ME3215 Engineering Metallurgy

Lecture 5: Destructive Tests

Dr. Md Arifuzzaman
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET)
Khulna 9203, Bangladesh
 Destructive tests: Hardness

The various hardness tests may be divided into three categories:

1. Elastic Hardness
2. Resistance to cutting or abrasion
3. Resistance to indentation

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Destructive tests: Hardness
Diamond tip hammer
1. Elastic Hardness
 Measured by scleroscope
 It is really a measure of the resilience
of a material that is the energy it can
absorb in the elastic range Specimen

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Destructive tests: Hardness

2. Resistance to cutting or abrasion

 Scratch test (ten standard minerals
numbered 1 - 10)
 File test (a file of known hardness)

“Heat treat until the material is file

hard”

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

Destructive tests: Hardness

3. Resistance to Indentation
 Brinell Hardness Test
 Rockwell Hardness Test
 Vickers Hardness Test
 Microhardness Test

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Destructive tests: Hardness

Brinell Hardness Test

 Hardened steel ball indenter is forced into the specimen
 Standard ball diameter is 10 mm and force 3000 kg for ferrous
metals and 500 kg for non-ferrous metals
 Indentation time is 10s for ferrous metals and 30s for non-ferrous
metals
 Indentation diameter is measured by microscope with ocular scale

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

Destructive tests: Hardness

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Destructive tests: Hardness

Brinell Hardness Test 75 HB 10/500/30

The Brinell hardness number (HB)
Measuring limit is
500 HB
𝑳
𝑯𝑩 = Can be measured up to
𝝅𝑫 𝑫𝟐 − 𝒅𝟐
𝟐 𝑫− 650 HB by using
tungsten carbide ball
Tables are available based on indentation
diameter

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Destructive tests: Hardness
Rockwell Hardness Test
 The principle is based on differential depth
measurement
 Initially fixed minor load is applied on the specimen
(10kg for normal tester and 3 kg for superficial
tester)
 Then major load is applied (60, 100 and 150 kg for
normal and 15, 30 and 45 for superficial tester)

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Destructive tests: Hardness
Rockwell Hardness Test
 A variety of indenters and loads
are used and each combination
determines a particular Rockwell
scale (A, B, C etc.)
 Indenters are hard steel ball
(1/16, 1/8, 1/4, and 1/2 in. dia
and a 120° conical diamond)
Rockwell hardness number 75 measured on
75 HRB Rockwell scale “B” (1/16 in. ball and 100kg)
Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna
 Destructive tests: Hardness
Vickers Hardness Test
 Square based diamond pyramid indenter with
included angle 136°
 Load range 1-120kg
 Basic principle is same as Brinell hardness
tester
 Impression in the surface is square
 The length of diagonal is measured
 Can be used to measure hardness of thin sheets
Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna
 Destructive tests: Hardness

Vickers Hardness Test

Vickers hardness number (HV)

𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝟒𝑳
𝑯𝑽 =
𝒅𝟐

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Destructive tests: Hardness
Microhardness Test
 Test loads are between 1 and 1,000 gm
 Two types of indenters (136° square base Vickers
diamond pyramid and elongated knop diamond
indenter)
 Hardness number is the load per unit area of
impression Micro hardness number (HK)

𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟐𝟗𝑳
𝑯𝑲 =
𝒅𝟐
Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna
Destructive tests: Hardness
Factors Affecting Hardness Test
1. Condition of indenter
2. Accuracy of load applied
3. Impact loading
4. Surface condition
5. Thickness
6. Shape of the specimen
7. Location of the impression – at least 2.5 – 5 diameters from edge
8. Uniformity of the materials
Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna
 Destructive tests: Hardness
Applications:
1. Brinell Hardness Test: Most castings, steel, cast iron, aluminum
2. Rockwell Hardness Test: Finished parts, gears, valves, pulleys,
cutting tools, sheet metal, plastic parts
3. Rockwell Superficial Hardness Test: Where shallower penetration is
necessary, Thin case hardened parts
4. Vickers Hardness Test: Thin parts
5. Microhardness Test: Plated surface, coatings, laminated materials,
Very brittle parts, Clear materials, Grain and grain boundary hardness
Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna
Destructive tests:

Tensile Properties

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Tensile Properties: Ductile Materials

 Proportional limit
 Yield strength/point
 Ultimate strength
 Fracture strength
Proportional limit
 Modulus of Resilience
 Modulus of Toughness
 Modulus of elasticity

Standard for Metallic Materials: ASTM E8

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna
 Tensile Properties: Brittle Materials
Ultimate strength

 Proportional limit
 Yield strength/point
 Ultimate strength
 Fracture strength
 Modulus of Resilience
 Modulus of Toughness
 Modulus of elasticity

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

Compressive Properties

Proportional limit

Standard for Metallic Materials: ASTM E8

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna
 Impact Test
1. Charpy impact test, 2. Izod impact test and 3. Drop weight impact test

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Impact Test

1. Charpy impact test

2. Izod impact test
3. Drop weight impact
test Izod
Charpy

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Impact Test

1. Charpy impact test

2. Izod impact test
3. Drop weight impact test

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Fatigue test

1. Fatigue strength
2. Fatigue limit/
Endurance limit

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Fatigue test

1. Fatigue strength
2. Fatigue limit/
Endurance limit

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Fatigue test

1. Fatigue strength
2. Fatigue limit/
Endurance limit

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Creep test

Testing is carried out at

1. High temperature
2. Below yield strength
3. Temperature and applied
load remains constant

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Creep test

Testing is carried out at

1. High temperature
2. Below yield strength
3. Temperature and
applied load remains
constant

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Next class
Non-Distructive Tests

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna