Welcome to your English

class

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 LESSON 1: THE ENGLISH ALPHABET
Aa[ei] Bb[bi] Cc[si] Dd[di] Ee[i] Ff[ef] Gg[dji] Hh[eitch] Ii[ai] Jj[djei]
Kk[kei] Ll[el] Mm[em] Nn[en] Oo[o] Pp[pi] Qq[kyu] Rr[Ͻr] Ss[es] Tt[ti]
Uu[yu] Vv[vi] Ww[dablyu] Xx[eks] Yy[wai] Zz [zed or zid]
1. Definition
The alphabet is the set of letters used when writing in a language
2. Purpose
As we learn this lesson, we will say that the alphabet is the origin of what we call
“Language”. And the specific and important use of it is to help us pronounce words
in their perfect pronunciation and all spell them correctly.

CONVERSATION: THE MEDICAL CONFERENCE

A: Good morning, Is the medical conference here?
B: Yes, it is. What’s your name please?
A: Dr. ASFAHAN. A-S-F-A-H-A-N
B: And your address please?
A: I’m from BSC in Bombay
B: Thank you doctor, welcome to the conference.

A: Good morning Madam

B: Good morning
A: Your name please?
B: My name is Dr. MARGARET REYNOLDS
A: Can you spell it please?
B: R-E-Y-N-O-L-D-S
A: Are you American?
B: Yes, I’m from the states
A: Where from in the states please?
B: From NEW YORK
A: Your address in NEW YORK please?
B: free street road
A: Thank you Madam, welcome to the conference.

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 LESSON 2: FIRST CONTACT
1. GREETINGS
A greeting is a conventional phrase used to start a letter, a conversation or to
acknowledge a person’s arrival or presence.
When you meet someone for the first time, the talk is introduced by a greeting; it
means greeting is the key that puts you in contact with the person.
Here are some common greetings you can find in English:

Hello Use it, at any time and to whoever

Hi Use it among friends and at any time

Use it in the morning and to whoever

Good morning
Use it in the afternoon and to whoever
Good afternoon
Use it in the evening and to whoever
Good evening
Good sleeping
Use it when you want to sleep
Good night

2. ASKING FOR HEALTH

When we meet someone after greeting them we usually ask about their health;
here are some common ways to ask for health in English:
How are you?
How are you doing?
How is it?
How is life?
How is it going?

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And here you have some answers that we may get from these questions but they
may be positive or negative
I am fine
Life is good
I am doing well/good/OK
I am alright
Everything is good

I am not OK
I am not fine
I am fifty-fifty
I am so-so
I am bad

3. FAREWELLS AND SAYING GOODBYE

It’s nice to meet you It’s nice to meet you too

It’s good to see you It’s good to see you too
I am happy to meet you I am happy to meet you too
Pleased to meet you Pleased to meet you too
How do you do Thanks/ Thank you

See you next time See you

See you later See you
See you soon See you
Check you soon/later Check you
Goodbye Bye

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CONVERSATION: THE HOTEL DOORMAN

A: Good morning Peter

B: Good morning Sir
A: Nice day Peter?
B: Yes, Sir it’s a very nice day

A: Good afternoon Peter

B: Good afternoon Madam
A: Is the hotel full?
B: No Madam, it’s not full
A: Thank you

A: Good evening Peter

B: Good evening Sir
A: Is Miss MARGARET at the Hotel?
B: No Sir, she is not here
A: You’re sure?
B: Yes, Sir your daughter is out
A: And my wife, Is she at the Hotel?
B: Yes, Sir Mrs. BERTCHASS’s here
A: Thank you Peter… Are you English Peter?
B: No, Sir I am from India
A: Uuh! A very interesting country… Bye Peter, I’m tired, I’m off to bed
B: Good night Sir, sleep well
A: Thank you Peter.

CONVERSATION: THE PARTY

A: Oh! DAVID
B: Hi Frank how are you?
A: Fine thanks and you?
B: Very well thank you
A: Oh! This is SUSAN…
B: Hello! SUSAN, my name is DAVID, DAVID ROBINSON
A: Hi DAVID, it’s nice to meet you
B: Pleased to meet you too
A: Nice party, interesting people
B: Yeah! And one very pretty girl
A: What? A pretty girl? Uuh! I’m thirsty
B: Thirsty? Huuh! Here you are, a glass of wine
A: Thank you DAVID you’re very kind
B: And you are wonderful, SUSAN
A: And you are very cheeky

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 B: Yeah! I’m cheeky because I like you. It’s your energy… Eeeh! Come and dance with
me
A: Okay.

LESSON 3: THE VERB TO BE

Present

I am/ I’m: je suis Am I?: Suis-je?

You are/ You’re: Tu es Are you?: Es-tu?
He is/ He’s: il est Is he?: Est-il?
She is/ She’s: elle est Is she?: Est-elle?
It is/ It’s: c’est Is it?: Est-ce?
We are/ We’re: nous sommes Are we?: Sommes-nous?
You are/ You’re: vous êtes Are you?: Etes-vous
They are/ They’re: ils/elles sont Are they?: Sont-ils/elles?

I am not/ I’m not

You are not/ you’re not/ you aren’t
He, she, it is not/ he’s not, she’s not, it’s not/ he isn’t, she isn’t, it isn’t
We are not/ we’re not/ we aren’t
You are not/ you’re not/ you aren’t
They are not/ they’re not/ they aren’t

Am I not?
Are you not?/ Aren’t you?
Is he, she, it not?/ Isn’t he, she, it?
Are we not?/ aren’t we?
Are you not?/ aren’t you?
Are they not?/ aren’t they?

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Past
I was : j’étais Was I?: étais-je?

You were : tu étais Were you?: étais-tu?

He was: Il était Was he?: était-il?

She was: elle était Was she?: était-elle?

It was: c’était Was it?: était-ce?

We were: nous étions Were we?: étions-nous?

You were: vous étiez Were you?: étiez-vous?

They were: ils/ells étaient Were they?: étaient-ils/elles?

I was not/ I wasn’t Was I not?/ wasn’t I?

You were not/ you weren’t
He, she, it was not/ he, she, it wasn’t
We were not/ we weren’t
You were not/ you weren’t
They were not/ they weren’t
Were you not?/ weren’t you?
Was he, she, it not?/ wasn’t he, she, it?
Were we not?/ weren’t we?
Were you not?/ weren’t you?
Were they not?/ weren’t they?

Future
I will be: je serai Will I be?: serai-je?

You will be: tu seras Will you be?: seras-tu?

He will be: il sera Will he be?: sera-t-il?

She will be: elle sera Will she be?: sera-t-elle?

It will be: ce sera Will it be?: sera-t-il/elle?

We will be: nous serons Will we be ?: serons-nous ?

You will be: vous serez Will you be: serez-vous?

They will be: ils/ells seront Will they be?: seront-ils/elles?

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I will not be/ I won’t be
You will not be/ You won’t be
He will not be/ He won’t be
She will not be/ She won’t be
It will not be/ It won’t be
We will not be/ We won’t be
You will not be/ You won’t be
They will not be / They won’t be
LESSON 4: THE VERB TO HAVE
Present
I have/ I’ve: j’ai
You have/ you’ve: tu as
He has: il a
She has: elle a
It has: il, elle a
We have/ we’ve : nous avons
You have/ you’ve : vous avez
They have/ they’ve: Ils, elles ont
I do not have/ I don’t have
You do not have/ you don’t have
He does not have/ he doesn’t have
She does not have/ she doesn’t have
It does not have/ I doesn’t have
We do not have/ we don’t have
You do not have/ you don’t have
They do not have/ they don’t have
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Will I not be?/ Won’t I be?
Will you not be?/ Won’t you be?
Will he not be?/ Won’t he be?
Will she not be?/ Won’t she be?
Will it not be?/ Won’t it be?
Will we not be?/ Won’t we be?
Will you not be?/ Won’t you be?
Will they not be?/ Won’t they be?
Do I have?: Ai-je?
Do you have?: As-tu?
Does he have?: A-t-il?
Does she have?: A-t-elle?
Does it have?: A-t-il, elle?
Do we have ?: Avons-nous
Do you have ?: Avez-vous
Do they have?: Ont-ils, elles?
Do I not have?/ don’t I have?
Do you not have?/ don’t you have?
Does he not have?/ doesn’t he have?
Does she not have?/ doesn’t she have?
Does it not have?/ doesn’t it have?
Do we not have?/ don’t we have?
Do you not have?/ don’t you have?
Do they not have?/ don’t they have?
Past
I had: j’avais
You had: tu avais
He had: il avait
She had: elle avait
It had: il, elle avait
We had: nous avions
You had: vous aviez
They had: ils, elles avaient
I did not have/ I didn’t have
You did not have/ you didn’t have
He did not have/ he didn’t have
She did not have/ she didn’t have
It did not have/ It didn’t have
We did not have/ we didn’t have
You did not have/ you didn’t have
They did not have/ they didn’t have
Future
I will have: j’aurai
You will have: tu auras
He will have: il aura
She will have: elle aura
It will have: il, elle aura
We will have: nous aurons
You will have: vous aurez
They will have: ils, elles auront
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Did I have?: avais-je?
Did you have?: avais-tu?
Did he have?: avait-il?
Did she have?: avait-elle?
Did it have?: avait il, elle?
Did we have?: avions-nous?
Did you have?: aviez-vous?
Did they have?: avaient-ils, elles?
Did I not have?/ Didn’t I have?
Did you not have?/ Didn’t you have?
Did he not have?/ Didn’t he have?
Did she not have?/ Didn’t she have?
Did it not have?/ Didn’t it have?
Did we not have?/ Didn’t we have?
Did you not have?/ Didn’t you have?
Did they not have?/ Didn’t they have?
Will I have?: aurai-je?
Will you have?: auras-tu?
Will he have?: aura-t-il?
Will she have?: aura-t-elle
Will it have?: aura-t-il, elle?
Will we have?: aurons-nous?
Will you have?: aurez-vous?
Will they have?: auront-ils, elles?
I will not have/ I won’t have Will I not have?/ won’t I have?

you will not have/ you won’t have Will you not have?/ won’t you have?

He will not have/ he won’t have Will he not have?/ won’t he have?

She will not have/ she won’t have Will she not have?/ won’t she have?

It will not have/ it won’t have Will it not have?/ won’t it have?

We will not have/ we won’t have Will we not have?/ won’t we have?

You will not have/ you won’t have Will you not have?/ won’t you have?

They will not have/ they won’t have Will they not have?/ won’t they have?

LESSON 5: ARTICLES
1. DEFINITION AND KIND
The article is a part of speech that indicates, specifies and limits a noun.
In English we have two kinds of articles which are:
- Definite article
- Indefinite articles
2. DEFINITE ARTICLE
In English, there is only one definite article “THE”… it is called definite because it is
more specific in giving the information
E.g. The town where Hattie lives is very big
I am reading the book Dad bought me
 Use the definite article “THE” if you want to speak about rivers, seas, oceans.
E.g. The Djili river
The Atlantic Ocean
The Red sea
 Use the definite article to speak about nationalities
E.g. The Americans, the Congolese
The Japanese, the Kenyans

3. INDEFINITE ARTICLES

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In English, there are two indefinite articles “A and AN”…
They are called indefinite simply because they are less specific in giving the
information
E.g. There is a man in the house
There is a car in the parking
Notice: Indefinite articles are not placed where; we should watch over where place
them

It is placed before a noun that starts by a consonant

E.g. A pastor, A teacher

A It is also placed before a noun that starts by an aspirated “h”

E.g. A husband, A hospital

It is also placed before words or nouns having a consonant sound at the

beginning and for abbreviations which start with a consonant sound
E.g. A university, A VIP room, A DIY person

AN
 It is placed before a noun which start by a vowel
E.g. An apple, An eagle
 It is placed before a noun which starts with a vowel sound
E.g. An undertaker
 It is placed before a noun which starts with a mute “h”
E.g. An honest person
 It is placed before abbreviations that start with a vowel sound
E.g. An NGO

Notice: In all the cases above, the pronunciation is very important to distinguish
And for concluding, there are cases where the article is not really important to
show up and here are some of those cases:

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  In generalization
E.g. I like music, I like funny stories
 Places’ names (Towns, Countries, Mountains, etc.)
E.g. LONDON, SPAIN, Mount SUNSET

4. SOME EXCEPTIONS
- I watch Television but I listen to the radio, The guitar, etc.
- I play Tennis but I play the piano
- I go to the Cinema

CONVERSATION: AT BREAKFAST

A: Some tea?
B: Uuh! Yes, please
A: With milk?
B: No thank you… Where is the sugar?
A: Here you are… some Toast?
B: Yes, please with butter and honey
A: A bottle of cereal?
B: Yes, please. With cold milk
A: Fried eggs and bacon?
B: Hum! No, scrambled eggs please
A: One-minute Sir, here you are: Toast, cereal cold milk, and scrambled eggs
B: Thank you very much, you’re really efficient
A: Thank you Sir, you’re welcome.

