ME3215 Engineering Metallurgy

Lecture 4: Temperature Measurement

Dr. Md Arifuzzaman
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET)
Khulna 9203, Bangladesh
Temperature Measurement

1. Metal expansion thermometers

2. Liquid expansion thermometers
3. Gas or vapour pressure thermometers
4. Resistance thermometers
5. Thermoelectric pyrometer
6. Radiation pyrometer
7. Optical pyrometer

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

Temperature Measurement
Calibration

Linear curve, T = mx

Reference Temparature, T

Non-linear curve, T = mx2

or T = kex or T = ax2+bx
anything else

Thermometer Reading, x
Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna
 Temperature Measurement

Metal expansion thermometers

 Invar – Low coefficient of

expansion
 Yellow brass – Low temperature
 Nickel alloy – High temperature
 Temperature range -100 to
1000°F
 No maintenance required
 The speed of response is slow

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

Temperature Measurement
Liquid expansion thermometers

Mercury -35 to +950°F

Alcohol -110 to +160°F
Pentane -330 to +85°F
Creosote +20 to +400°F

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

Temperature Measurement
Gas or vapour pressure thermometers

Temperature range -200 to +800°F

Some liquids used are –
Methyl chloride
Ether
Ethyl alcohol
Toluene

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

Temperature Measurement
Resistance thermometers

Copper +150 to +500°F

Nickel +150 to +500°F
Platinum -350 to +1100°F

Very accurate results

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

Temperature Measurement
Thermoelectric pyrometer

Simple thermocouple pyrometer

consists of –
 Thermocouple
 Junction block
 Extension leads
 Indicator or recorder
Up to about 3000°F

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

Temperature Measurement
Thermoelectric pyrometer

The operation of the pyrometer is based upon two principles:

Peltier effect

• If two dissimilar metallic wires are brought into electrical contact, an

emf will exist across the point of contact.

• The magnitude of emf developed will be determined by the chemical

composition of wires and the temperature of the junction point.

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Temperature Measurement
Thermoelectric pyrometer
Thomson effect

• If there is a temperature difference between the ends of a homogeneous single wire, an

emf will exist between the ends of the wire.

• The magnitude of emf developed will be determined by the chemical composition, the
chemical uniformity of the wire and the temperature difference.

The total emf is the sum of four emf’s, two Peltier emf’s at hot and cold junctions and
two Thomson emf’s along each of the wires.

By suitable calibration, exact relation between emf and temperature can be obtained.
Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna
 Temperature Measurement
Radiation pyrometer

It involves standard radiating source or blackbody

Radiation pyrometers are calibrated to indicate blackbody or true
temperatures
According to Stefan-Boltzmann law, the rate of radiant energy from a
blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature
The apparent temperature measured from non-blackbody materials will be
lower than the true temperature due to emissivity of the material.
𝑇𝑎4 = 𝑒𝑡 𝑇 4 𝑊 = 𝐾𝑇𝑎4

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

Temperature Measurement
Radiation pyrometer

Thermopile

𝐸𝑚𝑓 = 𝐾𝑇 𝑏 𝐸𝑚𝑓 = 𝐾𝑇 4

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Temperature Measurement
Optical pyrometer

In radiation pyrometer, all wavelengths are considered and also known as total
radiation pyrometer
Only difference between radiation pyrometer and optical pyrometer is that optical
pyrometer considers only single wavelength or a narrow band of wavelengths in the
visible part of the spectrum.
Brightness of light emission from a body is compared with a standard body
A red filter is used for color comparison
Red filter only allows wavelength of red radiation
Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna
 Temperature Measurement
Optical pyrometer:
Disappearing Filament type

Temperature range 1400

to 2400°F

This limit can be

extended to 10,000°F by
using various absorption
screens

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Next Class:

Test for Mechanical Properties

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna