Deixis.

1: Definition
Deixis refers to a word or phrase that shows the time,
place or situation a speaker is in when talking.
Example: I wish you'd been here yesterday.
In this sentence the words 'I,' 'you', 'here', and 'yesterday'
all function as deixis - they reference a speaker and an
address, a location and a time.
2: Types of deixis
There are three traditional types of deixis:
Personal deixis relates to the speaker, or the person
spoken to: the 'who'.
Temporal deixis relates to time: the 'when'.
Spatial deixis relates to place: the 'where'.
2.1: Personal deixis.
Personal deixis refers to the way language points to the
participants in a conversation. It involves the use of words
and expressions that refer to the speaker (first person), the
listener (second person), and others (third person).
2.2: Temporal deixis
Temporal deixis refers to the use of language to refer to
the time in which an event takes place. It involves the use
of temporal expressions such as "now", "then",
"yesterday", "tomorrow", "last week", "next month", and
so on.
2.3: Spatial deixis
Spatial deixis describes the way language refers to spatial
locations, such as those related to the speaker and the
listener. It involves the use of spatial markers and
indicators, such as adverbs, pronouns, and prepositions, to
indicate the location of objects or events in space.
3: Personal, temporal, and spatial deixis examples.
I wish you'd been here yesterday.
'I' and 'you' are examples of personal deixis, (people)
'Here' is an example of spatial deixis, (place)
And 'yesterday' is temporal deixis. (time)
Last week I flew over there for a quick visit.
'Last week', which relates to when, is the temporal deixis,
'I' refers to a person, so it is the personal deixis,
'There' refers to location, and is the spatial deixis.
Other categories of deixis
Proximal deixis: proximal deixis refers to what is close to
the speaker - think of 'this', 'here', 'now'.
Distal deixis: Distal deixis instead refers to what is
distant, or away, from the speaker; usually, these would
be: 'that', 'there', and 'then'.
Social deixis: Social deixis is when we use a term of
address to indicate social or professional status.
Exercises:
Exercise 1: How many traditional types of deixis ?
A: 4
B: 6
C: 7
D: 3
Exercise 2: Identify the temporal deixis in the following
sentences:
a) I will meet you tomorrow.
b) She called me yesterday.
c) Now, let's get started.
d) He was born in 1990.
e) They are planning a party next month.
Exercise 3: Choose the best answer.
Proximal deixis involves:
Referencing an object far away from the speaker
Referencing a time connected to the speaker
Referencing an object or person near to the speaker
Exercise 4: Identify the spatial deixis in the following
sentences:
a) This is my house.
b) Please put the book there.
c) I am going over here.
d) That car belongs to my neighbor.
e) The store is down the street.