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 LESSON 6: PRONOUNS
1. DEFINITION
In brief, a pronoun is a word that replaces a noun
PERSONAL PRONOUN POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE
ADJECTIVE PRONOUN PRONOUN
Subject Object
I Me My Mine Myself
You You Your Yours Yourself
He Him His His Himself
She Her Her Hers Herself
It It Its Its Itself
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
You You Your Yours Yourselves
They Them Their Theirs Themselves

 PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Subject: Does the action Object: Undergoes the action
E.g. I speak English E.g. I am telling you the truth
 POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
Possessive adjectives are not pronouns but rather determiners and they give more
information about the noun it identifies
E.g. The man over there is my father
 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
Possessive pronouns surely show possession and they can play the role of subject
and sometimes object
E.g. Your phone is here, Mine is in the bag
The book on the table is mine
 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject certain types of verbs can be reflexive
not all
E.g. I told myself to calm down
Grace found herself in a dangerous part of the country

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 2. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
DEFINITION
An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun which does not specify the identity of the place,
thing or person it refers to:
PERSON PLACE THING
Everyone Everywhere Everything
Everybody Somewhere Something
Anyone Anywhere Anything
Anybody Nowhere Nothing
No one
Nobody

 Use Everyone, Everybody, Everywhere, Somewhere, Everything, Something

in affirmative sentences or statements
E.g. She went somewhere
Let me show you something
 Use Anyone, Anybody, Anywhere, Anything in negative sentences
E.g. I do not know anybody here
We do not have anything

 Use Nobody, No one, Nowhere, Nothing in affirmative sentences because

they are already negative indefinite pronouns.
E.g. Nobody came at school yesterday

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 LESSON 7: VERBS
1. DEFINITION
A verb is a word which indicates an action, event or state
2. KINDS OF VERBS
 Stative and Dynamic verbs
In English there are verbs which show “Actions”, they are called “Dynamic”. Others
show “States”, they are called “Stative” (Non-action)
Here is a small list of these two categories:
 Dynamic verbs: Hit, Explore, Sleep, Run, Study
 Stative verbs: Be, Like, Love, Wish, Hear, See, Appear, Seem
Note: Some stative verbs can be in continuous tenses
 Regular and Irregular verbs
Regular verbs in English are verbs which take “ed” at the end of their past and past
participle forms and Irregular verbs have different past and past participle forms
E.g. Look looked looked
Walk walked walked
Pass passed passed
For irregular verbs, it is necessary to learn them by heart
E.g. Take took taken
Speak spoke spoken

 Auxiliary verbs (Helping verbs)

Auxiliary verbs are verbs which help main verbs to be conjugated in other tenses
and forms.
In English there are three auxiliary verbs:
BE HAVE DO
 We use it to make  This auxiliary verb  We use it to make the
continuous tenses only has one and very negative form
E.g. She is writing a book important use which E.g. I do not know
is to make perfect
 We use it to ask
 We use it to make the tenses
questions
passive voice E.g. I have finished my E.g. Do you like coffee?
E.g. A book is written by homework
 We use it to show
her emphasis

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 E.g. I do tell you the truth
 Sometimes it stands
for a main verb
E.g. She speaks English
more than I do

 Modal auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs modify main verbs and put them into different moods.
Modal verbs express P.A.N. and here is a board that describes in detail what this
abbreviation stands for.
STRUCTURE: S + MODAL + MAIN VERB + O
P A N
 Possibility/Probability  Ability  Necessity/Obligation
Can, Could, be able to, Can, Could, Be able to Have to, have got to,
will be able to, would be E.g. I could go to that must
able to, May, Might. party E.g. I have to go to that
E.g. I can go to that party  Advice party
Should, ought to, Had
 Permission better
May, Can E.g. You should go to that
E.g. May I go to that party
party?
Yes, you may go
 Prohibition
Must not
E.g. You must not go to
that party
 To make the negative of modal verbs, add “NOT” right after the modal
verb
E.g. You should not go to that party
 To make the interrogative form, inverse the subject and the modal verb
E.g. Will you be able to go to that party?

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 THE PRONUNCIATION OF ‘’ED’’ ENDING OF REGULAR VERBS
The ‘’ED’’ ending has three different ways of pronunciation at the end.
[d]: played [t]: walked [id]: decided
 The ‘’d’’ pronunciation is used for regular verbs that end with a voiced
sound. Voiced sounds are made in the throat and make it vibrate.
[b,e,g,i,j,l,m,n,r,th*,u,v,w,z,y]
E.g. Described/describd/
Agreed/agreed/
Belonged/belongd/
Identified/identifyd/
Changed/changd/
Traveled/traveld/
Welcomed/welcomd/
Designed/designd/
Answered/answerd/
Breathed/breathd/
Continued/continud/
Improved/improvd/
Followed/followd/
Amused/amusd/
Played/playd/

 The ‘’t’’ pronunciation is used for regular verbs that end with an unvoiced
sound. Unvoiced sounds are sounds that are made at the front of the
mouth. [p,k,s,sh,ch,th,f]
E.g. Work/workt/
Helped/helpt/
Relaxed/relaxt/
Washed/washt/
Watched/watcht/
Frothed/frotht/
Laughed/laught/

 The ‘’id’’ pronunciation is used for regular verbs that end with [d,t]
E.g. Recommend/recommendid/
Persuaded/persuadid/
Provided/providid/
Decided/decidid/
Needed/needid/
Started/startid/
Acted/actid/
Created/creatid/
Participated/participatid/

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 LIST OF IRRGULAR VERBS
Infinitive Past Past participle Translation
Be was/were been Etre
Bear Bore Born/born porter / supporter
Beat Beat beaten battre
become Became become Devenir
Begin Began begun commencer
Bend Bent bent (se) courber
Bind bound bound lier / attacher
Bite Bit bitten mordre
Bleed Bled bled saigner
Blow Blew blown souffler
break broke broken casser
breed Bred bred élever
bring brought brought apporter
build Built built construire
Burn burnt burnt brûler
burst Burst burst éclater
Buy bought bought acheter
Cast Cast cast jeter
catch caught caught attraper
choose chose chosen choisir
come came come venir
cost cost cost coûter
creep crept crept ramper
cut cut cut couper
deal dealt dealt distribuer
do did done Faire
draw drew drawn dessiner / tirer
dream dreamt dreamt rêver
drink drank drunk boire
drive drove driven conduire
eat ate eaten manger
fall fell fallen tomber
feed fed fed nourrir
feel felt felt (res)sentir
fight fought fought se battre
find found found trouver
flee fled fled fuir / s’enfuir
fly flew flown voler (oiseau/avion…)
forbid forbade forbidden interdire
forget forgot forgotten oublier
forgive forgave forgiven pardonner

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freeze froze frozen geler
get got got obtenir
give gave given donner
go went gone Aller
grow grew grown pousser / grandir
have had had avoir
hear heard heard entendre
hide hid hidden (se) cacher
hit hit hit frapper
hold held held tenir
hurt hurt hurt blesser/faire du mal
keep kept kept garder
know knew known savoir
lead led led mener
learn learnt learnt apprendre
leave left left laisser, quitter
lend lent lent prêter
let let let permettre
light lit lit allumer / éclairer
lose lost lost perdre
make made made faire, fabriquer
mean meant meant signifier
meet met met rencontrer
pay paid paid payer
put put put poser / mettre
read read read Lire
ride rode ridden aller à cheval/ à vélo
ring rang rung Sonner
rise rose risen se lever
run ran run Courir
say said said Dire
see saw seen Voir
sell sold sold Vendre
send sent sent Envoyer
set set set mettre / fixer
shake shook shaken Secouer
shine shone shone Briller
shoot shot shot tirer (fusil)
show showed shown montrer
shut shut shut fermer
sing sang sung chanter
sit sat sat être assis(e)
sleep slept slept dormir
speak spoke spoken parler

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spell spelt spelt épeler
spend spent spent dépenser/passer (temps)
spread spread spread (se) répandre
stand stood stood être debout
steal stole stolen voler / dérober
stick stuck stuck coller
strike struck struck Frapper
swim swam swum Nager
take took taken Prendre
teach taught taught Enseigner
Tell told told dire, raconter
Think thought thought Penser
Throw threw thrown Lancer
Understand understood understood Comprendre
Wake woke woken Eveiller
Wear wore worn porter un vêtement
Win won won Gagner
Write Wrote written Ecrire

CONVERSATION: A FUNNY CHAT IN THE PUB

A: Tell me SAM, are you still obsessed with grammar?

B: Yes, I now have a new theory about English verbs
A: Really? What’s that?
B: For me, verbs have different levels of importance
A: You mean between Regular, Irregular and Auxiliary verbs?
B: Yes, the regular verbs are ordinary like: To rain, rained, rained. To wait, waited,
waited. To phone, phoned, phoned.
A: Ordinary verbs? And what about the irregulars, aren’t they ordinary?
B: No, the irregulars are important day to day verbs. Hmmm! To eat, ate, eaten. To
drink, drank, drunk. To write, wrote, written. To speak, spoke, spoken
A: Well, I never think about it in that way
B: And the three auxiliary verbs: to be, to do and to have are essential in life
A: I don’t agree with your theory
B: Why is that then?
A: What about to love?
B: Love? Loved, loved is a regular verb
A: Yes, but that’s not ordinary. It’s the most important verb in life, it can move
mountains, start wars and even kill people.
B: Oh! ELIZABETH, that was two thousand years ago not now. You’re such an old
romantic
A: That is the start of the twenty-first century, and love is… would be everywhere, all
around us. The age of Aquarius is coming

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B: Is that so? Well, if that’s the case, then we must change the verb to love from a
regular verb to an irregular verb
A: No SAM, it’s not possible to change it but it’s a beautiful thought
B: Oh! I am full of beautiful thoughts. Probably this is your influence
A: No SAM Remember, the age of Aquarius is coming
B: Oh! Help Barman, two whiskies please.

CONVERSATION: THE JEALOUS FRIEND

A: Do you know HENRY?

