01 Lec-01 PERCEPTION

01_Lec-01 “PERCEPTION” ...
‫ﺍﻻﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬
Sustainable Urban Design Studio (I)
“PERCEPTION”
‫ﺳﺘﻮﺩﻳﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ‬

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01_Lec-01 “PERCEPTION” ...‫ﺍﻻﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬
Sensation and Perception ‫ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬
Sensation: :‫اﻹﺣﺴﺎس‬
• The process through which the senses pick
‫• ﻫﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﺘﻘﻂ اﻟﺤﻮاس‬
up visual, auditory, and other sensory
stimuli and transmit them to the brain;
‫ﻣﺤﻔﺰات ﺑﴫﻳﺔ وﺳﻤﻌﻴﺔ وﻏريﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻮاس‬
• Sensory information that has registered in ‫وﺗﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ إﱃ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ ؛‬
the brain but has not been interpreted ‫• اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺤﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺠﻠﺖ ﰲ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ‬
called sensation.
.‫وﻟﻜﻦ مل ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻔﺴريﻫﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻹﺣﺴﺎس‬
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How Sensation occurs: :‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺤﺪث اﻹﺣﺴﺎس‬

• Eyes, ears, skin, nose, and tongue contain ‫• ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎن واﻷذﻧني واﻟﺠﻠﺪ واﻷﻧﻒ‬
receptor cells, ، ‫واﻟﻠﺴﺎن ﻋﲆ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼت‬
• These receptor cells receive and process
‫• ﻫﺬه اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼت ﺗﻠﻘﻲ وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬
sensory information from the environment.
.‫اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺤﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
Transduction: sensory receptors (eyes, ears, ‫ اﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼت اﻟﺤﺴﻴﺔ )اﻟﻌﻴﻨني واﻷذﻧني‬:‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬

nose, skin, tongue) convert the stimulus into ‫واﻷﻧﻒ واﻟﺠﻠﺪ واﻟﻠﺴﺎن( ﺗﺤﻮل اﳌﺤﻔﺰ إﱃ ﻧﺒﻀﺎت‬
neural impulses which are sent to the brain ‫ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ إرﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ إﱃ اﳌﺦ‬
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Perception: :‫اﻹدراك‬
• The process by which sensory information
‫• اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬
is actively organized and interpreted by the
brain
‫اﻟﺤﺴﻴﺔ وﺗﻔﺴريﻫﺎ ﺑﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ‬
• The process of selecting, organizing, and ‫• ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر وﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ وﺗﻔﺴري اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺤﺴﻴﺔ‬
interpreting raw sensory data into useful .‫اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ إﱃ متﺜﻴﻼت ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻔﻴﺪة ﻟﻠﻌﺎمل‬
mental representations of the world.
.‫• ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻔﻜريك أو ﻓﻬﻢ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ أو ﳾء ﻣﺎ‬
• the way you think about or understand
someone or something.
.‫• اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﲆ ﻓﻬﻢ أو ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﳾء ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬
• the ability to understand or notice ‫• اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ﺑﻬﺎ أو ﺗﻔﻬﻢ ﺷﻴﺌًﺎ ﻣﺎ‬
something easily. .‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﺣﺪ ﺣﻮاﺳﻚ‬
• the way that you notice or understand
something using one of your senses
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Perception: :‫اﻹدراك‬
• Perception is a process by which
‫• اﻹدراك ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﻘﻮم اﻷﻓﺮاد ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬
individuals organize and interpret their
sensory impressions in order to give
‫ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ وﺗﻔﺴري اﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎﺗﻬﻢ اﻟﺤﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ‬
meaning to their environment. .‫إﻋﻄﺎء ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﺒﻴﺌﺘﻬﻢ‬
• People’s behavior is based on their ‫• ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻨﺎس ﻋﲆ ﺗﺼﻮرﻫﻢ ﳌﺎﻫﻴﺔ‬
perception of what reality is, not on reality
.‫ وﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﲆ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬، ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬
itself.
• The world as it is perceived is the world
.‫• اﻟﻌﺎمل ﻛام ﻳﺘﺼﻮر ﻫﻮ اﻟﻌﺎمل اﳌﻬﻢ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎ‬
that is behaviorally important. .‫• ﺻﻮرة ذﻫﻨﻴﺔ‬
• a mental image : CONCEPT ‫• اﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﴏ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻹﺣﺴﺎس‬
• awareness of the elements of environment
.‫اﻟﺒﺪين‬
through physical sensation
• physical sensation interpreted in the light of
.‫• ﺗﻔﺴري اﻹﺣﺴﺎس اﻟﺠﺴﺪي ﰲ ﺿﻮء اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬
experience
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Perceptual Processes ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬
Perceptual process are the different stages of ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻹدراك اﻟﺤﴘ ﻫﻲ اﳌﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ •
perception we go through: :‫ﻣﻦ اﻹدراك اﻟﺘﻲ منﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻬﺎ‬
1. Receiving ‫ﺗﻠﻘﻲ‬ .1
2. Selecting ‫إﻧﺘﻘﺎء‬ .2
3. Organizing ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ .3
4. Interpreting ‫ﺗﻔﺴري‬ .4
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1. Receiving ‫ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل‬/ ‫ اﻟﺘﻠﻘﻲ‬.1

