(CHAPTER 3) LESSON 1:

Energy Changes in
Chemical Reactions
GROUP 1:
MILFLORES, JASMIN ANGELA NAVARRO, CYRYL
BUEZA, JEMIMAH ALEXA PARAGAS, STEPHANIE
FLORES, LYKA JANE SORIANO, JOHN RUSSEL
LABAJO, ZURICH MATHIUS TORRES, ROANNE KAYE
NARVASA, ALYSA YDEO, ARTHEIA MIKHAELA
 ENERGY

do
is the Capacity to
I
N
produce

WORK HEAT
is energy transfer between T
R
transfer can be

SYSTEM and SURROUNDINGS ENDOTHERMIC or EXOTHERMIC

does work on surroundings does work on system absorbs heat release heat O
-w +w +Q -Q D
(expansion) (compression) (T decreases) (T increases)
U
w= -p V △ w or Q
or w + Q
Q= mc T △ C
△E (Internal Energy) T
when work is too small I
△H = △E O
where N
△
△
- H is exothermic
+ H is endothermic
3.1
ENERGY
TRANSFORMATION
When physical and chemical changes happen to matter, they are
accompanied by either absorption or release heat.

System - is the part of the universe on which you focus your attention
also they are usually the substances involved in physical and chemical
changes.

Surroundings - the part of the universe outside the system seperated by

a boundary.
Universe- together, the system and its surroundings make up

Heat - (Q) is the transfer of energy between two bodies that are at
different temperatures.

Heat Flow - is from a higher temperature to a lower temperature.

these changes are covered in thermochemistry - is the study of energy changes that
occur during chemical reactions and changes of state. Every substance has a certain
amount of energy stored in its chemical bonds.

Law of conservation of energy - states that in any chemical or physical process,

energy is neither created nor destroyed.
This is called the first law of thermodynamics. In any chemical or physical process,
energy in the universe remains unchanged.

Since you are looking at the universe in a system-surroundings point of view, you can
restate the first law of thermodynamics as
"The sum of energy in the system and in the surrounding is constant"
therefore, whatever energy is released by the system is gained by the
surroundings. Thier sum is still the same as shown in Figure 3.1
 OPEN, CLOSED, AND ISOLATED
SYSTEM
OPEN SYSTEM - Is one wherein the transfer of both matter and energy
occurs between the system and surroundings.
CLOSED SYSTEM - Only the energy can transfer between the system and the
surroundings.
ISOLATED SYSTEM - Matter and energy cannot transfer between the system
and its surroundings
OPEN, CLOSED, AND ISOLATED SYSTEM
 THERMODYNAMICS is the study of the relationship between
heat and other forms of energy, particularly the transfer of
heat into work.
Thermodynamics quantities always consist of two parts:
A number giving the magnitude of the change
A sign indicating the direction of the flow

Recall that the magnitude of Q can be computed using the equation,

Q = mcΔT
where: Q = Heat absorbed or released (J)
m = Mass of substance (g)
c = Specific heat of substance (J/g°C)
ΔT = Change in temperature (°C)
Energy transfers involve some types of work (w). It is the energy
transferred when an object is moved by the force. Work may be
done by the system or on the system.
 To determine the magnitude of work, you derive an expression for work where a
change in volume is used since expansion and compression are involved. Note that
an expansion gives a positive ΔV while a compression gives a negative ΔV, where

ΔV = Vf - Vi
From the definition of work,
work = force applied × Δ distance
Recall that
pressure = force/area

and the force applied has a negative magnitude making the expression,
w = - pressure applied × area × Δ distance
But area multiplied by Δ distance is equal to Δ volume, therefore
w = - pressure applied × Δ volume
The magnitude of work is in Joules. Every one liter-atmosphere ( L · atm ) is equal to
101.3 joules.
 EXAMPLE 3.1
How, much work is needed in a system to expand from 25 to 50 liters against a
pressure of 5 atm? Is work done by the system or on the system?
SOLUTION:
Using w = - p∆V
w = - 5 atm ( 50 L - 25 L )
w = - 125 L · atm
w = - 125 L · atm ( 101.3 J / 1 L · atm )
= - 12, 662.5 J or - 12.7 kJ
Energy flows out of the gas, so the value of w is negative.
Work is done by the system,
3.2
INTERNAL ENERGY
AND ENTHALPY
INTERNAL ENERGY(E)
The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy found in a
system.
is not quantifiable

ΔE = E final − E initial

A positive ΔE means that energy was gained from the surroundings.

A negative ΔE means that energy was lost to the surroundings.
Another equation for change in initial energy is sum of heat and work.

ΔE = Q + w
Figure 3.3. A schematic representation of heat, Q, and work, w on the system
and surroundings.
 EXAMPLE
A system receives 450 kJ of heat from the surroundings and the
surroundings do 50.0 kJ of work on the system. What is the change
in internal energy?

SOLUTION:

∆E = Q + w
= 450 kJ + 50.0 kJ
= 500 kJ
 EXAMPLE
A gas in a system has constant pressure. The surroundings around
the system lose 62 J of heat and does 474 J of work onto system.
What is the internal energy of the system?

SOLUTION:

∆E = Q + w
= 62 J + 474 J
= 536 J
ENTHALPY (H)
Equal to the amount of heat flow in a system with constant pressure
(Qp). Because ∆E= Qp + w, and w = -P∆V, it is expressed as:
Qp = ∆H = ∆E + P∆V
ΔH= ∆E
 3.3
CALORIMETRY
 CALORIMETRY
Is the science of measuring
heat based on the change in
temperature of a physical
or chemical change when it
absorbs or releases heat.
Every substance has its
own heat capacity or the
quantity of heat required
to change its temperature
by 1°C (or 1K).