B: Yes, I do, he’s a nice guy
A: Does he like to win serf?
B: Yes, he does and he likes the sale
A: Yes, and he likes you too
B: No, he doesn’t like me
A: Yes, he does
B: No, he doesn’t
A: Yes, he does
B: No, he doesn’t. you’re jealous I affirm
A: No, I’m not
B: Yes, you are
A: No, I’m not
B: Yes, you are. Anyway you’re right to be jealous, because I like him

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 LESSON 8: CONJUGATION
1. DEFINNITION
Conjugation is a classification of verbs according to forms and tenses.
*In forms we enumerate: Affirmative, negative, interrogative an interronegative.
*In tenses, we enumerate: Simple present, present continuous, simple past, past
continuous, simple future, future continuous, present perfect, present perfect
continuous, past perfect, past perfect continuous, future perfect, future perfect
continuous.
To conjugate, we need three main elements which are: Verb, Tense and Form.
2. SOME CONJUGATION RULES
 PRESENT
 In general, the third person of every verb takes “s” at the end
E.g. She reads the Bible
Joyce loves people
 Verbs ending in: sh, ss, ch, o, x take “es”
E.g. He fishes at the river
She possesses a car
She catches the vision
She goes to the University
He waxes his shoes
 Now verbs which end with “y” have two forms they take at the end in the
third person of the present; some take “s” and some take “ies” at the end.
E.g. She plays with her friend/ He fries fish
 PAST
To conjugate a verb in the past, use the past form of the verb.
E.g. Regular verb: I crossed the road before I get here
Irregular verb: I went to the University today
 FUTURE
To conjugate a verb in the future “will” is the main element that we use to express
the future. “shall” is only used for the first person in singular and the first person in
plural.
E.g. They will sing together
He will be a great man

22
 3. SOME USES OF TO BE
 THIS and THAT used with TO BE
They both mean the same thing but in different cases:
SINGULAR PLURAL
 THIS IS  THESE ARE
It is used when the thing or person we It is used when things or people we talk
talk about is next to us (speaker(s)). about are next to us (speaker(s)).
E.g. This is my wife E.g. These are my siblings
 THAT IS  THOSE ARE
It is used when the thing or person we It is used when things or people we talk
talk about is far from us (speaker(s)). about are far from us (speaker(s)).
E.g. That is my car E.g. Those are my classmates
 To make the negative form, add “NOT” right after the verb to be
E.g. That is not my bag
These are not your clothes
 To make the interrogative form, inverse the subject with the verb to be
E.g. Is that your brother?
Are these your copybooks?
Note: This/That/These/Those can also be used alone without the presence of the
verb TO BE. Their meaning does not totally change and they always use the same
principle.

 THERE used with TO BE

This grammatical structure only means “Il y a” in French; which shows the
existence or presence of something or somebody.
PRESENT PAST FUTURE
 THERE IS  THERE WAS  THERE WILL BE
It is used for the singular It is used for the singular It is used for both the
E.g. There is a pen on the desk E.g. There was a party here singular and the plural
 THERE ARE  THERE WERE E.g There will be a guest
It is used for the plural It is used for the plural today
E.g. There are people outside There will be consequences
E.g. There were books on the
desk
 To make the negative form, add “NOT” right after the verb TO BE
E.g. There is not any problem
There is no problem
There will not be class tomorrow
 To make the interrogative form, inverse the subject with the verb TO BE
E.g. Will there be class tomorrow?/ Are there people inside?/ Is there any problem?

23
CONVERSATION: A NEW FRIEND

A: Hello, Am I late?
B: No, you’re on time. He’s not here yet
A: He’s a French?
B: No, he’s not French, he’s Italian
A: Oh! Italian. What is his name?
B: His name is PHAOLO
A: Hmm! PHAOLO is a nice name, is he your boyfriend?
B: No, he’s not, he’s just a friend
A: Are you in love?
B: No, I’m not
A: Oh! KEREN I’m sure you are
B: No, I’m not
A: Yes, you are, I can see it in your eyes
B: No, I’m not
A: Yes, you are
B: Chh.! He’s at the door
B: Hey!
A: Hey! How are you doing?
B: Good
A: Good to see you

CONVERSATION: A CHAT IN THE SUBWAY

A: EDWARD and MARGARET aren’t happy together

B: Yes, they’re quite happy
A: No, MIKE. Maybe he’s happy but she isn’t
B: But they’re always together
A: Yes, they’re always together but they aren’t happy
B: If they aren’t happy, why are they always together?
A: Because when they aren’t together they’re even more unhappy

CONVERSATION: FIVE HOURS PER WEEK

A: Hello? Hello? Hello? Hello? Hello, I am JOHN your teacher

B: My teacher?
A: Yes, I am the teacher of ‘’My English teacher’’
B: Oh! Pleased to meet you JOHN
A: Nice to meet you too
B: What is “My English teacher”?
A: “My English teacher” is composed of one hundred forty-four private lessons, in
each one, you read and listen to the grammar, you write the written exercises, you
speak and record English in the oral exercises, you enjoy the dialogs and you learn
new vocabulary so you learn to speak English very quickly

24
B: I like it JOHN, I have a goal to speak English in one year, is this possible?
A: No problem, you speak a little already. You’re a good student, I like to have
students like you
B: No, I am an ordinary student, I am good if my teacher is good
A: Okay! I need five hours per week of your time and remember one week is one
hundred sixty-eight hours and I need only five. Is that too much?
B: Oh! Very clever JOHN. No, it’s not too much, thank you!
A: Well, Are you ready?
B: Ready and waiting
A: Come on then! First lesson: The verb TO BE. I am, you are, he is, we are, you are,
they are.

4. TENSES
Definition: A tense is the property of indicating the point in time at which an
action happens or takes place.
 SIMPLE PRESENT S + V + O
 Uses: habits and routines
E.g. I drink every morning
 Facts
E.g. She works as a saleswoman
The sun rises at the east
Water boils at 100°c
 Future after some conjunctions
E.g. I will give it to you when you come on next Monday

 PRESNT CONTINUOUS S + be + V(ing) + O

 Uses: actions happening now (at the time of speaking)
E.g. Joyce is going to the university right now
I’m drinking water
 Temporary activities
E.g. I am not working these days my cousin is staying with us for one week
 Changes taking place now
E.g. scientists say that the earth is getting warmer
English lessons on you tube are becoming very popular these days

25
 LESSON 9: NUMBERS
In English, we have two kinds of numbers which are:
 Cardinal numbers
 Ordinal numbers

1. CARDINAL NUMBERS
0: zero 11: eleven 30: thirty
1: one 12: twelve 31: thirty-one
2: two 13: thirteen 40: forty
3: three 14: fourteen 41: forty-one
4: four 15: fifteen 50: fifty
5: five 16: sixteen 51: fifty-one
6: six 17: seventeen 60: sixty
7: seven 18: eighteen 70: seventy
8: eight 19: nineteen 80: eighty
9: nine 20: twenty 90: ninety

10: ten 21: twenty-one 91: ninety-one

1 00: one hundred/ A hundred

1 000: one thousand/ A thousand
1 000 000: one million
1 000 000 000: one billion

2. ORDINAL NUMBERS
There are three special ordinal numbers: 1st: First 2nd: Second 3rd: Third
All the remaining numbers take “th” at the end; apart from those ending with “y”
which take “ieth” at the end.
E.g. Fortieth, Thirtieth, Seventieth, etc.

26
CONVERSATION 10: Mr. MEMORY

A: How about the Cinema tonight?

B: Maybe but I’m not sure. Call me at the office. My number is 4568136
A: Good! Another number for my list
B: What list?
A: The list of telephone numbers in my head
B: How many telephone numbers are on your list?
A: A hundred maybe
B: Oh! That’s impossible EDWARD
A: I never forget telephone numbers. I’m a numbers’ fanatic
B: How do you remember?
A: I have a trick. For instance, the numbers 456 are easy to remember because they
correspond to the East side of town and I know you live there
B: And the others?
A: Well, 8+1 is 9 and 3+6 is 9 and 81 is 9×9, so I only have to remember one number 9
B: Okay! You call me. But please give me your telephone number in case you forget my
number
A: Okay! My number is 454-5454
B: That is an easy number
A: Yes, it is for friends like you
B: You mind and I’m coming to the movies alone

 SIMPLE PAST S + V(past) + O

 Uses: Completed actions in the past
E.g. we went to the market last week
My grandfather built this house in 1968

 PAST CONTINUOUS S + be(past) + V (ing) + O

 Uses: unfinished on going action in the past corrupted by a finished action
E.g. I was having dinner with my family when the doorbell rang

27
LESSON 10: TIME AND DATE

28
 calendrier • calendar
l"ar,

2010
I
lundi mardi mercredi jeudi -vendredi samedi dimanche
IMonday Tuesday wesdnesday Thursday Friday Saturday sunday
l

2
'
IS 12 13
5
hier

vocabulaire· • vocabulary
janvier mars mai septembre novembre
January March May September November

avril aout octobre decembre

april August october December

juin
june

les saisons • seasons

:1Printemps ete l'hiver

spring summer fall winter

vocabulaire • vocabulary
le siecle la semaine demiere hebdomadaire
century last week weekly
la decennie la semaine prochaine
decade next w e e k
le millllenaire avant hier
milleni u m the day before yesterday

cette semaiine apres--demain

this week the day after tomorrow

29
mensuel
monthly
a
n
n
u
e
l

a
n
n
u
a
l

qu
el
est
la
dat
ed
auj
our
dh
ui
Wh
at's
dat
e is
tod
ay?
C'est le 14
fevrier 2024

It is 14th February
14, 2024

30
CONVERSATION: THE QUESTION

A: FRANK, here is a question for you

B: Anything for you my love
A: What day is today?
B: Today is Wednesday
A: No FRANK, today is Thursday
B: Oh! Yes
A: And?
B: Today is November 21st
A: No FRANK, today is November 22nd,2012
B: So?
A: It’s an important day
B: An important day? Oh! Yes, the anniversary of the assassination of President
KENEDY
A: And?
B: I’m not sure. Hmm…. Give me a hit
A: Well, what about from November 22nd,1987 to November 22nd,2012?
B: No, no I need more clues
A: Sweetheart, today is our silver wedding anniversary
B: Oh! Yeah Darling, twenty-five years together and I love you more and more
A: Well, I’m happy to hear that
B: It’s a problem of memory not a problem of love. Come here Darling

CONVERSATION: THE DELAY

A: Hello Jim, Am I late?

B: Good morning, yes you are
A: What time is it?
B: It’s 8:20, you are twenty minutes late
A: Is the Boss here yet?
B: No, he’s not
A: What time the big meeting today?
B: At 10:30, are you ready for it?
A: Everything is ready
B: Your presentations are always impressive
A: But I’m not ready
B: Why not?
A: Because I’m very tired, too much work
B: Well, you can relax for an hour
A: Thank you Jim, you’re a good colleague
B: Yes, for a long time
A: Every day at 8 o’clock for ten years

31
B: It’s not so bad, think about the good things forget about the bad ones
A: I’m lucky you are here, you’re always so positive, you’re the best
B: And you are the business’ genius, genius is a difficult people
A: Thanks! Now this genius is going to sit here and relax…. Call me at 10:15 for the
meeting
B: Right! See you later

 PRESENT PERFECT S + have + V(PP) + O

 Uses: experiences
E.g. I have taught English to many students
 Recent actions or events
E.g. I have finished my homework
She has lost her glasses

Note: for experiences the period of time still continues …but for recent actions or
events time is not precise because it is not necessary, and ‘’Just’’ is often used for
recent actions.
E.g. I have just come from school

 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS S +have/has +been +v(ing) + O

 Use: action that started in the past and are still continuing
E.g. I have been waiting to see the doctor for 2 hours since 7AM
He has been playing piano since he was a child for 17years

Note: ‘’For’’ shows the amount of time spent already and ‘’Since’’ shows the
starting point of the action

32
 LESSON 11: WH-QUESTIONS (RELATIVE PRONOUNS)
WH-questions are questions that refer to different situations; they are called WH-
questions because of the presence of these two letters: W and H
 WHAT/WHICH
This question refers to knowing things, objects and animals
E.g. What is it?
What do you do in life?
Which shirt do you want to buy?
 WHO/WHOM
This question refers to knowing people
E.g. Who are you talking about?
To whom do you always speak?
 WHEN
This question refers to knowing time or period
E.g. When did you arrive?
When will he go?
 WHERE
This question refers to knowing the place
E.g. Where are you?
Where did you put your bag?
 WHY
This question refers to knowing the reason
E.g. Why is it so difficult?
Why have you done it?
 HOW
This question refers to knowing the manner
E.g. How did you do your homework?
How will you come back here?
“HOW” can refer to other situations, in case you add some elements after:
How long, how far, how often, how much, how many?

33
E.g. How long will you take?
How far is the market?
How many children do you have?
Note: When these WH-questions do not play the role of questions and that they are
placed in the middle of a sentence, then at that time they are “Relative pronouns”
E.g. I did what you told me to do
You will understand why I tell you this
She knows who that man is
He went where I sent him
I remember the man to whom I talked last time
You can come back when you be ready

CONVERSATION: AN UNNECESSARY QUESTION

A: At what time does the train for Britain live?