Receiving is the first and most important ‫• اﻟﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﻫﻲ أول وأﻫﻢ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
stage in the process of perception. It is
‫ إﻧﻬﺎ اﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻷوﱃ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬.‫اﻹدراك‬
the initial stage in which a person collects
all information and receives the ‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت وﻳﺘﻠﻘﻰ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬
information through the sense organs. .‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺤﻮاس‬
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2. Selecting ‫ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎء‬.2
Selecting is the second stage in the ‫ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻻ‬.‫اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎء ﻫﻮ اﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
process. Here a person doesn’t receive ‫ﻳﺘﻠﻘﻰ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺸﻮايئ وﻟﻜﻦ‬
the data randomly but selectively. A
person selects some information out of ‫ ﻳﺨﺘﺎر اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﻌﺾ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻦ‬.‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎيئ‬
all in accordance with his interest or ‫ ﻳﻬﻴﻤﻦ ﻋﲆ‬.‫اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ وﻓﻘًﺎ ﻻﻫﺘامﻣﺎﺗﻪ أو اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻪ‬
needs. The selection of data is .‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ وداﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
dominated by various external and
internal factors. ‫• اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﲆ إدراك اﻟﻔﺮد‬
• External factors influence the ، ‫ اﻟﺘﻜﺮار‬، ‫ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬، ‫ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ‬، ‫ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬، ‫ اﻟﺸﺪة‬:‫ﺧﺎرﺟ ًﻴﺎ‬
perception of an individual externally: .‫ واﻟﺤﺪاﺛﺔ‬، ‫اﻷﻟﻔﺔ‬
intensity, size, contrast, movement,
repetition, familiarity, and novelty. ‫• اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﲆ إدراك اﻟﻔﺮد‬
• Internal factors influence the ، ‫ واﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬، ‫ واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬، ‫ اﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‬:‫داﺧﻠ ًﻴﺎ‬
perception of an individual internally: .‫ واﻻﻫﺘامم‬، ‫ وﻗﺒﻮل اﻟﺬات‬، ‫واﻟﺨﱪة‬
psychological requirements, learning,
background, experience, self-
acceptance, and interest.
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3. Organizing ‫ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬.3
Keeping things in order or organized. In
order to make sense of the data
‫ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﻓﻬﻢ‬.‫ﺣﻔﻆ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﰲ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ أو ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬
received, it is important to organize them. .‫ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻬﻢ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻬﺎ‬، ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻮاردة‬
We can organize the data by: :‫ميﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
• Grouping them on the basis of their
similarity, proximity, closure, continuity.
‫• ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﲆ أﺳﺎس اﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ واﻟﻘﺮب واﻹﻏﻼق‬
• Establishing a figure ground is the .‫واﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮارﻳﺔ‬
basic process in perception. Here by ‫• إﻧﺸﺎء ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻜﻞ او اﻟﻌﻨﴫ وﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
figure we mean what is kept as main
focus and by ground we mean
‫ ﻧﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ‬.‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻹدراك‬
background stimuli, which are not ‫ وﻧﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﳌﺤﻔﺰات‬، ‫اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ رﺋﻴﴘ‬
given attention. ‫ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ اﳌﺤﻴﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ‬، ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬
• Perceptual constancy that is the
tendency to stabilize perception so
.‫اﻻﻫﺘامم ﺑﻬﺎ‬
that contextual changes don’t affect ‫• اﻟﺜﺒﺎت اﻹدرايك ﻫﻮ اﳌﻴﻞ إﱃ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻹدراك‬
them. .‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ اﻟﺘﻐﻴريات اﻟﺴﻴﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
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4. Interpreting ‫ اﻟﺘﻔﺴري‬.4
Finally, we have the process of
interpreting which means forming an idea
‫ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺴري ﻣام ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻓﻜﺮة‬، ‫أﺧ ًريا‬
about a particular object depending upon .‫ﻋﻦ ﻋﻨﴫ ﻣﻌني ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ أو اﻻﻫﺘامم‬
the need or interest. ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺴري ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ اﺳﺘﺸﻌﺮﻧﺎﻫﺎ‬
Interpretation means that the information
we have sensed and organized, is finally
‫ ﺗُﻌﻄﻰ أﺧ ًريا ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ إﱃ‬،‫وﻧﻈﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬
given a meaning by turning it into ‫ وﺗﺄﺛري‬، ‫ وﻳﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﻨﻤﻄﻴﺔ‬.‫ﳾء ميﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻪ‬
something that can be categorized. It .‫ﻫﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺦ‬
includes stereotyping, halo effect etc.
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Factors influencing Perception ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬
A number of factors operate to shape ‫ﻫﻨﺎك ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﲆ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ وﺗﺸﻮﻳﻪ‬
and sometimes distort perception. :‫ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ ﻫﻲ‬.‫اﻹدراك ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن‬
These factors are:
• the perceiver ‫ اﳌﺘﻠﻘﻲ‬/‫• اﳌﺪرك‬
• the object or target being perceived ‫• اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ أو اﻟﻬﺪف اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻢ إدراﻛﻪ‬
• the context of the situation in which
.‫• ﺳﻴﺎق اﳌﻮﻗﻒ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ اﻻدراك‬
the perception is made.
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Factors influencing Perception ‫ﻋﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬
Perceiver Target … ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ‬ Situation

