Probability is the branch of mathematics that deals with the likelihood of events to

occur. It can be used to model and analyze various phenomena in science, engineering,
business, and everyday life. Probability can be expressed as a number between 0 and 1,
where 0 means the event is impossible and 1 means the event is certain. For example,
the probability of getting a head when tossing a fair coin is 0.5, because there are two
equally likely outcomes and one of them is favorable.

There are different ways to calculate the probability of an event, depending on the type
and nature of the experiment. Some of the common methods are:
 Theoretical probability: This is based on the assumption that all the possible outcomes
are equally likely. It is calculated by dividing the number of favorable outcomes by the
total number of outcomes. For example, the theoretical probability of rolling a 6 on a
fair die is 1/6, because there are six equally likely outcomes and one of them is
favorable.
 Experimental probability: This is based on the observation of the actual outcomes of an
experiment. It is calculated by dividing the number of times the event occurred by the
total number of trials. For example, the experimental probability of getting a head when
tossing a coin 10 times is 4/10, if we observed 4 heads and 6 tails.
 Axiomatic probability: This is based on a set of axioms or rules that define the properties
and operations of probability. It is a more general and abstract approach that can
handle complex and infinite situations. For example, the axiomatic probability of an
event A is denoted by P(A) and satisfies the following axioms:
o P(A) is a non-negative real number for any event A.
o P(S) = 1, where S is the sample space or the set of all possible outcomes.
o If A and B are mutually exclusive events, meaning they cannot occur at the same time,
then P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B).

Probability has many applications and implications in various fields and domains. For
example, it can be used to:

 Analyze and optimize the performance of systems and networks, such as reliability,
security, and efficiency.
 Make predictions and decisions based on data and evidence, such as forecasting,
testing, and risk management.
 Understand and model natural and social phenomena, such as genetics, epidemiology,
and psychology.
 Create and enjoy games of chance and strategy, such as gambling, lottery, and chess.