B: There are two trains to Britain Madam. At 11:30 A.M and 5:15 P.M, which one do you
want to take?
A: The first one, the 11:30 please
B: There you are! Here’s your ticket Madam
A: Which Platform does it live from?
B: Platform three
A: thank you! So, what is the weather like in Britain?
B: Oh! I’m sorry Madam, I know a lot about trains but not much about the weather,
that is not my responsibility
A: Well, never mind. I’ll get to Britain anyway, even if it rains. So, it was an
unnecessary question, but I like asking unnecessary questions
B: But I am not here to answer unnecessary questions, I do not have the time for other
conversation
A: Well, even you must find it relaxing sometimes to chat about this and that
B: Look Madam, I don’t need to relax, what I need is to help the other customers in
the line behind you
A: Oh! Sorry, I am living, you are very kind and I will send a postcard from Britain to let
you know what the weather is like?
B: Thank you Madam… Next please!

34
CONVERSATION: A SPECTACULAR COUPLE

A: Wow! What a beautiful couple. Who are they?

B: They’re my neighbors
A: She’s incredible, who is she?
B: She’s the Top model WANDA MALEMBE
A: Where is she from?
B: She’s from ZIMBABWE
A: And who is he?
B: He’s the famous Tennis champion SPHAN McKinnie
A: Where does he come from?
B: Sweden
A: I’m going to take a picture
B: Hmmm… No, no they hate the paparazzi
A: WITNEY, I am an Artist not a paparazzi
B: No KEE, they’re my neighbors you’re embarrassing me
A: Okay, okay! Then I’ll take a photo of you. Look sexy!
B: After seen that model I don’t think I can
A: Don’t be silly, let’s take one of us together… Get ready… That’s right… Now, I
press this and come and join you… Okay! Here I come

LESSON 12: ADJECTIVE

1. DEFINITION
An adjective is a word which gives more information about a noun; it describes or
modifies a noun.
2. ADJECTIVE PLACEMENTS
Adjectives have different positions in a sentence; here are some:
 The adjective can be placed before the noun it modifies
E.g. A green car
An interesting story
 The adjective can be placed after a verb
E.g. Her car is green
The story seemed to be interesting
 Two or more adjectives can be used together in a sentence
E.g. She is a beautiful faithful young lady

35
 3. ADJECTIVE FORMS
Here are some adjective forms in English:
able/ible: sayable, credible
ish/like: childish, childlike
ful/less: faithful, fearless
ous: marvelous, tremendous
y: dirty, pretty
 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVE

 SUPERIORITY

 Short adjectives

1 -Syllable adjectives Old, fast

2 -Syllable adjectives ending in Happy, easy
“y”
Rule : add “er” Old older
If the adjective ends in “e” just add – Late later
“r”
If the adjective ends in “consonant”, Fat fatter
double the last consonant
If the adjective ends in –y change the Easy easier
“y” to – i

36
  Long adjectives

Example

2 – syllable adjective not ending in “y” Modern, pleasant

3 or more syllable adjectives Beautiful, important
Rule: use “more” Modern more modern
Beautiful more beautiful

Some two - syllable adjectives can be used with both rules “er” and “more”

 Quiet quieter/more quiet

 Clever cleverer/ more clever
 Narrow narrower/ more narrow
 Simple simpler/ more simple

Exception: The following adjectives have irregular forms

Good better
Bad worse
Far farther/ further

Note: In the sentence the comparative adjective is often followed by “than”

E.g. My brother is taller than his teacher

INFERIORITY AND EQUALITY

INFERIORITY EQUALITY
Rule: Less + adjective + than Rule: As + adjective + as
E.g. Your matter is less important than E.g. She is as intelligent as her brother
mine I am as tall as my younger sister
My sister is less beautiful than my
wife

37
 SUPERLATIVE
 Short adjectives
Example
1 - Syllable adjectives Old,fast
2 - Syllable adjective ending in “y” Happy, easy
Rule : add “est” Happy the happiest
if the adjectives ends in “e”, just add Late the latest
“st”
If the adjectives ends in consonant Big the biggest
double the last consonant
If the adjectives ends in “y”, change Happy the happiest
the “y” to “i”

 Long adjectives
Example
2 – syllable adjectives not ending Modern, pleasant
in “y” Expensive, intellectual
3 or more syllable adjectives
Rule: use “most” Modern the most modern
Expensive the most expensive

 PAST PERFECT S + Have(past) + V(pp) + O

 Use: shows the first past action (when there are two or more actions)
E.g. when I arrived at church, the service had already started

 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS S + have(past) + been + V(ing) + O

 Use: similar to the past perfect it shows the first action but here this one is
continuous
E.g. I felt really tired because I had been driving all day
The ground was wet because it had been raining

38
 LESSON 13: ADVERBS
1. DEFINITION
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective and other adverbs.
In English, adverbs typically come from adjectives.
2. FORMING ADVERBS
To make adverbs in English, add “ly” to the adjective you want to modify into an
adverb
E.g. Safe Safely
Slow Slowly
3. KINDS OF ADVERBS

 Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of manner express the way something happens
E.g. We walk quickly
She listens to me carefully
 Adverbs of place
Adverbs of place show where something happens
E.g. The children are playing inside the house
 Adverbs of time
Adverbs of time indicate the period of time in which something happens
E.g. I went to that party yesterday
You can come tomorrow
 Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of frequency indicate how often something happens
E.g. She sometimes goes out by car
I always tell the truth
 Adverbs of degree
Adverbs of degree show the level of something
E.g. She is very beautiful
My problem is extremely important

4. ADVERB OF DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE FREQUENCY

A frequency is the number of times that something happens. Now, adverbs of
definite frequency indicate the definite time at which something happens and
adverbs of indefinite frequency don’t indicate the definite time at which something
happens.
 Definite frequency: Hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, every second, once,
twice, etc.
E.g. The manager checks my cash every day

39
 Indefinite frequency: Always, constantly, usually, normally, frequently,
regularly, often, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, infrequently, never.
E.g. I frequently sing when I am alone
He always comes late at class

CONVERSATION: THE GRUMPY GRANDPA

A: Come here SHINA… I have to talk to you

B: Yes, Grandpa, is anything wrong?
A: Yes, firstly, you’re always late for dinner
B: No, it’s the bus that is always late
A: Secondly, you usually forget my mail from the mail box
B: There usually is no mail
A: And thirdly, you sometimes bring friends here, I do not like
B: Oh grandpa, you never like my friends
A: But your friends are often impolite
B: Tell me Grandpa, do you like me?
A: Yes
B: Are you sure?
A: Of course! I am. Sorry honey, sometimes this old man is a little bit grumpy. I love
you more than anything and I love to have you here
B: Thank you Grandpa, I love you too. I promise I will be good

 SIMPLE FUTURE
Here are 3 main forms to express the simple future: a) Going to b) present
continuous c) will
a) Going to S + be + going to + V(infinitive)
 Use: Making prediction based on something, plans and intentions
E.g. we are going to buy a building
Look at the sky. It is going to rain soon
b) Present continuous S + be + V(ing) + O
 Use: Fixed arrangement
E.g. we are flying to the U.S the day after tomorrow

Note: ‘’Going to’’ VS ‘’Present continuous’’

E.g. I am going to see the dentist next week (plan)
I am seeing the dentist tomorrow morning (arrangement)

b) Will S + will + V(infinitive)

Use: Instant decisions and promises
E.g. ‘’May I have your order?’’ yes, I will have the burger and fries combo please
Thank you for your email we will respond within two business days

40
  Making predictions based on knowledge or personal experience
E.g. I think the white team will win the race

 FUTURE CONTINUOUS S + will be + V(ing) + O

 Use: Ongoing actions in the future

E.g. At 8AM tomorrow, I will be driving to church
 Fixed arrangements
E.g. I will be staying at my house in USA

CONVERSATION: DAVID’S TWO MOTHERS

A: DAVID when is your exam?

B: Tomorrow
A: Why aren’t you in your room with your Books?
B: Why are you here? To give advice as usual?
A: Well, when do you plan to study?
B: MARGARET, why don’t you go away?
A: Why are you so unpleasant when you have exams?
B: Because I don’t like exams
A: But if you prepare well for exams, they are easy
B: Well, that’s an intelligent thought
A: Well, it’s a pity you don’t study more seriously
B: I just don’t like studying, what can I do?
A: Please DAVID it’s for your own good
B: Okay! I’m off upstairs, you win. You’re just like Mum, you even look like her in that
skirt. Now, I’ve got two mothers, it’s too much
A: Well, you’re lucky because two is better than one
B: Okay! But one’s quite enough thanks!
A: Alright! I leave you alone, I won’t bother you anymore
B: Well, thank you MARGARET, I’ll believe it when I see it
A: But you’re going to study right?
B: Oh! Help… there’s no way out, I’ve got two mothers

 FUTURE PERFECT, FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

S + will have + V(pp) + O S + will have + been + V(ing) + O

 Uses: Completion of the action by that time

E.g. By August, Caleb will have saved $500
 Ongoing action in the future and mention the duration at a particular time
E.g. By August, Caleb will have been saving money for three months

41
 LESSON 14: NOUNS
1. DEFINITION
A noun is a word that is used to refer to a person, animal, place or thing
2. GENDER
Gender is a division of nouns or other parts of speech into masculine, feminine and
sometimes other categories like neuter.
MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTRAL GENDER
Man Woman Person
Father Mother Parent
Boy Girl Child
Uncle Aunt Person
Husband Wife Spouse
Actor Actress Person
Prince Princess Person
Waiter Waitress Server
Rooster Hen Chicken
Stallion Mare Horse

 Some words can be used for either masculine or feminine gender;

E.g. Cousin, teacher, doctor, student, friend, colleague, etc.
Isaac is my teacher/ he is my teacher
Sandra is my student/ she is my student
 But to make these neuter words gendered, you have to add the word
“male” or “female” right before the noun.
E.g. I met a female accountant this morning
3. PLURAL OF NOUNS
 REGULAR NOUNS
 Like in French, the general rule to make the plural of nouns is to add “s”
E.g. Car cars
Book books
Finger fingers
 When a noun ends with s, x, z, ch, sh, o. to make the plural, add “es”
E.g. Bus buses
Wish wishes
Watch watches

42
 Box boxes
Tomato tomatoes
 When a word ends with “y”, to make the plural, add “ies”
E.g. Baby babies
Spy spies
City cities
 IRREGULAR NOUNS
 When a noun ends in “f”, to make the plural, “f” becomes “ves”
E.g. Leaf leaves
Wife wives
Live lives
Some words do not follow the general rules given above and have their own forms
of plural; here is a small list:
SINGULAR PLURAL
Woman Women
Man Men
Foot Feet
Tooth Teeth
Child Child

4. COMPOUND NOUNS
A compound noun is a word composed of two or more words. In English it may or
not have a space or hyphen.
COMPOUND ELEMENT EXAMPLE
Noun + noun Bedroom
Noun + verb Haircut
Noun + adverb Washing machine
Verb + noun Swimming pool
Verb + adverb Drawn back
Adverb + noun On looker
Adjective + verb Public speaking
Adjective + noun Greenhouse
Adverb + verb Overpass

43
 5. COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
 Countable nouns are nouns that we can count by numbering
E.g. 1 bottle, 3 cars
 Uncountable nouns are nouns that we cannot count by numbering
E.g. Tea, milk, love, etc.
 MANY AND MUCH

 MANY/HOW MANY?  MUCH/HOW MUCH

Many is used to talk about countable Much is used to talk about uncountable
nouns nouns
E.g. How many kids do you have? E.g. My sister has much hair
She has many things to tell me She puts much milk in the coffee
 N.B. Use MUCH/HOW MUCH to speak about time and money
E.g. He has much money
How much does it cost?
I don't have much time for that

LESSON 15: ACTIVE and PASSIVE VOICE

Definition: *Active voice; is the form in which the subject of the verb is performing
the action
E.g. she writes a book
*Passive voice; is the form in which the subject of the verb is the
recipient of the action.
E.g. A book is written by her

 To make the passive voice:

1) the auxiliary verb « be » is the main element to make passive
2) the subject becomes the object and the object becomes the subject in position.

