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    Harvianti Fitri
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    Deixis refers to expressions whose meanings depend on the context of the utterance. There are three main types of deixis: person deixis which indicates speaker and addressee using pronouns like "I" and "you"; spatial deixis which indicates location using terms like "here" and "there"; and temporal deixis which indicates time using words like "now" and "then". Deixis is important for face-to-face spoken interactions where speaker and listener can interpret expressions based on their shared context. Reference and inference involve using linguistic forms like nouns and pronouns to enable identification of real-world referents. Referring expressions can be referential, uniquely identifying a referent,

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    Deixis refers to expressions whose meanings depend on the context of the utterance. There are three main types of deixis: person deixis which indicates speaker and addressee using pronouns like "I" and "you"; spatial deixis which indicates location using terms like "here" and "there"; and temporal deixis which indicates time using words like "now" and "then". Deixis is important for face-to-face spoken interactions where speaker and listener can interpret expressions based on their shared context. Reference and inference involve using linguistic forms like nouns and pronouns to enable identification of real-world referents. Referring expressions can be referential, uniquely identifying a referent,

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    7 views10 pages

    Chapter II - III Pragmatics by George Yule

    Uploaded by

    Harvianti Fitri
    Deixis refers to expressions whose meanings depend on the context of the utterance. There are three main types of deixis: person deixis which indicates speaker and addressee using pronouns like "I" and "you"; spatial deixis which indicates location using terms like "here" and "there"; and temporal deixis which indicates time using words like "now" and "then". Deixis is important for face-to-face spoken interactions where speaker and listener can interpret expressions based on their shared context. Reference and inference involve using linguistic forms like nouns and pronouns to enable identification of real-world referents. Referring expressions can be referential, uniquely identifying a referent,

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    Pragmatics by George Yule

    Chapter II Deixis
    Harvianti Fitri
    Deixis
    Deixtic expression
    Deixis is pointing via language with utterances. - Person deixis > me , you
    - Spatial deixis (location) > here , there
    - Temporal deixis (time) > now , then

    EXAMPLE :
    Basic uses : face to face spoken interaction between
    “ I’ll put this here. ”
    the speaker and the hearer.

    Near speaker or proximal terms a.k.a deictic center > this , here, now

    Away from speaker or distal terms > that, there, then


    Person Deixis
    Higher social status > honirifics > politeness
    The speaker’s refer to itself (first) Another circumstances > social deixis
    - I , me
    - We ‘inclusive’ (speaker and addressee included)

    The speaker’s and addressee


    - You (singular)
    - You (plural)

    The speaker’s and the others


    - He, she, it
    Spatial Deixis
    The concept of distance where the relative location of people between things is indicated.

    deictic word :
    Here (near the speaker) > This Pscychological distance (thought) – Pscyhically distance
    There (away from the speaker) more distant > That

    “ I was looking at this little puppy in a cage


    “ I am not here now “ with such a sad look on its face, ‘Oh I’m so
    unhappy here, will you set me free?’
    Temporal Deixis
    Now : the time when the speaker and the hearer being now

    Then November, 22nd 1963? I was in Scottland then.


    Then ( past ) distal expression :

    Then
    Dinner at 8.30 on Saturday? I’ll see you then.
    Then ( future ) proximal expression :

    Another deictic expression of temporal > yesterday, tomorrow, today, Today , tonight > depend on the context
    tonight, last week, next week
    Chapter III Reference and Inference
    Reference is an act in which a speaker,listener, or Inference
    writer use linguistic forms to enable a listener or Speaker and listener
    reader to identify something. intend to something
    particular.
    Referring expression > something ?
    Noun,noun phrase definite,noun phrase
    indefinite,pronoun.

    Mister Aftershave is late today.


    Referential and attributives uses
    Attributives uses > something that fits in the
    Referring expression – identifiable physical referent
    description between the speaker and listener.

    - There’s a man waiting for you.


    - He wants to marry a woman with lots of money.
    - We’d love to find a nine-foot-tall basketball
    player.
    Names and Referents
    Pragmatic view > the speaker and the listener are in the
    same situation.

    Can I borrow your Shakespeare?


    Yeah, it’s over there on the table.
    The role of co-text
    Referring expression provides a range of reference,
    it means number of possible referents. > depend on
    the interpretation.

    Co – text > part of the physical environment that


    accompanying the referring expression.

    - The cheese sandwich is made with white bread.


    - The cheese sandwich left without paying.
    Anaphoric reference
    Anaphoric reference means that a word in a text refers Zero anaphora = ellipsis > same environment and same
    back to other ideas in the text for its meaning. It can be assumption.
    compared with cataphoric reference, which means a
    word refers to ideas later in the text. Cook ? for three minutes.

    In the film, a man and woman were trying to wash a cat.


    The man was holding the cat while the woman poured Cataphora > when ‘it’ is used first before the anaphora.
    water on it. He said something to her and they started - I turned the corner and the almost stepped on it.
    laughing. There was a large snake in the middle of the path.

    Antecedant > initial expression


    Anaphora > subsequent expression

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