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻠﻘﻲ‬/‫ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻗﻑ‬
1. Intensity… ‫ ﺍﻟﺷﺩﺓ‬.1
1. Attitudes … ‫ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﺷﺧﺻﻳﺔ‬.1
2. Size … ‫ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ‬.2
2. Moods … ‫ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺯﺍﺟﻳﺔ‬.2
3. Distinct & Striking
‫ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﻳﺯﺓ ﻭﻟﻔﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭ‬.3
3. Motives … ‫ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻓﻊ‬.3
4. Movement … ‫ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ‬.4
4. Self-Concept … ‫ ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺕ‬.4
5. Novelty … ‫ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﺍﺛﺔ‬.5
5. Interest … ‫ ﺍﻻﻫﺗﻣﺎﻡ‬.5
6. Duration … ‫ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ‬.6
6. Cognitive Structure
‫ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺭﻓﻲ‬.6 7. Repetition … ‫ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺭﺍﺭ‬.7
8. Abrupt Change
7. Expectations … ‫ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﻗﻌﺎﺕ‬.7 ‫ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﺟﺊ‬.8
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Characteristics of the Perceiver

‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﳌﺪرك‬
Several characteristics of the
perceiver can affect perception. ‫ميﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺆﺛﺮ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﳌﺪرك ﻋﲆ‬
When an individual looks at a target
and attempts to interpret what he or ‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ اﻟﻔﺮد إﱃ اﻟﻬﺪف وﻳﺤﺎول‬.‫اﻹدراك‬
she, that interpretation is heavily
influenced by personal ‫ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻔﺴري ﺑﺸﺪة‬، ‫ﺗﻔﺴري ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أو ﻫﻲ‬
characteristics of individual
perceiver. .‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺮد اﳌﺪرك‬
13
Characteristics of the Perceiver ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﳌﺪرك‬