E.g. Active Voice Passive Voice

She sings a song A song is sung by her

3) the tense stays the same, in active like in passive voice

E.g. Active Voice Passive Voice

I do my homework my home is done

44
 LESSON 16: GERUND

Definition: Gerund is a verb in « ing » form or (verb + ing) which acts like a noun
also called « verbal noun »

Here are possible ways to use gerund:

 Gerund as subject or object
E.g. Going to school is useful
My favorite activity is praying
 Gerund after prepositions: before, after, of, besides, etc.
E.g. Before beginning class we add a scripture from the bible
 Gerund after certain verbs
E.g. I like singing

 Here is small list of these verbs: To like, to feel like, to admit, to finish, to
remember, to consider, to deny, to enjoy, to involve, to stop, to keep, to
mean, to practice, to quit, to understand

Expressing present and past habits

To express habits in English, the main element is the verb « to use » in this subject
we will see the structures that this verb takes to express habits in English.
 To use (main verb with simple meaning)
E.g. I use a pen for writing
She uses her talents for being a good cooker
 To get used to / get accustomed to (adapt to new situations or habits)
E.g. There is much to learn, but I am getting used to it
I don’t get accustomed to your system
 To be used to (express normal or regular habits)
Structure: S + be used to + (ing) + O
E.g. I am used to telling the truth for everything
They are used to going to school on time
 Used to: express past habits /situations that don’t exist now
E.g. We used to go to church together (but not now)
He used to be a cook (now he is a fireman)
Notice: all these structures can also be in other forms (negative, interrogative, etc.)

45
 LESSON 17: IMPERATIVE

Definition: Imperative is a mood that expresses an intention to influence the

listener behavior.
To make imperative in English:

1)The verb must be in infinitive form …It means without « to »

2)Imperative is given on the second person « you » (singular or plural)
3)imperative is not usually given with modal verbs except with « be able to »

*Imperative is used for different situation in English and here are some:

 Give orders (commands)

E.g. Sit down in front of me
 Give directions/Instructions
E.g. Go straight and then turn left and in the second building
 Make requests (using please)
E.g. Have your copybook please
 Give advice /suggestions
E.g. Don’t touch fire otherwise you will get burned
 Invite somebody (also using please)
E.g. Come at my house tomorrow at 7am
 In English « let » is used to express imperative but in a very polite way, but it
also has other uses.

Let, Let us and Let’s

 Let allow
E.g. Let me do that myself
Let me pour the milk
 Let’s: Contraction of « let us » suggestion
E.g. Let’s go shopping
 Let’s: cannot be placed in the middle of a sentence
E.g. I think let’s go shopping/ I think we should go shopping

*Let’s say… suppose, imagine that, for example

E.g. Let’s say , your family goes out for dinner
*Let’s imperative
E.g. Let’s be on time tomorrow.

46
 LESSON 18: PREPOSITIONS

Definition: Preposition is a part of speech which serves to express the relationship

between two things.
E.g. Water is the in the bottle

Here are the four basic prepositions in English:

Transportation Location Time

At At 9 :00 Am
E.g. meet me at my house E.g. Come at 9 :00
On Train, bus, plane, Used to talk about days
boat… E.g. My pen is on the table E.g. She came on Wednesday
E.g. I am on the train
In Car, taxi Used to talk about Months,
E.g. I am in my car E.g. My clothes are in the years, longtime period.
suitcase E.g. He was born in 1945

By Car, plain, train, E.g. I was by your place Used to talk about the end
boat… yesterday time
E.g. I came by car E.g. Be over by Friday with
that

47
 LESSON 19: AFFIXES (Word formation)

Definition: Affixes are syllables added to root words and change their meanings.
Affixes have meanings on their own and when they are placed in front of the root
word they play the role of « prefixes » and when they are placed at the back of the
root word, the play the role of « suffixes ».

Most common prefixes in english

Prefixes Meanings Examples

Ab- Away Abduct, abnormal
De- Away/off Decrease, decode
Anti- Opposed to Antidote, antisocial
Dis- Absence of Disrespect, disinterest
Ex- Former/without Extract, external
In/im- not Impossible, internal
Mis- Bad/wrong Misconception, misuse
Re- Again/back Restart, return
Sub- Under/below Submit, submarine
Semi- half/partially Semicircle, semiformal
Un- Contrary to Unhappy, unnecessary

Most common suffixes in english

Suffixes Meanings Examples

-able Capable to be Portable, readable
-er more/somebody who does the Better, seer, teacher
-ful action Useful, grateful
-ical full of Identical, practical
-less relating to Fearless, harmless
-ness without Weakness, happiness
-ous state or quality Conscious, marvelous
-sion full of Tension, confusion
-th state or quality Depth, length
-y state or quality Brainy, picky
made up of/characterize

48
 LESSON 20: TAG QUESTIONS

Definition: A tag question is a short question at the end of statement.

Tag questions only have one use which is asking for agreement or confirmation.
Here is how we make TAG question with practical examples:
A positive statement A negative tag question
You are teacher aren’t you?
A negative statement A positive statement
Joe isn’t a student is he?
Exception: Positive: I am late Negative: Aren’t I?
Examples: Tag questions are made according to the tense and verb used in the
declarative sentence
1. Positive statement Negative statement
You have studied all week, haven’t you?
You had arrived before us, hadn’t you?
He will pass the exam , won’t he?
She can speak two languages , can’t she?
They could do it for me, couldn’t they
We must be patient, mustn’t we?
You should go now, shouldn’t you?
You would like a new job, wouldn’t you?

You speak Spanish don’t you?

Mum cooks chicken doesn’t she?
We studied for test didn’t we?
He plays piano at church doesn’t he?
They need a dictionary don’t they?
John lived in the US didn’t he?
Mary wants to buy a new car doesn’t she?
Note: statements using: barely, hardly, neither, no, nobody, none, nothing and
seldom are considered as statements so their tag questions must always be
positive.
E.g. Nobody went to the meeting, did they?
Nothing is ready, is it?
These are statements that take unusual tag questions
Statement tag questions
Let’s go to school, shall we ?
This is my pen, Isn’t it ?
Don’t forget, will you ?
Go out, will you ?

49
 LESSON 21: POSSESSIVE CASE

Definition: It the case used to express direct possession, ownership, origin.

Structure: Possessor + ’s + possessed object

E.g. The car of my father

My father’s car

 If the possessor ends with « s » only add « ‘»

E.g. The room of my brothers
My brothers’ room

 If the possessor ends with an « s » sound only add « ‘ »

E.g. The name of Jesus
Jesus’ name

 For numeral possessive case, when the number is plural, the possessed
object stays or keeps the singular number and is separated by a hyphen
E.g. A boy of 10 years old
A 10-year old boy

LESSON 22: CONDITIONALS

Definition: A conditional sentence is a statement that depends on a condition

which is true or false.
A conditional sentence always has two parts, The « if clause » and the « Main
clause»
There are four conditionals in English:

1. Zero conditional

If clause: Simple present Main clause: Simple present

 Use: Used for facts. It means things that are usually true (E.g. Scientific
facts)
E.g. If I eat rice and beans, I’ am happy
If you heat ice, it melts

50
 2. First conditional

If clause: Simple present Main clause: Simple future

 Use: Used to talk about real situations. It means things which will probably
or possibly happen.
E.g. If I buy this shirt, I will be happy
If I eat that donut, I am going to be happy
3. Second conditional

If clause: Simple past Main clause: S+WOULD+V

 Use: Used to talk about non-real situations.

E.g. If she had some time, she would come at mine
If students did not disturb, the teacher would not punish them

Exception: when you use the verb « to be » all the persons take « were » in the « if
clause »
E.g. If I were my father, it would be great
 This conditional is also used to talk about future possibilities
E.g. If I ate chicken, I would be happy
4. Third conditional

If clause: Past perfect Main clause: S+WOULD HAVE+V (P.P)

 Use: Used to talk about non-real situations in the past

E.g. If I had not eaten that chicken, I would not have gotten diarrhea
If Joseph had worked hard, he would have earned a promotion

Expressing wishes and regrets

Wishes and regrets can be expressed in the past, in the present and also in the
future here are some structures and uses of « WISH »

1. WISH + Past simple

 Use: This structure is used to describe a situation that we would like to be
different
E.g. - I wish I had a car (I don’t have a car and I am sad about that)
- Becky wishes she married me
- I wish I were extremely talented
Exception: For the verb to be when we use wish to express whishes or regrets all
the persons take « were »

51
 2. WISH + sb /sth + would + V
 Use: This structure is sometimes used when we want someone to change
their behavior or sometimes when we want something to happen.
E.g. I wish they would help me
I wish my car would start
I wish you would call me

3. WISH + Past perfect

 Use: This structure is used when we want to describe a past situation that
we regret
E.g. I wish I had apologized to my mum (I didn’t apologize to Mum. I regret it now)
I wish I hadn’t sold my house (I sold my house. I regret it now)

4. WISH + would
 Use: This structure is used to express impatience or dissatisfaction
E.g. I wish you would stop doing that while I am talking

5. WOULD RATHER AND HAD BETTER

 Would rather is used to indicate « preference » and as a preference applies

to two or more things (choice) we have to use « than »
E.g. I Would rather do it right now than waiting for the teacher.

Positive: S + would rather + V+O Negative: S + would rather + not + V+O

 HAD BETTER is used to give advice; it is synonym of «should or ought to »
E.g. I Think, you would better go home

Positive: S+would better+V+O Negative: S+would better+not+V+O

52
 LESSON 23: SUBJUNCTIVE

Definition: The subjunctive is a mood that represents an act or state as possible

(not as a fact)

HOW CAN YOU RECOGNIZE AND USE THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN ENGLISH?
Most of the time the subjunctive mood is characterized by clauses with « THAT »
followed by the infinitive of the verb
E.g. I suggest that he eat PIZZA
I suggest that she not eat PIZZA

Here are some structures in which we can identify the subjunctive mood
1. S + Particular indicative verb + THAT + S + V (infinitive)
 Some indicative verbs: Suggest, recommend, ask, insist, demand, command,
order, wish,Propose, urge, …
 Nouns: Advise, desire
E.g. The teacher recommended that we do our homework in groups of 5
I propose that my family go overseas

Note: For the negative form, the negation auxiliary « do » isn’t use here we only
add « not » right before the verb
E.g. I advise that you not do that

2. It is + Particular adj + THAT + S + V (infinitive)

 Adjectives: vital, essential, important, crucial, imperative, necessary, best,
desirable, urgent, recommended, a good idea, a bad idea, …
E.g. It is important that everybody be present for the meeting
It’s imperative that members fill out a form
3. Subjunctive in fixed expressions
 So be it
E.g. If that’s how it should be, so be it
 As it were (in a way, so to speak, in a manner of speaking)
E.g. Wait! Let me take you to bed, as it were
 Be that as it may (Whether it is true or not…)
E.g. They claim innocence. Be as it may, we will have to begin an investigation
 If need be (if it is necessary)
E.g. Let’s go! If need be, we will come back

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 LESSON 24: CONJUNCTIONS

Definition: - The state of being joined together

- Something that connects
- (Grammar) A word used to join clauses and phrases together

1. Coordinating conjunctions
These are conjunctions that join two grammatical elements of the same status or
construction… it may be two independent clauses or two nouns or two verbs, etc.
E.g. And, but, so, or, nor, for, yet, etc.
I can’t tell whether it is day or night
2. Subordinating conjunctions
These are conjunctions that establish a relationship between two elements… it may
be a dependent and independent clause. Some of those relationships can be cause-
and-effect and contrast

E.g. Because, since, as, although, though, while, whereas, etc.

I will not go out because i feel sick

3. Correlative conjunction
These are conjunctions that always work together and they are also called
‘’Conjunction pairs’’

E.g. Either/or, Neither/nor, Not only/but, Both/and.

Both my brother and my sister like joking.

