Welcome

to my presentation
Lecture 4-5
 Discover of Society
“
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3
 Key Contents
1. Industrial & French revolutions

2. Emergence of sociology as a science

3. Contributions of Herbert Spencer

& Emile Durkheim

4. Contributions of Karl Marx &

Max Weber
1a. Industrial Revolution (1760-70)

Causes & Consequences:

Rapid population growth
Increasing demand of production
Industry & technology
Worldwide dominance of free
Masonic Bourgeoisie of UK
Inequality and alienation within
industry
 1b. French Revolution (1789)

Causes:
The Old Regime*
Absolute Monarchy with Weak
Leadership
Age of Enlightenment
Economic Troubles
Political Game by Free Masons of UK &
Suggestion for XVI Louis (Sending
Troops to Aid American
Revolutionaries)
Aftermaths of French Revolution
Church based System
(Feudalism)

System of Commoners
(Capitalism)
 Aftermaths of French Revolution
One group
suggested
to return to
old regime
Revolution

Another group
Anarchy

suggested
French

More

to prepare for
again revolution

Sociology
Auguste Comte
suggested the
reformation
within the
existing system
2. Emergence of sociology as a science

 Auguste Comte was influenced by

French Revolution (FR)

 He was shocked by human

destructive activities after FR

 To solve those anarchies, he

invented new ideas.
 Idea-1: Science of Society

 Society must be studied as a

science that can explain social
world as natural science can
physical world.

 So, Comte first invented the

term Social Physics & finally
Sociology for his new science.
 Idea-2: Vision for Sociology

 His vision for Sociology was

positivism (knowledge about
society based on empirical
evidence: observation, comparison
& experimentation).
Idea-3: Typology of Study

Social Statics
/Order
Typology

Social Dynamics
/Progress
• Social statics is the order of society.
This order includes structural
components (e.g., family, government,
and economics) and the interaction
between these components. Auguste
Comte, the father of sociology,
based social statics on the positivistic
philosophy.
• Social dynamics can refer to the
behavior of groups that results from
the interactions of individual group
members as well to the study of the
relationship between individual
interactions and group level
behaviors.
 Comte’s Social Statics
Role of
Family

Language for
Social Solidarity
Statics
*Religion of
Humanity

Division of
Labour
*Religion of Humanity

 Love as its Principle

 Order as its Basis
 Progress as its Aim
 Altruism
 Live for Others
 Comte’s Social Dynamics

 For Social dynamics, Comte

gave the Laws of Three Stages.
He believed that human history,
knowledge (science) &
development could be passed
through these stages.
 The Law of Three Stages & Time Period

Positive
Scientific
(from
Metaphysical industrialization)

Abstract
Theological (from middle
age &
Fictitious renaissance)
(from the
dawn of man)
 The Law of Three Stages & Dominated

Positive
Scientific
(Dominated
Metaphysical by Industrial
Administrators
Abstract & Scientific
Moral Guides)
Theological (Churchmen &
Lawyers
Fictitious dominated)
(Priest &
Military
dominated )
 The Law of Three Stages & Social Unit

Positive
Scientific
(Entire human
Metaphysical race as
social unit )
Abstract
Theological (State as
dominant
Fictitious social unit )
(Family as
dominant
social unit )
 Example: Why is disease?

Stages Answer

Theological Aftermath of sin (Fictitious)

Human life is short
Metaphysical
& man is mortal (Abstract)

Positive Attack of Virus, Bacteria etc.

(Scientific)
 3a. Contributions of Herbert
Spencer

 Comte- founder of science of society

by allying sociology with biology.
 Spencer- connector between biology
& sociology (super-organism)
 Comte- social statics is explained
in terms of family, language,
religion of humanity, division of
labour.
 Spencer- social statics is
explained in terms of human
happiness achieved by satisfying
their needs and desires.
 Comte- social statics & dynamics
(from theological to metaphysical
to positive).

 Spencer- evolution (from simple

to complex state)
3b. Contributions of Durkheim

 Comte- founder of science of society

by allying sociology with biology.
 Spencer- connector between biology
& sociology (super-organism)

 Durkheim- Social facts must be

studied distinct from biological and
psychological phenomenon
3b. Contributions of Durkheim

 Comte- founder of science of society

by allying sociology with biology.
 Spencer- connector between biology
& sociology (super-organism)

 Durkheim- Social facts must be

studied distinct from biological and
psychological phenomenon
 Egoistic
(Integration Low)

AnomiC Fatalistic
(Regulation Low) (Regulation High)

Altruistic
(Integration High)

Fig- Social Factors Matter to understand suicide

4. Contributions of Karl Marx
& Max Weber
 2. View of Society
Sociological Views
Perspectives
Weber’s Symbolic Place of face to face
Interactionism symbolic interaction

Marx’s Conflict Place of inequality &

stratification and so struggle
between social classes
 3. View of Social Order
Sociological Views
Perspectives
Weber’s Symbolic Individual creates social
Interactionism order in a way of interaction

Marx’s Conflict There is no order in society

but conflict between have &
have not classes
 4. View of Social Change
Sociological Views
Perspectives
Weber’s Symbolic Individual can change anything in
Interactionism a way of symbolic interaction

Marx’s Conflict Social change is ubiquitous due

to conflict between have & have
not classes
 Recapitulation

1. Industrial & French revolutions

2. Emergence of sociology as a science

3. Contributions of Herbert Spencer

& Emile Durkheim

4. Contributions of Karl Marx &

Max Weber
 Concluding Remarks

Sociology emerged as a
science in terms of social
context: time & place
 Thanks!

Any questions?

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