1. Attitudes:
‫ اﳌﻮاﻗﻒ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬.1
There are several general processes
through which attitudes are learned: ‫ﻫﻨﺎك ﻋﺪة ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬
• the outcomes of our own :‫اﳌﻮاﻗﻒ‬
experiences (trial and error); ‫• ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﺠﺎرﺑﻨﺎ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ )اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ واﻟﺨﻄﺄ( ؛‬
• our perceptual tendencies and
biases; .‫• اﳌﻴﻮل اﻟﺤﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ واﻟﺘﺤﻴﺰات‬
• our observations of another ‫• ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﻋﻦ ردود ﺷﺨﺺ آﺧﺮ ﻋﲆ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ‬
person’s responses to a particular ‫ﻣﻌني ؛‬
situation;
• our observation of the outcomes
‫• ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﺠﺎرب ﺷﺨﺺ آﺧﺮ ؛‬
of another person’s experiences; ‫• ﺗﻌﻠﻴامت ﻟﻔﻈﻴﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎت اﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬
• verbal instruction about ، ‫ﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰ اﳌﻌﻴﻨﺔ وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ )ﻛﺎﻣﺒﻞ‬
appropriate responses to and (1963
characteristics of a particular
stimulus (Campbell, 1963)
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2. Moods:
:‫ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﳌﺰاﺟﻴﺔ‬.2
Moods can have a strong influence
on the way we perceive someone. ‫ميﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻠﻤﺰاج ﺗﺄﺛري ﻗﻮي ﻋﲆ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ‬
We think differently when we are ‫ ﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﻔﻜﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬.‫ﻧﺘﺼﻮر ﺑﻬﺎ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ‬
happy than we do when we are ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻜﻮن ﺳﻌﺪاء ﻣام ﻧﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻜﻮن‬
depressed. In addition, we remember ‫ ﻧﺘﺬﻛﺮ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ‬، ‫ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫ﻣﻜﺘﺌﺒني‬
information that is consistent with our
‫ﺗﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎ اﳌﺰاﺟﻴﺔ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬
mood state better than information
that is inconsistent with our mood ‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻜﻮن ﰲ‬.‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎ اﳌﺰاﺟﻴﺔ‬
state. When in a positive mood, we ‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺸﻜﻞ اﻧﻄﺒﺎ ًﻋﺎ أﻛرث إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ‬، ‫ﻣﺰاج إﻳﺠﺎيب‬
form more positive impression of ‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ منﻴﻞ‬، ‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻜﻮن ﰲ ﻣﺰاج ﺳﻠﺒﻲ‬.‫اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬
others. When in a negative mood, we .‫إﱃ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏري ﻣﻼﺋﻢ‬
tend to evaluate others unfavourably.
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3. Motives:
:‫ اﻟﺪواﻓﻊ‬.3
Unsatisfied needs or motives
stimulate individuals and may exert a ‫اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت أو اﻟﺪواﻓﻊ ﻏري اﳌﻠﺒﺎة ﺗﺤﻔﺰ اﻷﻓﺮاد‬
strong influence on their perceptions. .‫وﻗﺪ متﺎرس ﺗﺄﺛرياً ﻗﻮﻳﺎً ﻋﲆ ﺗﺼﻮراﺗﻬﻢ‬
It plays an important role in .‫اﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ دورا ﻫﺎﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪرك اﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬
determining what person perceives. ‫ميﻜﻦ ﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ورﻏﺒﺎﺗﻪ اﻷﻛرث إﻟﺤﺎ ًﺣﺎ‬
A person’s most urgent needs and
.‫ﰲ أي وﻗﺖ اﻟﺘﺄﺛري ﻋﲆ اﻹدراك‬
desires at any time can influence
perception.
• when people are motivated ,they tend ‫ ميﻴﻠﻮن إﱃ رؤﻳﺔ وﺳامع‬، ‫• ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﺲ اﻟﻨﺎس‬
to see and hear what they want to ‫ ﻗﺪ ﻧﻜﻮن‬، ‫ مبﻌﻨﻰ آﺧﺮ‬.‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻳﺪون ﺳامﻋﻪ‬
hear. In other words, we may be set to ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﺘﺼﻮر اﻟﻌﺎمل ﺑﻄﺮق ﺗﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﻊ‬
perceive the world in ways that agree .‫دواﻓﻌﻨﺎ وﺗﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ أﻫﺪاﻓﻨﺎ‬
with our motives and match our goals.
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4. Self-Concept:
:‫ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﺬات‬.4
Another factor that can affect
perception is the perceivers' self- ‫ﻫﻨﺎك ﻋﺎﻣﻞ آﺧﺮ ميﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﲆ اﻹدراك وﻫﻮ‬
concept. An individual with a positive ‫ اﻟﻔﺮد ﻣﻊ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﺬات‬.‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﺬات ﻟﺪى اﳌﺪرك‬
self-concept tends to notice positive ‫ ﰲ‬.‫اﻹﻳﺠﺎيب ميﻴﻞ إﱃ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺳامت إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬
attributes. In contrast, a negative ‫ ميﻜﻦ ﳌﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﺬات اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ أن ﻳﺆدي‬، ‫اﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬
self-concept can lead a perceiver to
‫ اﻟﻔﻬﻢ اﻷﻛﱪ ﻟﻠﺬات‬.‫ﻻﻟﺘﻘﺎط اﻟﺴامت اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬
pick out negative traits. Greater
understanding of self allows us to .‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺑﺄن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺗﺼﻮرات أﻛرث دﻗﺔ‬
have more accurate perceptions.
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5. Interest:
:‫ اﻻﻫﺘامم‬.3
The focus of our attention appears to
be influenced by our interests. ‫ ﻧﻈ ًﺮا‬.‫ﻳﺒﺪو أن ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻧﺘﺒﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻫﺘامﻣﺘﻨﺎ‬
Because our individual interests ‫ ﻓﺈن ﻣﺎ‬، ‫ﻻﺧﺘﻼف اﻫﺘامﻣﺎﺗﻨﺎ اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﺔ إﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒري‬
differ considerably, what one person ‫ﻳﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ واﺣﺪ ﰲ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋام‬
notices in a situation can differ from .‫ﻳﺪرﻛﻪ اﻵﺧﺮون‬
what others perceive.
• we tend to those aspects of world that ‫• ﻧﺤﻦ منﻴﻞ إﱃ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺎمل اﻟﺘﻲ‬
relate to our interest. .‫ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ مبﺼﻠﺤﺘﻨﺎ‬
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6. Cognitive Structure:
:‫ اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ اﳌﻌﺮﰲ‬.6
an individual's pattern of thinking,
also affects perception. Some people .‫ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ أﻳﻀً ﺎ ﻋﲆ اﻹدراك‬، ‫منﻂ اﻟﻔﺮد ﰲ اﻟﺘﻔﻜري‬
have a tendency to perceive physical ‫ميﻴﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص إﱃ إدراك اﻟﺴامت اﻟﺠﺴﺪﻳﺔ‬
traits, such as height, weight, and ‫ ميﻴﻞ‬.‫ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ أﻛﱪ‬، ‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻄﻮل واﻟﻮزن واﳌﻈﻬﺮ‬،
appearance, more readily. Others ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻵﺧﺮ إﱃ اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺰ أﻛرث ﻋﲆ اﻟﺴامت اﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‬
tend to focus more on central traits,
‫ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ اﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ اﳌﻌﺮﰲ‬.‫ أو ﻣﻴﻮل اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬،
or personality dispositions. Cognitive
complexity allows a person to ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ إدراك ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ‬
perceive multiple characteristics .‫اﻻﻫﺘامم ﺑﺴامت ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
rather than attending to just a few
traits.
• Much of our daily activity is dependent ‫• ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﻜﺜري ﻣﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻨﺎ اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺨﱪة‬
upon past experience. we have ‫ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻨﺎ اﻟﺮد ﻋﲆ اﻹﺷﺎرات‬.‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬
learned to react to cues & symbols. ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ رؤﻳﺔ ﺧﻂ‬، ‫ ﻋﲆ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل‬.‫واﻟﺮﻣﻮز‬
E.g., on seeing a moving line on the .‫ ﻧﻌﺘﻘﺪ أﻧﻪ ﻃﺎﺋﺮة‬، ‫ﻣﺘﺤﺮك ﰲ اﻟﺴامء‬
sky, we guess it to be an airplane.
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7. Expectations:
:‫ اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎت‬.7
Finally, expectations can distort your
perceptions in that you will see what ‫ ميﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺸﻮه اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎت ﺗﺼﻮراﺗﻚ ﺣﻴﺚ‬، ‫أﺧ ًريا‬
you expect to see. .‫ﺳﱰى ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻊ رؤﻳﺘﻪ‬
Here some specific characteristics of :‫ﰲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﲇ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﳌﺤﺪدة ﻟﻠﻤﺪرك‬
the perceiver reveal: ‫• إن ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﳌﺮء ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻬﻞ رؤﻳﺔ‬
• Knowing oneself makes it easier to
.‫اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ‬
see others accurately.
• One's own characteristics affect the ‫• ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻔﺮد ﻋﲆ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺘﻲ‬
characteristics one is likely to see in .‫ﻳﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن ﻳﺮاﻫﺎ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﰲ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬
others. ‫• ﻣﻦ اﳌﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﺒﻠﻮن‬
• People who accept themselves are ‫أﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻗﺎدرﻳﻦ ﻋﲆ رؤﻳﺔ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬
more likely to be able to see
.‫ﻷﺷﺨﺎص آﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬
favourable aspects of other people.
• Accuracy in perceiving others is not .‫• اﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﰲ إدراك اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻬﺎرة واﺣﺪة‬
a single skill.
20