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 LISTENING SECTION
Here is a series of quizzes to help you not only listen but also comprehend different
situations that you may encounter while learning English as second language.
Each quiz contains four steps:
① Look at the image
② Listen to the question
③ Listen to the dialogue
④ Answer the question

A man is reporting about his company’s sales performance at a meeting. Which

TWO charts is he using for his presentation?
A: Please look at the handout. The left chart shows our company’s sales over the
three years and the sales forecast for the current year. And the right chart shows the
monthly breakdown in sales up to October of this year.
Now, please have a look on the left chart. It shows that sales have been steadily
increasing over the past three years. And if we can keep increasing our sales, the
total sales for this year will show an increase over last year.
Next, please look at the right chart. The right shows that the campaigns we ran in
April and August were fairly effective.
B: I see, but the sales decreased in May and September following the campaigns.
A: Yes, but this kind of decrease is unavoidable. I expect the annual sales for this year
will show an increase over last year if we can keep increasing our sales.

55
 2

A man is joining a sport’s club and getting information on its policies. What type of
membership will he choose?
A: Let me start by explaining our club’s different membership options, as described
in this brochure.
Regular members can use the gym and the pool at any time on any day of the week.
But we also offer early-morning memberships where people can use the facilities
only in the early morning, and night memberships for people who only want to come
in the evening.
B: What are the hours for early-morning members?
A: Early-morning members can use the facilities from 6 a.m. to 10 a.m., and night
members use them from 6 p.m. to 11 p.m.
B: I see, so early-morning members can stop by and use the facilities on their way to
work.
A: Exactly. The early-morning type is popular among people with 9-to-5 jobs. And we
also offer memberships just for the gym or just for the pool if you only want to use
one of those.
B: I want to use both the gym and the pool. I think I’ll use the gym in the early-
morning before going to work on weekdays, and then use the pool on the weekend.
Do you have a membership that covers something like early-mornings for the
weekdays, but all day on the weekend?
A: We’re sorry but we don’t offer a membership like that, sir.
B: ok I don’t think I can get up that early on the weekend, so I’ll choose this
membership option

56
 3

A woman is talking with a man who works for an outsourced printing company
about a brochure for new product. When is the deadline for the first design draft for
the brochure?
A: We decided to launch the new product on October fifteenth, and we’d like to offer
you the contract to make the brochure.
B: Thank you so much. We’re definitely excited about helping you with this project.
So could you tell us a bit about the schedule? when will you need everything by?
A: Well, considering the time needed for printing, we’d like to get the brochure to
the printing stage by the end of September. So would it be possible for you to get
us the first design draft by the middle of August?
B: Well… we’d like to give you three design options for the initial draft, and then
have you choose the one which best fits your concept. Then, we’ll make the final
design based on your choice. So it’d be very helpful if you could give us two more
weeks to prepare for this stage.
A: Hmm, okay. Maybe one month will be enough time to choose one of the design
you’ve made and then decide on the final design.
Alright, we’ll be counting on you.
B: You’re in good hands. Our design team is the best. Thank you so much.

57
 4

A woman is calling on the phone to reserve tickets for a play. Which two seats did
she get?
A: Hello, this is Black Friars Playhouse. Can I help you?
B: I’d like to get two tickets for ¨King Lear¨ at 5:30 this evening. Do you still have any
tickets available?
A: We do have a few seats left, but I’m sorry to say we don’t have any next to each
other. If you don’t mind, though, we can get you two seats separately.
B: OK, we don’t mind.
A: Do you have any particular requests?
B: Well… do you have any aisle seats?
A: Yes, we have an aisle seat at the left side of the center section. And to the right of
it, three seats over, we have another free seat
B: To the side? OK, the please book that aisle seat.
A: Certainly. How about the other one?
B: Do you have any seats near the center?
A: The only seat we have left are from the first row to the third row.
B: I’m not crazy about having actors spit on me, so…
A: this room is relatively small, and I think you could enjoy the play even at the end
of the row on the side.
B: Is that so? Then I’ll take the one you mentioned before on the left side.

58
 EXERCISE 5

A man and a woman are talking about preparations for a presentation they’ll be
making tomorrow at their office. What will the woman check after the conversation
ends?
A: OK, I think we’re almost ready for the presentation tomorrow… just a few more
things… the meeting will start at 9:00, so could you double-check the meeting room
today?
B: Yep, I’ve already checked the room
A: OK, great. Did you make sure the projector’s working okay?
B: Oh, I was going to check the projector tomorrow morning when I had my laptop.
A: No, we’ve got get that checked today. We won’t have time to deal with it in the
morning if there’s a problem. So make sure to check that projector today. That’s the
most important thing, Ok?
B: will do
A: And… did you the copies of these handouts?
B: Ms. Tanaka is making them now.
A: Let’s see… what else… Oh, did you check the whiteboard?
B: Yes, I did
A: Sometimes the pens don’t have enough ink left in them? Did you get a chance to
check them?
B: Not yet, but I’ll make sure to do that later.
A: Yes, please make sure to do that today.

59
 EXERCISE 6

A man and a woman are choosing a hotel. Which hotel are they going to choose?
A: We have to decide on the hotel for our trip next month.
B: Okay, let’s check the internet.
A: The Ocean Hotel is near the beach. It says one hundred and twenty dollars a night
per person. And you get a buffet breakfast.
B: How about the Pine Hotel. It’s 80 dollars a night. I don’t want to waste too much
on accommodations.
A: Hmm… But the Pine Hotel is far from the beach and from downtown. And it says
you have to pay for WI-FI
B: What about the Sunrise Hotel? It usually costs one hundred and forty dollars a
night, but now they’re running a promotion and we can stay one night for 90 dollars.
It’s between the beach and downtown. Plus, it has free WI-FI!
A: Sounds good! Oh, wait. It says the deal is for next week only…
B: Oh, I didn’t see that.
A: So, how about this place the Royal Hotel? it’s located in the middle of downtown,
and it costs one hundred dollars a night. The room doesn’t look so nice, but they
have free WI-FI.
B: OK, let’s book this hotel… Oh, it’s already fully booked.
A: Shoot. Then I think the first one is best. Is it full?
B: No, it’s not. Great!

60
 7

A man and a woman are talking about the layout of a meeting room. How are they
going to arrange the tables?
A: Let ‘s move the tables for tomorrow’s meeting.
B: Alright, shall we put all the tables in the center of the room, so that everyone faces
each other?
A: Well, there’s going to be a group session first, so let’s separate the tables into four
sessions. Four people will be seated in each group.
B: Okay, and I’ll put some pens and pads of paper on each table.
A: Thank you. And we’ll have a short presentation at the beginning of the session, so
we need a projector here.
B: All right. Also, we’re going to use a whiteboard, aren’t we? Is I tokay if I put the
whiteboard next to the screen?
A: well, how about putting the whiteboard at the other end of the room?
B: That makes sense.
A: After the meeting, we need to put everything back where it was, in four rows of
two tables per row.

61
 EXERCISE 8

A man and woman are talking about office supplies. What will the man order?
A: Every month, you need to check our office supplies and order any items that are
running low. This time, let’s take a look on them together. Here’s the checklist.
B: OK, that sounds good. Well, starting with the paper, it looks like there’s only one
box left.
A: We use lots of paper every day, so let’s order two more boxes.
B: Okay. The printer is out of ink. Should we order that?
A: We don’t really print documents in color, so we don’t need to worry about that.
B: Hmm… Okay. Looks like these whiteboard markers are running out of ink.
A: Right. Those need to be replaced. We get a discount if we order them in sets of
five, so let’s do that
B: Okay. And while we’re at it, can we order a mouse? Sometimes it works, but
sometimes it doesn’t.
A: That’s probably because it’s running out of batteries. Let’s check the stock of
batteries, and order more if we don’t have many left.
B: Sure. Well… we have three batteries here.
A: You can take two more for your mouse, but buy a six-pack of batteries to replace
them.

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 9

A woman is asking for directions to the airport at an information center. How is she
going to get to the airport?
A: Excuse me, I need to go to the airport. Would you tell me how to get there?
B: Sure, there are a few ways… If you take Bus n°1 it takes one and a half hours to
the airport. It’s the least expensive way. Bus n°2 is a non-stop bus. It’s more
expensive and leaves once every hour, but only takes 50 minutes.
A: I see. What about taxis?
B: There’s a taxi stand in front of the building, and they take about an hour. But they
use the expressway and charge extra for a lot of luggage, so it’s going to be a lot
more expensive than the bus.
A: I guess that makes sense, and I’d like to avoid paying too much.
B: You didn’t, by chance, buy anything at Shopping World while you were here? they
offer complimentary shuttle service to the airport for customers who make a
purchase there.
A: Wow, I didn’t know that! I haven’t bought anything yet, but I was going to stop
by and get some souvenirs there anyway.
B: Then you can use that!

63
 10

A woman and a supplier are talking on the phone. What is the woman going to
order for sale?
A: I need you to deliver some more sweaters in time for the sale next month.
B: Okay. What do you need?
A: We need one thousand of the small red sweaters and 400 of the medium red
sweaters. And we also need 600 of the small green sweaters and 200 of the medium
green sweaters by the end of this month.
B: Red and green sweaters… Actually, we’re running low on green sweaters, and
we’re waiting on some green yarn from our supplier. We’ll get you started with the
red sweaters, though.
A: No, no, no. We need the red and green sweaters together. So please just get as
many green sweaters ready as you can.
B: Okay… I think we can get 200 of the green sweaters to you on time. Which size
has higher priority?
A: The small ones take priority. Sorry for such short notice, but we really need your
help.
B: All right, we’ll do our best. We’ll get those green sweaters to you along with all
the red sweaters you ordered.

64
A woman is asking about a library’s lending policy. Which materials could she
borrow at one time?
A: Excuse me. Can you tell me how to borrow books?
B: Is it your first time at this library?
A: Yes.
B: Well then, I’ll explain the rules to you. You can borrow up to six books and five
CDs or DVDs at a time per person. But you can only borrow up to ten items in total
at a time.
Everything needs to be returned in 2 weeks, and if you’d like to renew, please let us
know before then.
A: Can I also borrow magazines or newspaper?
B: You can’t borrow magazines except for the ladies’ issue.
A: Can I return them through the mail?
B: We can’t accept returns through the mail. Please come to the library to return
them. After hours, you can put them in the box next to the entrance, but items that
are overdue, please return them directly to this desk.
A: I see. Thank you very much.

65
 EXERCISE 12

A man is choosing an insurance plan. Which plan is he going to sign up for?

A: What kind of trip will you be taking?
B: I’m going scuba diving. Since I’ll be bringing all of my equipment, I’m a bit worried
about getting stolen.
A: Very smart of you. Insurance against theft is included in all of our plans. Since
scuba diving equipment is an unusual type of baggage, only plan A can get cover it,
though.
Alternatively, you can get insurance specially for scuba diving equipment and add it
to other plans.
B: Plan A is the most expensive one, right? What’s the difference between Plan B and
Plan C?
A: OK, for example, if you happen to stay in a hospital abroad, Plan B covers flight
tickets for your family to visit you, but Plan C doesn’t.
B: I see. If I get the hospital contract for scuba diving equipment and add it to Plan B
or Plan C, would it be more expensive than Plan A?
A: With Plan B, that would make it a little more expensive, but with Plan C it would
be less expensive.
B: OK. By the way, is there any plan that’s cheaper than Plan C?
A: Yes, we have Plan D, but it doesn’t cover accommodation if your flight gets
delayed or canceled, so we don’t recommend this plan.
B: Got it. I agree that I need coverage. But I don’t think I need coverage for family
plane tickets, so I’ll take this plan and combine it with the insurance for scuba diving
equipment.

