Covalent compounds

1-‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻣﺎ'ﺣﺪ ﻋ'ٮ*ٮﺪ‬

Whats !s a covalent compound
A covalent compound !s a molecule formed by covalent bonds, !n wh!ch the atoms share one or more pa!rs of valence electrons.

The D!fferent K!nds of Compounds (‫ڡﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﻛ'ٮﺎت‬.‫ٮﻠ‬2‫ﺤ‬.‫ٮواع اﻟﻤ‬.‫)اﻷ‬

Chem!cal compounds are generally grouped !nto one of two categor!es: covalent compounds and !on!c compounds.
Ion!c compounds are made up of electr!cally charged atoms or molecules as a result of ga!n!ng or los!ng electrons. Ions of oppos!te charges form !on!c
compounds, usually as a result of a metal react!ng w!th a nonmetal.

2-‫ٮ'ﺤﻢ ﻋ'ٮﺪﷲ‬. ‫ﻋﲇ‬

The H!story of Covalent Compounds(‫ٮﺴﺎﻫﻤ*ٮﺔ‬2‫ﺎريﺦ اﻟﻤﺮﻛ'ٮﺎت اﻟ‬2‫)ٮ‬
Amer!can phys!cal chem!st G!lbert N. Lew!s f!rst descr!bed covalent bond!ng !n a 1916 art!cle, though he d!dn't use that term. Amer!can chem!st Irv!ng Langmu!r
f!rst used the term covalence !n reference to bond!ng !n a 1919 art!cle !n the Journal of the Amer!can Chem!cal Soc!ety.
Examples(‫ٮﻠﺔ‬C‫)أﻣ‬
Water, sucrose, and DNA are examples of covalent compounds

3-‫ڡ*ٮﺲ 'ﺣﺎ'ٮﺮ ا'ٮراﻫ*ٮﻢ‬2 ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬

Phys!cal and chem!cal propert!es( ‫ڡ*ٮزيﺎﺋ*ٮﺔ واﻟﻜ*ٮﻤ*ٮﺎﺋ*ٮﺔ‬.‫ﺤﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟ‬.‫)اﻟ‬
The l!qu!d covalent compounds evaporate. Th!s means the molecules of l!qu!ds and sol!ds loses from the!r surface !nto the a!r.
These compounds have very less aff!n!ty between the!r molecules.
Var!ous covalent compounds have the!r own character!st!cally shaped molecules. The!r bonds are d!rected at pre-set angles.

4-‫ڡﻰ ﺻ'ٮﺎح ﺣﺴﻦ‬.‫ﻣﺼﻄ‬

Some compounds espec!ally med!c!nes are soluble !n water. The rest are soluble !n o!l.
Most of the covalent compounds are non-polar or have very l!ttle tendency to spl!t completely to form !ons and hence never conduct electr!c!ty.
At normal temperature and pressure, we w!ll f!nd these compounds as e!ther l!qu!ds or gases. But, there are sol!ds as well and they have h!gher molecular
we!ghts.

5- ‫ﻫﺎرون وﻟ*ٮﺪ ﺣﺴ*ٮﺐ‬

Character!st!cs of CovalentCompounds (‫ٮﺴﺎﻫﻤ*ٮﺔ‬2‫ﺣﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﺮﻛ'ٮﺎت اﻟ‬. )
1. It d!ssolves !n water !n a molecular state.
2. They don't conduct electr!c!ty well.
3. They do not conduct heat well.
4. They have weaker bonds than !on!c bonds.
5. They are frag!le .
6. They are found !n molecular structure.
7. Polar covelent bonds soluble !n water.
8-Compared to the !on!c bond, the melt!ng and bo!l!ng po!nt !s low.
9. It occurs between nonmetal atoms.
10. Bond electrons are used jo!ntly.

6-‫ﻣﻮﻣﻦ ﻋﻼء اﻟﺪٮ *ﻦ ﺻﺎدق‬

NAMING COVALENT COMPOUNDS (‫ٮﺴﺎﻫﻤ*ٮﺔ‬2‫ﺴﻤ*ٮﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻛ'ٮﺎت اﻟ‬2‫)ٮ‬
The chem!cal formulas for covalent compounds are referred to as molecular formulas because these compounds ex!st as separate, d!screte molecules.
Typ!cally, a molecular formula beg!ns w!th the nonmetal that !s closest to the lower left corner of the per!od!c table, except that hydrogen !s almost never wr!tten
f!rst (H2O !s the prom!nent except!on).

7-‫ﺣﻠﻒ‬. ‫ٮﺬر‬.‫ﴣ ﻣ‬2‫ﻣﺮٮ‬

Then the other nonmetal symbols are l!sted. Numer!cal subscr!pts are used !f there !s more than one of a part!cular atom. For example, we have already seen
CH4, the molecular formula for methane.
To name the chem!cal formula;
1.The name of the pos!t!vely charged atom !s wr!tten.
2.Its value !s !nd!cated !n parentheses w!th the roman numeral. If !t rece!ves a s!ngle value !n atom!c compounds, there !s no need to spec!fy.

8- ‫ڡﺎﺳﻢ‬2 ‫ٮور ﻟوي‬.

Explanat!on Generally
Because the attract!on between molecules, wh!ch are electr!cally neutral, !s weaker than that between electr!cally charged !ons, covalent compounds generally
have much lower melt!ng and bo!l!ng po!nts than !on!c compounds.

9-‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺻ'ٮﺎح ﺣﺴﻦ‬

For example, water (molecular compound) bo!ls at 100 °C wh!le sod!um chlor!de (!on!c compound) bo!ls at 1413 °C. In fact, many covalent compounds are l!qu!ds
or gases at room temperature, and, !n the!r sol!d states, they are typ!cally much softer than !on!c sol!ds.

10-‫ڡﻮب ﺷﻜور‬2‫اٮ *ﻼف ٮ *ﻌ‬

What are covalent bonded compounds?
(‫ٮﺴﺎﻫﻤ*ٮﺔ؟‬2‫'ٮﻄﺔ اﻟ‬2‫ى اﻟﻤﺮﻛ'ٮﺎت اﻟﻤﺮٮ‬e‫)ﻣﺎ ه‬
1- NON_polar‫ڡﻄﱯ‬2_‫ﻋ*ٮﺮ‬.
They are covalently bonded compounds that are between nonmetal atoms of the same genus.
As an example, let's exam!ne the hydrogen molecule formed between two hydrogen atoms: Each hydrogen atom has 1 electron. W!th the jo!nt use of th!s
electron, a bond occurs between hydrogen atoms. The result!ng molecule !s the H2 molecule.

11- ‫ڡﺎﻃﻤﻪ ﻋﻤﺎد‬.

2-POLAR ‫ڡﻄﱯ‬2
A polar molecule !s a molecule !n wh!ch one end of the molecule !s sl!ghtly pos!t!ve, wh!le the other end !s sl!ghtly negat!ve.
A d!atom!c molecule that cons!sts of a polar covalent bond, such as
HF, !s a polar molecule. The two electr!cally charged reg!ons on e!ther end of the molecule are called poles, s!m!lar to a magnet hav!ng a north and a south pole.
A molecule w!th two poles !s called a d!pole . Hydrogen fluor!de !s a d!pole.