approach in Piping Stress Analysis
Damage and Gamma Function
DNV Fatigue Approach in Piping Stress Analysis
S-N Curves
Like other structural codes, different fatigue S-N curves are presented…
DNV Fatigue Approach in Piping Stress Analysis
Constructional Details
…for different welded constructional details.

Hollow sections are of greatest interest for piping fatigue assessment.

B1: CURVE FOR NON- C1: CURVE FOR WELD F3: DEFAULT CURVE
WELDED ZONES BEAM S WITH POST- FOR WELD BEAM S
WITHIN PIPING WELD GRINDING WITHIN PIPING
COM PONENTS COM PONENTS

N.B.: CHOOSE THE CORRECT CURVE CAREFULLY: IF THE AREA UNDER EXAM INATION IS
NOT A WELD, THERE IS NO NEED TO CONSIDER A CURVE FOR WELDED PARTS!
DNV Fatigue Approach in Piping Stress Analysis
Thickness Effect
DNV Fatigue Approach in Piping Stress Analysis
Waves Cycles Counting (1/2)
While the number of cycles of thermal actions and loading/unloading is easily
determined, that one of waves must be calculated from waves height and frequency
metocean data: an authoritative reference is ISO19901-1 - Petroleum and natural gas
industries — Specific Requirements for Offshore Structures — Part 1: Meteocean Design
and Operating Considerations.
DNV Fatigue Approach in Piping Stress Analysis
Waves Cycles Counting (2/2)
Below is an example of data processing for determining total cycle numbers:
DNV Fatigue Approach in Piping Stress Analysis
Typcal Load Cases Definition- General Schematic
Fatigue load cases definition requires weighting and combining various factors that
contribute to total cumulative damage for both on-site and towing conditions: starting from
a hypothetical 100% total damage DTOT, each individual load case damage quota Di is
allocated, which, based on the estimated cycles number Ni, leads to the identification of
load case maximum allowable stress σri.

Thermal
Effect +
Deflections due to
Loading/Unloading + %1
Deflections + Accelerations
due to Waves = σLCF ON-SITE < σr1 D1(N1)

%2 = <
Deflections + Accelerations
σHCF ON-SITE σr2 D2(N2)
due to Waves
ON-SITE
DTOT = 100%

%3 Deflections + Accelerations
due to Waves = σHCF TOWING < σr3 D 3(N3)

TOWING
DNV Fatigue Approach in Piping Stress Analysis
Typcal Load Cases Definition – Allowable Stress Definition
Below is an example of maximum allowable stresses for each load case, varying
temperature and thickness
DNV Fatigue Approach in Piping Stress Analysis
Typcal Load Cases Definition – Weighting Factors (1/4)
Here is an example of the combination of loads for defining load cases…
DNV Fatigue Approach in Piping Stress Analysis
Typcal Load Cases Definition – Weighting Factors (2/4)
Meaning of weighting coefficients: full range coefficients

Maximum bending moments

Condition
Still water Wave Combined
100 YRRP 845717 4556238 5401955,00
HOG
Transit 1093457 4115092 5208549,00
100 YRRP -171223 -4166237 -4337460,00
SAG
Transit -614289 -4730879 -5345168,00

SAG Total S= 1,00 * D3

SAG Wave Sw = 0,96 * D3
SAG Still Water Ss = 0,04 * D3
On-Site
HOG Total H= -1,25 * D3
HOG Wave Hw = -1,05 * D3 Full range Fatigue Total
CAESAR Case Notes
HOG Still Water Hs = -0,19 * D3 coeff. coeff. coeff.

SAG Total 1,00 * D3 Thermal + Loading / Unloading

SAG Wave Swt = 0,89 * D3
Full temperature range L246 [T1-T2] 1,00 1,00 1,00 Thermal
SAG Still Water 0,11 * D3
Transit
HOG Total -0,97 * D3 Hogging\sagging due to loading\unloading L169 D3 0,23 0,78 0,18 Still water on-site
HOG Wave Hwt = -0,77 * D3 + Wave action on-site in accordance with Appendix D §D.1
HOG Still Water -0,20 * D3
Hogging\sagging due to wave L169 D3 2,01 0,44 0,87 Wave induced on-site
D3 = deflection due to hull sagging (Sagging total S) Structural deflection due to wave L229 D'=√D4²+D5² 2,00 0,44 0,87 Structural deflection on-site
Sagging total : S= 1,00 * D3 Acceleration due to wave L197 U1±U2±U3 2,00 0,44 0,87 Acceleration due to Wave
Hogging total : H= -1,25 * D3
Full range "Hogging \ Sagging" total On-site : S+H = 2,25 * D3 CAESAR Case L256 = 1L246+1,06L169+0,88L229+0,88L197 To be added in "SIT._J"
Full range "Hogging \ Sagging" due to still water On-site : Ss+Hs = 0,23 * D3 Allowable stress Sr1 = 189,7 MPa
Full range "Hogging \ Sagging" due to wave On-site : Sw+Hw = 2,01 * D3
Full range "Hogging \ Sagging" due to wave in transit : Swt+Hwt = 1,65 * D3 On-site wave case
Hogging\sagging due to wave L169 D3 2,01 1,00 2,01 Wave induced on-site
Structural deflection due to wave L229 D'=√D4²+D5² 2,00 1,00 2,00 Structural deflection on-site
Full range "Structural displcements due to accelerations" Acceleration due to wave L197 U1±U2±U3 2,00 1,00 2,00 Acceleration due to Wave
On-site = 2*D = 2*√(D4²+D5²)
In transit = 2 = 2,00 *D CAESAR Case L257 = 2,02L169+2L229+2L197 To be added in "SIT._J"
Allowable stress Sr2,100Y = 217,4 MPa