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 13

A woman is reporting to her boss about the results of a questionnaire. Which graph
represents the employees from the B branch?
A: Last week, we asked 200 employees to answer a questionnaire about their fitness
habits. The focus of this questionnaire was on how many hours they exercise each
week.
B: Did you tally up the results for the A and B branches separately?
A: Yes. And employees had four options: ¨less than an hour¨, ¨around one to 2
hours¨, ¨around 3 to 5 hours¨, and ¨6 hours or more¨. Here are the results.
B: So employees in both branches answered ¨about one-2 hours¨ the most. Looks
like they’re exercising about once a week.
A: Yes, and after that employees in the A branch were most likely to answer ¨about
3-5 hours¨, while the B branch, the next common answer was ¨less than an hour¨
B: Hmm, not even ten percent of employees at the B branch exercise more than 6
hours.
A: That’s right, so I was thinking we could organize weekly sport events there that
anybody could casually join.
B: That’s a good idea. It’d give employees a good chance to socialize, too. I’ll leave it
to you.
A: Thank you. I’ll take care of it.

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 14

A male student and a female student are talking about volunteer activities. Which
activities are they going to take part in?
A: I heard we’re supposed to volunteer for some activity and write a report about it
for class.
B: We can choose anything, right? What are you going to do?
A: I haven’t made up my mind yet. What about you?
B: I haven’t decided yet, either. I’m interested in environmental issues, so I’m looking
for something in a nature conversation group.
A: I see. So you want to go and pick up trash off of the ground?
B: Well, that’d be OK, actually, but I’m looking for a group activity. I want to learn
more about a leadership role in this kind of organization as well, if possible.
A: You knowI have a friend who helps out with a group that plants trees with kids.
Are you interested in that kind of thing?
B: Yeah, that sounds good. Thanks! It’d also be a great opportunity to interact with
children. Do you want to do this, too?
A: Maybe… but I’d like to try something a bit more people-focused. You know, like
helping elderly or disable people.
B: Oh, my mother is helping out at the local senior center. Would that be interesting
to you?
A: Yes, that sounds great!

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 15

Two bakers are talking. How are they going to display their bread?
A: This new cheesy bread isn’t selling well, is it?
B: No, we place it on the top shelf, though.
A: Hmm… Maybe it’s too high for some people. They probably can’t see it.
B: Then let’s put it on the middle shelf.
A: Sounds good. They’ll see it when they first come into the store. And why don’t we
put a red cloth on this shelf, so that they know it’s our new bread?
B: All right. Then we’ll have to move the croissants to somewhere else. Top or
bottom?
A: Why don’t we put our regular item on the top shelf? They’ll sell well even if they’re
not easy to spot.
B: That has to be French bread then let’s put it in a basket so it’ll stand out.
A: Good idea. Now, the croissants have to be on the bottom.
B: OK, how does it look?
A: Looks good let’s see how it goes for a week and then decide if we need to make
any adjustments.

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 READING SECTION
Here is a series of readings which contain questions that will be either discussed
orally or answered in writing. This part will help you read well and fast and also
make your thinking skill and vocabulary grow and also help you get new ideas as
you learn English as second language.

THE WOUNDED DOVE

Once upon a time, there was a big war between American soldiers and German ones.
It occurred that American soldiers were pinned down by German soldiers who had
machine-gunners with them. Being pinned they did not have enough ammunition
left, they knew that if nothing happened to save them, they would surely die. And
one of them remembered that he had a little mascot. He knew that if that little dove
could get out of the battlefield, it would carry a message to the Headquarters of
where they had been stationed. They sat down and wrote one a little sheet of paper
the following words: “We are pinned down in position C of the map at the forest
area. We are running out of ammunition and in a few hours we will have to surrender
and be tortured by German soldiers…”. They took the little letter and they tied it on
the foot of the little dove and loosened the little mascot and the animal flew up.
And as the little dove was flying up to the Headquarters. German soldiers remarked
and understood what their enemies had done and they started shooting on the
dove… And one of them shot the dove with a 30 caliber machine-gunner and by this
fact broke the little animal’s leg, one tore a big hunk out of its back. And its chest
was broken all across the way. One of its wings was crippled, wounded, broken,
bruised… but the little animal kept flying up until it fell down at the Headquarters
with the message and soldiers at battlefield got saved.
Questions:
1. Which moral lesson did you pick up from this story?
1. Do you think that war is a solution to problems we have one to another?
2. What would you do if you were in the same condition with American
soldiers?

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 A Proud Slave- The Son of a King

Two hundred years ago, down into the southlands of America, at that time slaves’
trade was still permitted because of plantations all across the country which should
be cultivated by people because at that time there was no tractor like today because
technology was not as advanced as today.
At that time owners of fields and plantations had people who were called <Brokers>,
now, these ones would go and buy slaves by making exchanges of different
products…. And one day a broker came by, and he saw a bunch of slaves working in
a certain plantation, they were about a hundred or more, they were sad because
they knew that they were far away from their Home countries and also because they
were whipped day and night in case they are not working according to the command
given by the boss. As the broker was watching, observing with all attention, he
noticed that there was one among all of them who was quite different from the
others, he was not complaining about the task given, he was a very good worker and
always kept his chin up, he was tireless, he was just a real snappy and brilliant boy.
And the broker said, “I’d like to buy that one” the owner said, “He is not for sale”,
he said, “Why? Who is he? “, “Is he the boss over the rest of them? “, The owner said,
«No, he is just a slave “… Well, said the broker, “Maybe you feed him better than
you do the rest of them “, “What makes him so much different like this? “, The owner
said, “I have always wondered myself, until I found out that his father is the king of
the tribe… Though he is an alien, yet he knows that he is the son of a king “.
Questions: 1. What was the moral lesson you got from this story?
2. Do you think that slavery has stopped all through the years?
3. Is the African continent still in slavery?
4. Make in more or less 5 lines of a summary of this story

71
 Following Footprints

Some years ago in England, there was a man called John, he had a lot of friends with
whom he decided to go out and drink on Christmas day. As they went out to drink,
John drank until he got intoxicated. On his way back home, there came a snow of
about six inches, and there was a little boy right behind and who was following his
footsteps, as he was drunk he could not clearly see who was walking behind him.
It occurred to him to turn and see who was behind him, when he turned, he saw his
little boy wallowing in the snow. He said, “Son, why are you wallowing in the snow?”,
the boy said, “Daddy, I am trying to follow your footsteps “.
And saddened at that fact, he picked the little lad up in his arms and said, ¨ God, from
now on, I will never take another drink. ¨
Question: 1. What was the moral lesson of this story?

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 A Mother’s Love
Some years ago, a mother had sent her daughter away to college. Her name was
Mary. There came vacation period and she decided to come back and visit her
hometown because she was a little kid when she got sent to college. She had a
bunch of unbeliever girlfriends, and they were ungodly people but she was Christian
and her family was as well.
When the day came where she was supposed to go visit her hometown, her mother
was waiting for her at the arrival with her heart full of joy to see her daughter once
more since she went up to college. When they arrived at the train station, her friends
looked around through the train and saw an old woman and they told Mary, «Mary,
look at that old ugly-looking woman, Isn’t she awful looking? » and that was Mary’s
mother, and Mary because of her friends’ feeling she said, “Yes, she is” … And when
they got off of the train, her mother stepped forward with a smiling face and said,”
Oh, darling, I am so glad to see you.” And Mary turned her back to her mother
because she felt ashamed of her because of her ugly-looking and she said, “I don’t
know” and she walked away… And there happened to be a conductor standing
there and he jumped on the box and he said, “Wait a minute!” and he attracted
everybody’s attention who was around. He said, “You, child of misery, how could
you turn your back to your own mother because of that flip that’s with you? Aren’t
you ashamed of yourself, Mary?” He said,” I happen to know the case. Listen here
young people!” to her friends who mocked the mother, he said, “That’s her mother,
and Mary will never see the day that she was half as pretty as her mother. I knew her
mother when she was young, she was happily married and she had the little baby
Mary. One day, she was upstairs and had the windows opened so that the air would
pass through the little cradle, she went downstairs and was doing the washing-up.
Suddenly, the fire caught in the house before she noticed that the house was all
flamed, the neighbors were running back and forth. And when Mary’s mother came
around, she screamed with teardrops on her cheeks,” My baby! My baby!” and the
firemen said, “The house is in control of fire, there’s no way to get into it now.” But
what did she do? She grabbed a little wet towel and wrapped it around her face and
ran through the blazes; the policemen tried to stop her, but she ran upstairs very
quickly. Why? Her loving baby was sleeping there, and she grabbed the baby and she
thought, “The wet garment protected me, but now if I take the baby back being
uncovered, she will get burned”. So she wrapped the baby in her wet garment, held
her baby in her bosom and ran through the blazes, and these tore the meat from her
face.” He said, “That’s the reason why she is ugly. She is ugly, so that you might be
pretty. And you mean, you would turn your back to your mother who made such a
great sacrifice?” In shame, Mary bowed her head and cried.
Questions: 1. What was the moral lesson?

73
Some years ago, in the city of Rome there was a big Art School where a lot of young
people around the world would go learn about art. It happened that a group of
young American people went up there to learn painting pictures… And when they
were there in the city, they used to go out, drink, and trip themselves boys and girls
together but there was a little girl, she could not tolerate it all. She would stay in
while everybody is out doing whatever in nighttime as in daytime, she was just
steadily working and unfortunately she was the laughingstock of the whole school.
And she kept herself like a lady, conducted herself like a lady. Although there were
young Roman boys around trying to take her out, she refused it.
Finally, an old custodian at the place kept watching her, seeing that she was so much
different from the other young people. One evening, she walked up to campus
where there was a small place like a little hill and she climbed upon right at the top
and sat on it, the sun was setting at that time, she was standing there with her pretty,
clean face and her hair hanging down on her back, she was looking at the direction
of the setting of the sun. The old custodian was raking down there in the yard,
watching the girl, and while he was raking he felt like talking to the girl. He took off
his old slouch hat and greeted her in a very polite way and the man noticed that she
was crying and she had tears on her cheeks and the man said, “ Excuse me Madam,
I have been observing you, you have been here for over two years now, and I have
noticed the group of young people you had come with, they are constantly out in
parties, and coming at any time in the night, drunk, and with short clothes but I have
remarked that you do not attend such parties, and I have noticed that you are always
looking across the sea.”, he said, “ I am a curious old man wanting to know what
causes the difference between you and the others.”,“ What causes that?” She said,
“I am looking at the setting of the sun because beyond there is my Homeland, in that
land in a certain state, a certain city in a certain house where lives a certain boy who
is an artist too, before I come here, I pledged my love to him,we are engaged,no
matter what others do, it has nothing to do with me because I promised him to live
right and true, I am just waiting for that where I will go back to my homeland to
meet him and build a family together.” She said, “That is the reason I act the way I
do, I want to be faithful to the promise I made to that boy because it is a true one”
Questions: 1. What was the moral lesson?
2. Do you think that husbands and wives or engaged people still
faithfully keep their vows to each other?
3. What are different causes of divorce in married couples today?
4. What is the cure for this big disease that faces the whole world?
5. Make a summary of more or less 8 lines.