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻠﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻗﻑ‬
8. Abrupt Change
21

Target: :‫اﻟﻬﺪف‬
• There are a number of characteristics of
(‫• ﻫﻨﺎك ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﳌﺤﻔﺰات )اﻟﻬﺪف‬
stimuli (TARGET) that influence our
perception:
:‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﲆ ﺗﺼﻮراﺗﻨﺎ‬
1. Intensity ‫ اﻟﺸﺪة‬.1
2. Size ‫ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬.2
3. Distinct & Striking ‫ اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰة وﻟﻔﺖ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬.3
4. Movement ‫ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬.4
5. Novelty ‫ اﻟﺤﺪاﺛﺔ‬.5
6. Duration ‫ اﳌﺪة اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬.6
7. Repetition ‫ اﻟﺘﻜﺮار‬.7
8. Abrupt Change ‫ اﻟﺘﻐﻴري اﳌﻔﺎﺟﺊ‬.8
22
Characteristics of the Target: :‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻬﺪف‬
1. Intensity: :‫ اﻟﺸﺪة‬.1
• The louder a sound , the more likely a ‫ ﻛﻠام زاد اﺣﺘامل‬، ‫• ﻛﻠام ﻛﺎن اﻟﺼﻮت أﻋﲆ‬
person is to perceive it. .‫إدراك اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻟﻪ‬
• The brighter a light, the more likely it ‫ زاد اﺣﺘامل‬، ‫• ﻛﻠام ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻹﺿﺎءة أﻛرث إﴍاﻗًﺎ‬
is to be in the focus of perception. .‫ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺑﺆرة اﻹدراك‬
23
2. Size: :‫ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬.2
• A full page advertisement is more ‫• ﻣﻦ اﳌﺮﺟﺢ أن ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ إﻋﻼن ﻋﲆ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬
likely to be noticed than a half- column ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ أﻛرث ﻣﻦ اﻋﻼن ﻋﲆ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻋﻤﻮد‬
one. .‫واﺣﺪ‬
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3. Distinct & Striking: :‫ اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰة وﻟﻔﺖ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬.3

• distinct and striking things are ‫• ﻳﻨﻈﺮ إﱃ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء اﳌﺘﻤﻴﺰة واﳌﺬﻫﻠﺔ ﰲ وﻗﺖ‬
perceived sooner than dull and .‫أﻗﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء اﳌﻤﻠﺔ وﻏري اﻟﻮاﺿﺤﺔ‬
unclear things.
25
3. Distinct & Striking: :‫ اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰة وﻟﻔﺖ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬.3

• distinct and striking things are ‫• ﻳﻨﻈﺮ إﱃ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء اﳌﺘﻤﻴﺰة واﳌﺬﻫﻠﺔ ﰲ وﻗﺖ‬
perceived sooner than dull and .‫أﻗﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء اﳌﻤﻠﺔ وﻏري اﻟﻮاﺿﺤﺔ‬
unclear things.
26
4. Movement: :‫ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬.4
• When things move suddenly in still ‫• ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك اﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻓﺠﺄة ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺰال ﺑﻼ‬
and motionless environment ,it is ‫ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬.‫ ﻳﺘﻢ إدراﻛﻬﺎ ﺑﴪﻋﺔ‬، ‫ﺣﺮاك‬
quickly perceived .e.g. birds sitting ‫ﺑﴪﻋﺔ إﱃ اﻟﻄﻴﻮر اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﻠﺲ ﺑﻬﺪوء ﻋﲆ‬
quietly on tree are not quickly ‫اﻟﺸﺠﺮة ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻴﻮر اﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﲆ وﺷﻚ‬
perceived as compared to ones about
to fly.
.‫اﻟﻄريان‬
27
5. Novelty: :‫ اﻟﺤﺪاﺛﺔ‬.5
• A new and novel thing is perceived ‫• ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ إﱃ اﻟﴚء اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ واﳌﺒﺘﻜﺮ ﰲ وﻗﺖ‬
sooner than old and used thing. .‫أﻗﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﴚء اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ واﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬
28
6. Duration: :‫ اﳌﺪة اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬.6

• Television and radio advertisements of ‫• ﻳﺤﴬ اﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ واﻹذاﻋﻴﺔ ذات‬
long duration are attended to more ‫اﳌﺪة اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺟﻤﻬﻮ ًرا أﻛرث ﻣﻦ اﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت ذات‬
than those of short duration. .‫اﳌﺪة اﻟﻘﺼرية‬
29
7. Repetition: :‫ اﻟﺘﻜﺮار‬.7
• Repetition causes us to adapt to the ‫• اﻟﺘﻜﺮار ﻳﺆدي ﺑﻨﺎ إﱃ اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﻣﻊ اﳌﺤﻔﺰ‬
repeated stimulus. .‫اﳌﺘﻜﺮر‬
30
8. Abrupt Change: :‫ اﻟﺘﻐﻴري اﳌﻔﺎﺟﺊ‬.8

• Any change in stimulus conditions, ‫ ﻣﺜﻞ زﻳﺎدة‬، ‫• أي ﺗﻐﻴري ﰲ ﻇﺮوف اﳌﺤﻔﺰ‬
such as increase in noise , often .‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺠﺬب اﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎه‬، ‫اﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎء‬
attracts attention.
31

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻠﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻗﻑ‬
8. Abrupt Change
32