Transit wave case

Hogging\Sagging due to wave L109 D3 1,65 1,00 1,65 Wave induced in-transit
Structural deflection due to wave L148 D'=√D4²+D5² 2,00 1,00 2,00 Structural deflection in-transit
Acceleration due to wave L137 U1±U2±U3 2,00 1,00 2,00 Acceleration due to Wave
CAESAR Case L157 = 1,66L109+2L148+2L137 To be added in "TOW._J"
Allowable stress Sr3 = 218,7 MPa
DNV Fatigue Approach in Piping Stress Analysis
Typcal Load Cases Definition – Weighting Factors (3/4)
Meaning of weighting coefficients: full range coefficients

Maximum bending moments

Condition
Still water Wave Combined
100 YRRP 845717 4556238 5401955,00
HOG
Transit 1093457 4115092 5208549,00
100 YRRP -171223 -4166237 -4337460,00
SAG
Transit -614289 -4730879 -5345168,00

SAG Total S= 1,00 * D3

SAG Wave Sw = 0,96 * D3
SAG Still Water Ss = 0,04 * D3
On-Site
HOG Total H= -1,25 * D3
HOG Wave Hw = -1,05 * D3 Full range Fatigue Total
CAESAR Case Notes
HOG Still Water Hs = -0,19 * D3 coeff. coeff. coeff.

SAG Total 1,00 * D3 Thermal + Loading / Unloading

SAG Wave Swt = 0,89 * D3
Full temperature range L246 [T1-T2] 1,00 1,00 1,00 Thermal
SAG Still Water 0,11 * D3
Transit
HOG Total -0,97 * D3 Hogging\sagging due to loading\unloading L169 D3 0,23 0,78 0,18 Still water on-site
HOG Wave Hwt = -0,77 * D3 + Wave action on-site in accordance with Appendix D §D.1
HOG Still Water -0,20 * D3
Hogging\sagging due to wave L169 D3 2,01 0,44 0,87 Wave induced on-site
D3 = deflection due to hull sagging (Sagging total S) Structural deflection due to wave L229 D'=√D4²+D5² 2,00 0,44 0,87 Structural deflection on-site
Sagging total : S= 1,00 * D3 Acceleration due to wave L197 U1±U2±U3 2,00 0,44 0,87 Acceleration due to Wave
Hogging total : H= -1,25 * D3
Full range "Hogging \ Sagging" total On-site : S+H = 2,25 * D3 CAESAR Case L256 = 1L246+1,06L169+0,88L229+0,88L197 To be added in "SIT._J"
Full range "Hogging \ Sagging" due to still water On-site : Ss+Hs = 0,23 * D3 Allowable stress Sr1 = 189,7 MPa
Full range "Hogging \ Sagging" due to wave On-site : Sw+Hw = 2,01 * D3
Full range "Hogging \ Sagging" due to wave in transit : Swt+Hwt = 1,65 * D3 On-site wave case
Hogging\sagging due to wave L169 D3 2,01 1,00 2,01 Wave induced on-site
Structural deflection due to wave L229 D'=√D4²+D5² 2,00 1,00 2,00 Structural deflection on-site
Full range "Structural displcements due to accelerations" Acceleration due to wave L197 U1±U2±U3 2,00 1,00 2,00 Acceleration due to Wave
On-site = 2*D = 2*√(D4²+D5²)
In transit = 2 = 2,00 *D CAESAR Case L257 = 2,02L169+2L229+2L197 To be added in "SIT._J"
Allowable stress Sr2,100Y = 217,4 MPa

