DEIXIS, ANAPHORA, CATAPHORA
DEFINITION
1. Deixis
+ person (personal) deixis
+ time (temporal) deixis
+ place (spatial) diexis
2. Anaphora
EXAMPLES
- The use of general
words and phrases to
refer to a specific time,
place, or person in
context.
- An expression used to - Simon, don’t you want to know
refer to the speaker, where this thing goes?
listener and to other
persons, who may or
may not be present in
the discourse situation
- An expression in relation - You’re still coming tomorrow,
to a certain point of right?
time when utterance is
produced by the
speaker
- An expression used to - Shut up. Something’s in there,
show the location moving.
relative to the location
of a participant in the
speech event
- An anaphora is a word - When I saw Mary, she looked ill.
in a text that refers back
to a previous word in a - If you cannot attend a tutorial in
text for its meaning. the morning, you can go for an
afternoon one.
- Anne asked Edward to pass her
the salt.
- The Empress hasn’t arrived yet
but she should be here any
minute.
- I want my money right now,
 - An anaphora is a right here, all right?
particular word or
phrase which is used - It was the best of times, it was
repeatedly within a the worst of times, it was the
speech or text to age of wisdom, it was the age of
add artistic effect. foolishness, it was the epoch of
belief, it was the epoch of
incredulity, it was the season of
light, it was the season of
darkness, it was the spring of
hope, it was the winter of
despair. (from the Tale of Two
Cities by Charles Dicken)
3. Cataphora - The use of a word - He may be 37, but Jeff behaves
that refers to or stands like a teenager.
for a later word or - If you want some, here’s some
phrase cheese.
- If you want them, there are
cookies in the kitchen.