Situation: :‫اﳌﻮﻗﻒ‬
• Characteristics of the Situation:
:‫• ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﳌﻮﻗﻒ‬
The situation in which the interaction between
the perceiver and the target takes place has
‫اﳌﻮﻗﻒ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺪث ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑني اﳌﺪرك‬
an influence on the perceiver's impression of .‫واﻟﻬﺪف ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛري ﻋﲆ اﻧﻄﺒﺎع اﳌﺪرك ﻋﻦ اﻟﻬﺪف‬
the target. ‫ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ‬.‫ﻗﻮة اﳌﻮﻗﻒ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ أﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﲆ اﻹدراك‬
The strength of the situational cues also
‫اﳌﻮاﻗﻒ إﺷﺎرات ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻴام ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﻮك‬
affects perception. Some situations provide
strong cues as to appropriate behaviour. In
‫ ﻧﻔﱰض أن ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻔﺮد‬، ‫ ﰲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‬.‫اﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
these situations, we assume that the ‫ وأﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻻ‬، ‫ميﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻫﺬا اﳌﻮﻗﻒ‬
individual's behaviour can be accounted for by .‫ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﺗﴫف اﻟﻔﺮد‬
the situation, and that it may not reflect the
individual's disposition.
33
Kinds / Types Of Perception …….…… ‫ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬

We perceive objects in different ‫ﻧﺤﻦ إدراك اﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﺑﻄﺮق ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
manners as compared to their ‫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻷﺟﺴﺎم ﺗﺘﺤﺮك أو‬.‫وﺿﻌﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ‬
position in the environment. Objects
may be moving or static, when we ‫ ﻗﺪ‬.‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌني ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ أن ﻧﺪرك اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬، ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
have to perceive motion. We may have ‫ﻳﺘﻌني ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻷﺻﻮات واﻷﺻﻮات ﰲ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬
to locate sounds and voices in the .‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﻟﻨﺎ‬
space around us.
Constancy Depth Movement Time

Form Perception
Perception Perception Perception Perception
‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ‬
‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺛﻭﺍﺑﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻖ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‬
34
Constancy Depth Movement Time

Form Perception
Perception Perception Perception Perception
‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ‬
‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺛﻭﺍﺑﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻖ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‬
Nearness
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺏ‬ Size
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ‬
Real Movement
proximity
‫ﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﺣﻘﻳﻘﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻭﺍﺭ‬
Similarity
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺎﺑﻪ‬ Shape
‫ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ‬
continuity
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻣﺭﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬
Closure Colour Apparent Movement

‫ﺍﻻﻧﻐﻼﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﻳﺔ‬
35
Form Perception ‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ‬
Gestaltists proposed laws of organization ‫ ﻗﻮاﻧني ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺤﺪد ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬Gestaltists ‫اﻗﱰح‬

that specify how people perceive form.
.‫إدراك اﻟﻨﺎس ﻟﻠﺸﻜﻞ‬
Figure and ground are basic organizational
themes for perception. .‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ واﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻳﻌﺪا ﻋﻨﺎﴏ اﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻺدراك‬
• Figure is perceived as distinct from the .‫• ﻳُﻨﻈﺮ إﱃ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺘﻤﻴﺰه ﻋﻦ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬
background.
• Figure is closer to the viewer than the .‫• اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﻜﻮن أﻗﺮب إﱃ اﳌﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬
background. .‫ ميﻜﻦ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ واﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬:‫• اﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻌﻜﺴﻴﺔ‬
• Reversible Figures: Figure and ground can
be switched
36

Formation of a figure: There are ‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ‬:‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
some factors which would bring .‫ﺷﺄﻧﻬﺎ أن ﺗﺠﻠﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم إﱃ اﻟﺘﺼﻮر‬
some order to perception.
Nearness
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺏ‬
proximity
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻭﺍﺭ‬
Similarity
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺎﺑﻪ‬
continuity
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻣﺭﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬
Closure
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻐﻼﻕ‬
37
Kinds / Types Of Perception ‫ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬

Nearness: :‫اﻟﻘﺮب‬
Stimuli that are near to each other, tend ‫ متﻴﻞ إﱃ أن‬، ‫اﳌﺤﻔﺰات اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬
to be grouped together. .‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﻣﻌﺎ‬
38

proximity: :‫اﻟﺠﻮار‬
Objects that are physically close together .‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻻﺷﻴﺎء اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻣ ًﻌﺎ‬
are grouped together.
39

Similarity: :‫اﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬
Stimuli that are similar in size, shape, ‫متﻴﻞ اﳌﺤﻔﺰات اﳌﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ أو اﻟﺸﻜﻞ أو‬
color, or form tend to be grouped
together. .‫اﻟﻠﻮن أو اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج إﱃ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻣ ًﻌﺎ‬
40

continuity: :‫اﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮارﻳﺔ‬
Perception tends towards simplicity and .‫اﻹدراك ميﻴﻞ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ واﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮارﻳﺔ‬
continuity.
41

Closure: :‫اﻻﻧﻐﻼق‬
refers to the tendency to complete a ‫ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻪ‬، ‫ﻳﺸري إﱃ اﳌﻴﻞ ﻹﻛامل اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
figure, so, that it has a consistent overall
form. .‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
42
Constancy Perception ‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺛﻭﺍﺑﺕ‬
Three types of constancy ‫ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺛﻼث‬

are explained briefly here: :‫اﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﻮاﺑﺖ‬
Size
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ‬
Shape
‫ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ‬
Colour
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ‬
43