IT IS EXPRESSED IN THE EQUATION,

C= Q
ΔT
WHERE : C = heat capacity
Q = heat absorbed
ΔT = change in temperature

From this, an equation for Q can be derived

Q = CΔT
SPECIFIC HEAT (C)
Is the heat capacity per gram of substance. It is equal to
the heat capacity over the mass of substance.

Q Q=mcAT
c = ΔT
m where
Q = heat transferred
mc = Q m = mass of substance
c = specific heat
ΔT AT = change in temperature
Q = mc ΔT
EXAMPLE
How much heat is released when 240 g of iron cools from 90°C to 25°C?

Q = mcΔT ΔT = final temperature - initial

temperature
= ( 240 g ) ( 0.452 j /g°C ) (-65°C ) = 25°C - 90°C
= -65°C
= -7051.2 J the specific heat of IRON is 0.452 j /g°C
= -7.05 KJ
EXAMPLE : SOLVING FOR CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE

If 100 grams of water with a specific heat capacity oh 4.18 j / g°C loses
232 joules of heat, what is the change in temperature?

Q = mcΔT
232 j = ( 100g ) (4.18 j / g°C ) ΔT
232 j = ( 418 ) ( ΔT )
418 418
ΔT = 0.56°C
CALORIMETER
The apparatus which determines the heat flow.
TWO (2) MAIN TYPES OF CALORIMETER:
Constant-pressure calorimeter.
Constant-volume (bomb) calorimeter.
 1ST EXAMPLE
A 10-g solid was heated in a test tube to 100°C in boiling water
and added to the coffee-cup calorimeter with 50 g of water.
The water temperature increased from 25.1°C to 28.5°C. What
is the specific heat of the solid?

Solution
Since it is a coffee-cup calorimeter, the heat released by the
solid is absorbed by the water.

-Qsolid =
QH₂O
3.4
THERMOCHEMICAL
EQUATIONS
 THERMOCHEMICAL
EQUATIONS
branch of thermodynamics
shows the heat that is either absorbed or released
during a reaction
If heat is absorbed in a reaction, it
is written as a REACTANT.
ENDOTHERMIC (+)

If heat is released in a reaction, it is

written as a PRODUCT.

EXOTHERMIC (-)
 HEAT
OF REACTION
is the enthalpy change for the chemical equation indicated
the amount of heat that must be added

ΔH
or removed during a chemical reaction in order
to keep all of the substances present at the
same temperature
delta H
THE ENTHALPY DIAGRAM OF AN
EXOTHERMIC PROCESS
reactant

or

the chemical potential energy of product

the reactants is higher than the chemical
potential energy of the products in
exothermic processes
THE ENTHALPY DIAGRAM OF AN
ENDOTHERMIC PROCESS

or product

the chemical potential energy of reactant

the products is higher than the chemical
potential energy of the reactants in
exothermic processes
 EXAMPLE #1
Calculate the amount of heat in kJ required to decompose 4 moles of Fe 2 O3(s)

Fe 2 O 3(s) + 3CO(g) + 26.3 kJ 2Fe (s) + 3CO 2(g)

Given: ΔH = 26.3 kJ for a mol of Fe 2O 3

Find: ΔH for 4 mol Fe 2O 3
Write the conversion factor: 26.3 kJ
mol Fe 2O 3
26.3 kJ
Using the conversion factor, solve for ΔH: ΔH = 4 mol Fe2 O3 x
1 mol Fe 2O3
= 105.2 kJ
 EXAMPLE #2
Calculate the amount of heat in kJ required to decompose 3 moles of CH 4

CH 4(g) + 2O 2(g) CO2(g) + 2H 2 O g + 802 kJ

Given: ΔH = -802 kJ for a mol of CH 4

Find: ΔH for 3 mol CH 4
Write the conversion factor: -802 kJ
mol CH4
-802 kJ
Using the conversion factor, solve for ΔH: ΔH = 3 mol CH4 x
1 mol CH 4
= - 2406 kJ
 3.5
HESS' LAW OF HEAT
SUMMATION
 HESS' LAW OF HEAT
SUMMATION
Hess's law of constant heat summation, also
known simply as Hess' law,

Hess' law of heat summation states that the enthalpy

change of a chemical reaction is independent of the
pathway between the initial and final states, as long
as the initial and final conditions are the same.
 HESS' LAW OF HEAT
SUMMATION
Hess's law can be used to determine the overall
energy required for a chemical reaction that can
be divided into synthetic steps that are
individually easier to characterize.

The purpose of Hess' Law is to measure the

enthalpies of neutralization for several acid -
base reactions.
1. Identify the net equation whose
AH is unknown. Make sure that
the reaction is balanced.
3. Manipulate equations where AH is
known so that the correct moles of
reactants and products are on correct
sides. Remember that reversing the
direction of the reaction will give AH of the
same magnitude but with the opposite
sign. Multiplying or dividing the reaction
by a factor should be done to both the AH
value and the reaction.
3. Add these individual reaction to get the
net reaction. The value of the unknown ∆H
is the sum of the individual manipulated
∆H
3.6
STANDARD HEAT
OF REACTION
The heat of reaction, (ΔH rxn) = enthalpy of
reaction
Varying the amount of reactants also varies the
magnitude of ΔH.
To compute for the enthalpy of reaction,
enthalpies of formation can be used.

ΔHºrxn=mΔHºf,products-mΔHºf, reactants
The heat of reaction is determined at standard
state, 1 atm and 25ºC. The enthalpy of formation is
the energy change occurring when 1 mole of
compound is produced from its elements.
Compute ΔHºrxn for the combustion of acetylene
C2 H2
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