Transit wave case

Hogging\Sagging due to wave L109 D3 1,65 1,00 1,65 Wave induced in-transit
Structural deflection due to wave L148 D'=√D4²+D5² 2,00 1,00 2,00 Structural deflection in-transit
Acceleration due to wave L137 U1±U2±U3 2,00 1,00 2,00 Acceleration due to Wave
CAESAR Case L157 = 1,66L109+2L148+2L137 To be added in "TOW._J"
Allowable stress Sr3 = 218,7 MPa
DNV Fatigue Approach in Piping Stress Analysis
Typcal Load Cases Definition – Weighting Factors (4/4)
Meaning of weighting coefficients: fatigue coefficients
Thermal + Loading / Unloading Low cycle fatigue
Case on-site
Number of cycles during the design life (Loading / Unloading) 3300,00 Cycles
Ratio of the Fatigue limit between the Loading- Unloading cycles & Thermal 0,78
Damage ratio D1 = 0,1600
Number of cycles during the design life ( Thermal) N1 = TD / P1(in second) N1 = 7000 Cycles
Elastic modulus EOS = N/A MPa
Allowable stress range Sr1 = 189,7 MPa
Fatigue coefficient from the wave action K2 = 0,435
On-site wave case High cycle fatigue
Mean wave period P2 = 7,70 s
Mean zero up-crossing frequency v2 = 0,12987 hz
Number of cycles during the design life ( 30 Yrs) N2 = 36903461 Cycles
Number of cycles during 100 years N2,100Y = 246023076 Cycles
Minimum Weibull shape parameter h= 0,977
Elastic modulus EOS = N/A MPa
Damage ratio D2 = 0,8000
Weibull scale parameter q= 10,483
Fatigue limit at 107 cycles S1 = 31,0287
Complementary incomplete Gamma function G() = 4,512
Incomplete Gamma function γ() = 9,641
Damage ratio // G() D2' = 0,6421
Damage ratio // γ() D2" = 0,1568 Full range Fatigue Total
CAESAR Case Notes
Allowable stress range Sr2,100Y = 217,400 MPa coeff. coeff. coeff.

Thermal + Loading / Unloading

Full temperature range L246 [T1-T2] 1,00 1,00 1,00 Thermal
Hogging\sagging due to loading\unloading L169 D3 0,23 0,78 0,18 Still water on-site
+ Wave action on-site in accordance with Appendix D §D.1
Hogging\sagging due to wave L169 D3 2,01 0,44 0,87 Wave induced on-site
Structural deflection due to wave L229 D'=√D4²+D5² 2,00 0,44 0,87 Structural deflection on-site
Acceleration due to wave L197 U1±U2±U3 2,00 0,44 0,87 Acceleration due to Wave
CAESAR Case L256 = 1L246+1,06L169+0,88L229+0,88L197 To be added in "SIT._J"
Allowable stress Sr1 = 189,7 MPa
DNV Fatigue Approach in Piping Stress Analysis
Typcal Load Cases Definition – (Fictitious) Material Fatigue Curve

Counterintuitively, the fatigue assessment consists of stress check (code compliance)

instead of damage (cumulative usage) check.

N.B.: EACH OF THESE Thermal + Loading / Unloading

M AXIM UM ALLOWABLE Full temperature range L246 [T1-T2] 1,00 1,00 1,00 Thermal
Hogging\sagging due to loading\unloading L169 D3 0,23 0,78 0,18 Still water on-site
STRESS VALUES
+ Wave action on-site in accordance with Appendix D §D.1
CORRESPONDS TO A
Hogging\sagging due to wave L169 D3 2,01 0,44 0,87 Wave induced on-site
DIFFERENT LEVEL OF Structural deflection due to wave L229 D'=√D4²+D5² 2,00 0,44 0,87 Structural deflection on-site
DAM AGE! Acceleration due to wave L197 U1±U2±U3 2,00 0,44 0,87 Acceleration due to Wave
(THEN THIS IS NOT A CAESAR Case L256 = 1L246+1,06L169+0,88L229+0,88L197 To be added in "SIT._J"
REAL S-N CURVE…) Allowable stress Sr1 = 189,7 MPa

On-site wave case

Hogging\sagging due to wave L169 D3 2,01 1,00 2,01 Wave induced on-site
Structural deflection due to wave L229 D'=√D4²+D5² 2,00 1,00 2,00 Structural deflection on-site
Acceleration due to wave L197 U1±U2±U3 2,00 1,00 2,00 Acceleration due to Wave
CAESAR Case L257 = 2,02L169+2L229+2L197 To be added in "SIT._J"
Allowable stress Sr2,100Y = 217,4 MPa
DNV Fatigue Approach in Piping Stress Analysis
Applicability Issues
Code RP-D101 - Structural Analysis of Piping Systems cautions
against using methods proposed by RP-C203 - Fatigue Design of
Offshore Steel Structures for piping systems, as they only
consider the effect of waves motion; however, the methodology
proposed in the above slides shows that all fatigue contributions
(temperature variations, pressure transients, slugging, live load
cycling etc) are properly integrated.
DNV Fatigue Approach in Piping Stress Analysis
Appendix (1/3)
DNV Fatigue Approach in Piping Stress Analysis
Appendix (2/3)
DNV Fatigue Approach in Piping Stress Analysis
Appendix (3/3)