Size: :‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
1. Size constancy is the tendency to ‫ ﺛﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻫﻮ اﳌﻴﻞ إﱃ إدراك اﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬.1
perceive objects in a consistent manner
despite the changing sensations that ‫ﻣﺘﺴﻘﺔ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﺎﺳﻴﺲ اﳌﺘﻐرية اﻟﺘﻲ‬
are received by our senses. visual ‫ﻣﻬام‬
constancy plays an important role in ً ‫ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ اﻟﺜﺒﺎت اﳌﺮيئ دو ًرا‬.‫ﺗﺘﻠﻘﺎﻫﺎ ﺣﻮاﺳﻨﺎ‬
helping us adapt to our environment .‫ﰲ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺗﻨﺎ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻨﺎ ﺑﻨﺠﺎح‬
successfully. ‫ مبﺠﺮد‬.‫ﻣﻬام ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮر اﻟﺜﺒﺎت‬
2. Learning plays an important role in the ً ‫ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ دو ًرا‬.2
development of constancy. Once we ‫أن ﻧﺪرك أن ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬
know that certain objects in our
environment have certain
،‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ منﻴﻞ إﱃ إدراﻛﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬،‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
characteristics, we tend to perceive .‫ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ إدراﻛﻬﺎ‬
them in the same way, regardless of the
conditions under which they are
perceived.
44

Size: :‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
3. When we know that an object is of a ‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ منﻴﻞ‬،‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ أن اﻟﻌﻨﴫ ﺑﺤﺠﻢ ﻣﻌني‬.3
certain size, we tend to perceive it as
being that same size, regardless of how ‫ ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬،‫إﱃ إدراﻛﻪ ﻋﲆ أﻧﻪ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
far it is from our eyes. .‫ﻋﻦ ﻣﺪى ﺑﻌﺪه ﻋﻦ أﻋﻴﻨﻨﺎ‬
4. In Size constancy ,the perceiver has
the ability to judge true or measured ‫ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﺪى اﳌﺪرك اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﲆ‬،‫ ﰲ ﺛﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬.4
size, regardless of the distance ‫ ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬،‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ أو اﳌﻘﺎس‬
involved.
.‫ﻋﻦ اﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ‬
45

Shape: :‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
When we know that the object is a ‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ منﻴﻞ إﱃ‬،‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ أن ﻟﻠﻌﻨﴫ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻌني‬
certain shape, we tend to perceive it as
the same shape, regardless of the ‫ ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ زاوﻳﺔ‬،‫إدراﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬
viewing angle. We have learned to make ‫ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻨﺎ إﺟﺮاء ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎت ﰲ ﺗﺼﻮرﻧﺎ‬.‫اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ‬
corrections in our perception dependent .‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺮى ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
on the angle from which we observe.
46

Colour: :‫اﻟﻠﻮن‬
Colors of objects tend to remain constant ‫متﻴﻞ أﻟﻮان اﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ إﱃ اﻟﺒﻘﺎء ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﰲ إدراﻛﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
in perception when we know their true
color. Visual objects also appear ‫أﻳﻀﺎ‬
ً ‫ وﺗﻈﻬﺮ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء اﳌﺮﺋﻴﺔ‬.‫ﻧﻌﺮف ﻟﻮﻧﻬﺎ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬
constant in their degree of whiteness, .‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﰲ درﺟﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﺿﻬﺎ وﻇﻼﻟﻬﺎ وﺳﻮادﻫﺎ‬
grayness and blackness.
47

Depth Perception ‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻖ‬
The ability to view the world in three ‫ﺗﻌﺮف اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﲆ رؤﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺎمل ﺑﺜﻼﺛﺔ أﺑﻌﺎد وإدراك‬
dimensions and to perceive distance ."‫اﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "إدراك اﻟﻌﻤﻖ‬
is known as depth perception.
“This ability helps to perceive three ‫"ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﲆ إدراك اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ﺛﻼيث‬
dimensional space and to accurately ."‫اﻷﺑﻌﺎد واﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻋﲆ اﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
judge distance”.
48
Movement Perception ‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ‬
Movement or Motion is perceived ‫ُﻳﻨﻈﺮ إﱃ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ أو اﻟﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﺎﺗﺒﺎع اﻟﺘﻐﻴري‬

by following the progressive
change of an object’s position in
‫اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺠﻲ ﳌﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻌﻨﴫ ﰲ اﻟﻔﺮاغ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮور‬
space with time. It has two types. .‫ واﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻮﻋﺎن‬.‫اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
Real Movement
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻳﻘﻳﺔ‬
Apparent Movement
‫ﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﻳﺔ‬
49

Real Movement: :‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬

The perception of the actual movement ‫ﻳُﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﲆ ادراك اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﴏ ﰲ اﻟﻌﺎمل‬
of objects in the world is termed as “real
motion/movement perception”. ."‫ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬/ ‫"ادراك اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
50

Apparent Movement: :‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻳﺔ‬

It is movement perceived in the absence ‫ﻫﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ادراﻛﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺔ‬
of physical movement of an image
across the retina. This can be produced ‫ وﻫﺬه ميﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ‬.‫ﻟﺼﻮرة ﻋﱪ ﺷﺒﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻌني‬
by a rapid succession of motionless ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﴎﻳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﳌﺤﻔﺰات ﻏري ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
stimuli that minimize the changes that ‫واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻐريات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪث ﰲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬
occur in real movement. There are :‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻋﺪة أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮة‬.‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬
several types of apparent
motion/movement:
51