74
 A Lion Among Sheep
There was once a farmer who lived in a village and also was a herder of sheep. One
day, he took his sheep out to pasture, and while they were grazing, he suddenly
heard a strange noise coming from a patch of grass, which first sounded like a kitten.
Led by his curiosity, the old shepherd went to see what was the source of this
insistent sound, and to his surprise, he found a lone shivering lion cub, obviously
separated with his family. His first thought was danger he would be in if he stayed
too close to the cub and his parents returned. So the old man quickly left the area
and watched from a distance to see if the mother lion or the pack would return.
However, after the sun began to set, and there was still no activity to secure the lion
cub, the shepherd decided that, in his judgement, and for the safety and survival of
the lion cub, he would take him to his farmhouse and care for him.
Over the next eight months, the shepherd hand-fed this cub with fresh milk and kept
him warm, safe, and secure in the protective confines of the farmhouse. After the
cub had grown into a playful, energetic ball of shiny muscle, he would take him out
daily with the sheep to graze. The lion cub grew with the sheep and became a part
of the herd. They accepted him as one of their own, and he acted like one of them.
After fifteen months had passed, the little cub became an adolescent lion, but he
acted, sounded, responded, and behaved just like one of the sheep. In essence, the
lion had become a sheep by association. He had lost himself and become one of
them.
One hot day, four years later, the shepherd sat on a rock, taking refuge in the slight
shade of leafless tree. He watched over his flock as they waded into the quiet,
flowing water of a river to drink. The lion who thought he was a sheep followed them
into the water to drink. Suddenly, just across the river, there appeared out of the
jungle bush a large beast that the lion cub had never seen before. The sheep
panicked and, as if the spell of some survival instinct, leaped out of the water and
dashed toward the direction of the farm. They never stopped until they were all
safely huddled behind the fence of the pen. Strangely, the lion cub, who was now a
grown lion, was also huddled with them, stricken with fear. While the flock
scrambled for the safety of the farm, the beast made a sound that seemed to shake
the forest. When he lifted his head above the tall grass, the shepherd that he held in
his blood-drenched mouth the lifeless body of a lamb from the flock. The man knew
that danger had returned to his part of the forest.
Seven days passed without further incident, and then, while the flock grazed, the
young lion went down to the river to drink. As he bent over the water, he suddenly
panicked and ran wildly toward the farmhouse for safety. The sheep did not run and

75
wondered why he had, the lion wondered why the sheep had not run since he had
seen the beast again. After a while, the young lion went slowly back to the flock and
then to the water to drink again. Once more, he saw the beast and froze in panic. It
was his own reflection in the water.
While he tried to understand what he was seeing, suddenly, the beast appeared out
of the jungle again. The flock dashed with breakneck speed toward the farmhouse,
but before the young lion could move, the beast stepped in the water toward him
and made that deafening sound that filled the forest. For a moment, the young lion
felt that his life was about to end. He realized that he saw not just one beast but two,
one in the water and one before him. His head was spinning with confusion as the
beast came within ten feet of him and growled at him face-to-face with frightening
power in a way that seemed to say to him, “Try it, and come and follow me.”
As fear gripped the young lion, he decided to try to appease the beast and make the
same sound. However, the only noise that came from his gaping jaws was the sound
of a sheep. The beast responded with an even louder burst that seemed to say, “Try
it again.” After seven or eight attempts, the young lion suddenly heard himself make
the same sound as the beast. He also felt strings in his body and feelings that he had
never known before. It was as if he was experiencing a total transformation in mind,
body and spirit.
Suddenly, there stood in the river of live two beasts growling at each other. Then
the shepherd saw something he would never forget. As the beastly sounds filled the
forest for miles around, the big beast stopped, turned his back on the young lion,
and started toward the forest. Then he paused and looked at the young lion one
more time and growled, as if to say, “Are you coming?” The young lion knew what
the gesture meant and suddenly realized that his day of decision had arrived, the day
he would have to choose whether to continue to live life as a sheep or to be the self
he had just discovered. He knew that, to become his true self, he would have to give
up the safe, secure, predictable and simple life of the farm and enter the frightening,
wild, untamed, unpredictable, dangerous life of the jungle. It was a day to become
true to himself and leave the false image of another life behind. It was an invitation
to a “sheep” to become the king of the jungle. Most importantly, it was an invitation
for the body of a lion to possess the spirit of a lion.
After looking back and forth at the farm and the jungle a few times, the young lion
turned his back on the farm and the sheep with whom he had lived for years, and he
followed the beast into the forest to become who had always been, a lion king.
Questions: 1. What was the moral lesson?
2. Have you ever discovered your true self?
3. Do you think that people live as other people today?

76
 WRITING SECTION
This section typically has several parts but in this book we will be more focused on
English Correspondence which is the fact of writing letters. We have enumerated a
precise and simple way for you to write formal letters as you learn English as second
language.

What is a letter?
Many years ago, in past centuries people used to write letters in order to exchange
information to one another, and this activity was almost reserved for people who
were educated and knew how to write. The interchange of long letters full of family
news and comments of public affairs has been replaced by long telephone
conversations or short visits by car.
No matter the advancement and the delivery of products the higher technology of
today (Gmail,Facebook,etc.), there are people who still enjoy exchanging news by
correspondence.
Definition: In brief, a letter is a written message addressed to a person or an
organization.
Kinds of letters
1. Personal letter
Also called familial letter, this is the kind of letter we write to family members,
classmates and friends.

April 2nd, 2019

Dear Mother,

My husband and I are happy to inform

Sheet
you that in two months I will give birth
to a beautiful baby girl and we will be
happy to give her your name.

Joyce.K

2. Official letter
This is often addressed to an authority like, The Prime Minister, a mayor, a CEO
especially when you apply for a job (Application letter). etc.
These two kinds of letters quoted above do not have particular dispositions and
they do not follow all the requirements of business letters.

77
 3. Business letter
A business letter is a formal way of communication between two or more parties.
There are many different uses for business letters. They can be informational,
persuasive, motivational, or promotional.
Elements of a Good Letter
A business letter should be typed and printed out on A4 white paper, and be put in
an envelope.
The most important element of writing a good letter is your ability to identify and
write to your audience. If you are addressing your letter to the department of Human
Resources, avoid using highly technical terms that only engineers would understand,
even if your letter is addressed to an engineering company, chances are that the
personnel in Human Resources does not have an engineering background. And this
principle is applied for all the other department of a company.
The next element is that you have a clear and concise manner when you address
your letter. Do not be vague about objective, most people will not have the patience
to sit there and guess at the meaning of your letter or the time to read a long-winded
letter, just get the point without going into unnecessary details.
Another important element to remember is to remain professional. Even if you are
writing a complaint letter, remain polite and courteous, simply state the problem(s)
along with any relevant information and be sure to avoid threats and slander.
Here are common types of business letters:

about a product,
service or
procedure
inquiry made. Quotation letter
With all details
This passes the
Order letter command after
appreciation of
COMPANY A

COMPANY B

quotation
command passed is Confirmation letter
executed

Complaint letter product delivered

This gives a is bad
proposal about a Offer letter
This persuade to buy a
letter product, try a service or
participate an activity

maintains friendly letter

working relations

78
 Here are main parts of a business letter:

Letterhead. This part

the name and the address contains the name,
of the man or company you address, e-mail, etc., of
write to the writer

Body. This part contains Date. This part contains

the message separated BUSINESS LETTER the date on which the
in paragraphs letter is written

Complimentary close. It’s a

recipient’s name. Use Mr. or word closes the letter.
Mrs. (last name) to show
respect approval

These following parts appear in the letter if necessary:

 Enclosure tells the reader to look in the envelope for more information about the
letter.
 Courtesy copies, this is a list of people to whom you distribute copies, it is done in
alphabetical order

79
 Here is a business letter sample:

Vancouver Manufacturing
Letterhead

(800) 555-3434

Date September 25, 2005

Inside address Mr. Jobed Guyson

Director of operations
LG Corporation
60 E Main Street
Vancouver, WA 98685

Salutation Dear Mr. Guyson;

As our new letterhead indicates, we have recently

changed the name of our business from Fort Vancouver
Manufacturing to Vancouver Manufacturing.

There has been no change in management and we will

be providing the same products and fine service on
Body which we have built our reputation in the industry. We
would appreciate it if you would bring this
announcement to the attention of your accounts
payable department and direct them accordingly.

Thank you for being one of our valued customers. We

appreciate your cooperation in this matter.

Signature
President, Vancouver Manufacturing

80
 Business Vocabulary

Business Deals
Accept. V Buyout. N Hostile. adj Pressure. N

Acquisition. N Contract. N Ink. V Proposal. N

Approach. V Deal. N Leverage. n Pull. V

Bargaining power. n Dealing. N Meeting. N Reject. V

Bid. N Dissolve. V Merger. N Schedule. V

Bid. V Draft. N Negotiation. n Table. N

Broker. N Draft. V Offer. N Takeover. N
Broker. V Hardball. N Plug. N

Business People
Broker. n Banker. N Magnate. N Secretary. n
Attorney. n Board. N Manager. N Service provider. N
Accountant. n Businessman. N Middle Supremo. N
management. n
Administrator. n Chairman. N Oligarch. N Trustee. N

Agent. n Consultant. N Operator. N Tycoon. N

Analyst. n Exec. N Partner. N Vice-president. N

Associate. n Executive. N Proprietor. N Cashier. N

Auditor. n Leader. N Representative. N CEO (Chief Executive

Officer). N

81
Running a Business
Administrator. n Expenditure. N Premises. N

Administrative. adj Firm. N Product. N

Audit. N Forecast. V Profit. N

Audit trial. N Forecast. n Profit. V

Backer. N Franchise. N Profitable. Adj

Black. V Fund. N Project. V

Business. N Fund. V Projection. N

Business-to-business. Funding. N Receivership. N

adj
Bust. adj Human resources. N Red. N

Capacity. N Income. N Restructure. V

Capital. N Logistics. N Revenue. N

Cash Flow. n Loss. N Scheme. N

Co-op. n Manage. V Slack. n

Concern. N Management. N Sponsor. N

Cooperative. adj Markup. N Stake. N

Cooperative. n Network. N Subsidiary. N

Corporation. n Network. V Transact. V

Dividend. N Operation. N Transaction. N

Downsize. V Operational. Adj Turnover. N

Enterprise. N Overhead. Adj Venture. N

Expand. V Partnership. N

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Banking
Account. N Credit. N Loan. N
Adviser. n Credit. V Lump sum. N
Arrears. N Debit. N Offshore. adj
Balance. N Debt. N Overdraft. N
Bank. N Deposit. N Overdrawn. adj
Bank. v Direct debit. n Owe. v
Bankrupt. adj Fixed. adj Private. adj
Bankruptcy. N Freeze. V Repayment. N
Borrow. V Giro. N Saver. N
Borrowing. N Interest. N Saving. N
Charge. N Lend. V Statement. N
Underwrite. V Withdraw. V Withdrawal. n
Collateral. N Lending. N Transfer. V

Marketing
PR. N Endorse. V Poster. n
Ad. N Flagship. N Promote. V
Advertisement. N Full-page. adj Promotion. n
Agency. N Gimmick. N Public relations. N
Bill. N Giveaway. N Publicize. V
Blitz. n Hoarding. N Sale. n/Sell. v
Brand. n Launch. V Slogan. N
Campaign. N Launch. N Sponsor. n
Consumer. N Market. N Sponsorship. n
Consumerism. n Marketing. N Subliminal. Adj
Copy. N Merchandise. n Teaser. N

83
 PUNCTUATION MARKS
In writing a letter, it is very important that we know how to use punctuation marks
because punctuation creates sense, clarifies and gives stress to sentences. It also
structures and organizes your writing. In this book, we will study some of the
common used punctuation marks.

1. PERIOD
The period (known as Full stop in British English) is probably the simplest of all the
punctuation marks. It is like a knife to cut sentences and it is always placed at the
end of a sentences.
Example: Rome is the capital of Italy.
2. COMMA
The comma is used as a separator of words, sentences, phrases, ideas and thoughts.
It actually adds “Breathing spaces” in sentences.
Example: I met Isaac, we talked for more than three hours.
3. Exclamation mark
The exclamation mark is used to express exasperation, astonishment or surprise to
a declaration.
Examples: Help! Help! Get out! What a pitty!
4. Question mark
The question mark is only used to ask question.
Example: What do you do in life?
5. COLON
The colon is used to introduce a series, an example or an explanation.
Example: There are many reasons why people are poor today: lack of good mindset,
dishonesty, etc.
6. SEMICOLON
The semicolon is somewhere between a full stop and a comma. It sometimes takes
the same function with a comma.
Example: I like your brother; he is a good friend.
7. QUOTATION MARK

84
The quotation mark is used to cite something that somebody said word to word.
Example: She said, “I do not like impolite boys”
8. APOSTROPHE
The apostrophe is used for possessive case and contraction.
Example: My father’s car. He isn’t my friend.
9. HYPHEN
The hyphen is used to join two words or parts of words.
Example: Run-down Up-to-date
10. BRACKETS AND PARENTHESES
Square brackets are used for special purposes such as in mathematics. Round
brackets are used in a similar way to commas when we want to add further
explanation, an afterthought or comment. Round brackets are also called
parentheses.
Example: The government’s education report (April 2005) shows that, the level of
literacy is rising in nearly all areas.

85