Apparent Movement: :‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻳﺔ‬

When you ride in a moving vehicle and ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﻮد ﺳﻴﺎرة ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ وﺗﻨﻈﺮ إﱃ اﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬة‬
look out the side window, the objects you
see outside appear to be moving in the ‫ ﺗﺒﺪو اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮاﻫﺎ ﰲ اﻟﺨﺎرج‬، ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ‬
opposite direction. .‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﰲ اﻻﺗﺠﺎه اﳌﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬
Objects very far away, such as the moon ‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻘﻤﺮ‬، ‫ﻳﺒﺪو أن اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪة ﺟ ًﺪا‬
and the sun, appear to move in the same .‫ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﺗﺠﺎه اﳌﺸﺎﻫﺪ‬، ‫واﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬
direction as the viewer.
52
Time Perception ‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‬
We perceive time in seconds, minutes, ‫ﻧﺪرك اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻮاين واﻟﺪﻗﺎﺋﻖ واﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ‬
and hours which pass into days ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻮل إﱃ أﻳﺎم أﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ أﺷﻬﺮ وﺳﻨﻮات وﺣﺘﻰ‬
weeks months and in years and even
in centuries. .‫ﻗﺮون‬
Time is perceived in terms of Past, ‫ﻳﺘﻢ إدراك اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﳌﺎﴈ واﻟﺤﺎﴐ‬
Present, and Future. .‫واﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
Perception of time is less in children .‫إدراك اﻟﻮﻗﺖ أﻗﻞ ﻟﺪى اﻷﻃﻔﺎل ﻣﻦ ﻛﺒﺎر اﻟﺴﻦ‬
than elders.
53

Several factors influence time :‫ﻫﻨﺎك ﻋﺪة ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﲆ إدراك اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
perception: :‫ ﻏري ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ‬.1
1. Subjective: ،‫– ﻋﻤﺮ‬
– age, ،‫– ﻧﺸﺎط‬
– activity, ،‫– اﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰ‬
– motivation,
.‫– اﻟﺬﻛﺎء‬
– intelligence
2. Objective:
:‫ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ‬.2
– Real time ‫– اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻔﻌﲇ‬
54

4. Age: :‫ اﻟﺴﻦ‬.4
• Age brings a change in perception as ‫ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ‬.‫• اﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﻳﺠﻠﺐ ﺗﻐﻴريا ﰲ اﻟﺘﺼﻮر أﻳﻀﺎ‬
well. A child perceives things in ‫اﻟﻄﻔﻞ إﱃ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬
different way as compared to a young .‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺎب‬
person.
55
56

01 Lec-01 PERCEPTION

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Sustainable Urban Design Studio (I)

‫ﺳﺘﻮﺩﻳﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ‬

Sensation and Perception ‫ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬

Sensation and Perception ‫ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬

How Sensation occurs: :‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺤﺪث اﻹﺣﺴﺎس‬

Transduction: sensory receptors (eyes, ears, ‫ اﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼت اﻟﺤﺴﻴﺔ )اﻟﻌﻴﻨني واﻷذﻧني‬:‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬

Sensation and Perception ‫ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬

Sensation and Perception ‫ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬

Perceptual Processes ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

Perceptual Processes ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

1. Receiving ‫ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل‬/ ‫ اﻟﺘﻠﻘﻲ‬.1

Perceptual Processes ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

Perceptual Processes ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

Perceptual Processes ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

Factors influencing Perception ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬

Factors influencing Perception ‫ﻋﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬

Perceiver Target … ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ‬ Situation

Factors influencing Perception ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬

Characteristics of the Perceiver

Factors influencing Perception ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬

Characteristics of the Perceiver ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﳌﺪرك‬

Factors influencing Perception ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬

Characteristics of the Perceiver ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﳌﺪرك‬

Factors influencing Perception ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬

Characteristics of the Perceiver ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﳌﺪرك‬

Factors influencing Perception ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬

Characteristics of the Perceiver ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﳌﺪرك‬

Factors influencing Perception ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬

Characteristics of the Perceiver ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﳌﺪرك‬

Factors influencing Perception ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬

Characteristics of the Perceiver ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﳌﺪرك‬

Factors influencing Perception ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬

Characteristics of the Perceiver ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﳌﺪرك‬

Factors influencing Perception ‫ﻋﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬

Perceiver Target … ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ‬ Situation

Factors influencing Perception ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬

Factors influencing Perception ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬

Characteristics of the Target: :‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻬﺪف‬

Factors influencing Perception ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬

Characteristics of the Target: :‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻬﺪف‬

Factors influencing Perception ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬

Characteristics of the Target: :‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻬﺪف‬

3. Distinct & Striking: :‫ اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰة وﻟﻔﺖ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬.3

Factors influencing Perception ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬

Characteristics of the Target: :‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻬﺪف‬

3. Distinct & Striking: :‫ اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰة وﻟﻔﺖ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬.3

Factors influencing Perception ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬

Characteristics of the Target: :‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻬﺪف‬

Factors influencing Perception ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬

Characteristics of the Target: :‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻬﺪف‬

Factors influencing Perception ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬

Characteristics of the Target: :‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻬﺪف‬

6. Duration: :‫ اﳌﺪة اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬.6

Factors influencing Perception ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬

Characteristics of the Target: :‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻬﺪف‬

Factors influencing Perception ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬

Characteristics of the Target: :‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻬﺪف‬

8. Abrupt Change: :‫ اﻟﺘﻐﻴري اﳌﻔﺎﺟﺊ‬.8

Factors influencing Perception ‫ﻋﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬

Perceiver Target … ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ‬ Situation

Factors influencing Perception ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