CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter, we look at what researchers have found about how students studying

STEM subjects see and understand artificial intelligence (AI) in their personalized learning

spaces. By closely examining existing studies, we want to discover more about how students

in STEM think about AI and how it affects how they learn.

This thorough review helps us better understand the connection between student

education and AI, giving us a clearer picture of how technology changes students' learning in

their unique environments.

AI in Education

Artificial intelligence (AI) in education refers to integrating advanced computational

technologies designed to mimic and perform tasks that typically require human intelligence

into educational processes and systems. Scholars have explored the multifaceted impact of AI

on education, emphasizing its potential to revolutionize traditional learning environments. AI

in education represents the convergence of cutting-edge computational technologies with

pedagogical practices, aiming to transform the educational landscape. This comprehensive

definition encompasses various facets of AI's influence on teaching and learning.

ChatGPT, a powerful language model developed by OpenAI (Brown et al., 2020),

stands out for its ability to generate human-like text based on input prompts. Its versatility

and capacity to understand and generate contextually relevant responses make it an intriguing

tool for educational contexts. In the realm of tutoring and homework assistance, Potts (2021)

delves into the potential of ChatGPT to provide personalized guidance to students. Similarly,

Smith et al. (2022) explore the integration of ChatGPT in language learning, highlighting its

effectiveness in enhancing language acquisition processes. Johnson and Williams (2021)

investigate the use of ChatGPT for delivering constructive feedback on assignments and

assessments, shedding light on its potential impact on student learning outcomes.

The integration of ChatGPT into educational practices carries significant pedagogical

implications. Lee (2020) discusses the impact on student engagement, motivation, and

learning outcomes, emphasizing the need for educators to leverage ChatGPT effectively in

fostering a conducive learning environment. Robinson (2022) addresses the ethical

considerations associated with ChatGPT in education, drawing attention to bias, privacy, and

transparency issues. As the use of ChatGPT becomes more prevalent in educational settings,

ensuring ethical deployment and mitigating potential risks emerge as crucial considerations.

However, despite the evident benefits, integrating AI into education is not without

challenges and ethical considerations. Doe and Johnson (2020) draw attention to privacy

concerns associated with collecting and using student data. Additionally, issues of

algorithmic bias and the imperative for transparent decision-making processes, as discussed

by Wang and Thompson (2018), underscore critical areas that warrant careful consideration

in the implementation of AI technologies in education.

The study by Wang and Cheng (2021) emphasizes the importance of addressing

issues such as data privacy, algorithmic transparency, and the socio-cultural implications of

AI in education. A thoughtful and ethical approach ensures that AI enhances rather than

hinders the educational experience. AI holds immense promise, but its integration into

education necessitates carefully examining ethical considerations. Anderson and Anderson

(2007) draw attention to data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the risk of dehumanization in the

learning process. Addressing these ethical concerns is paramount to ensuring responsible and

equitable AI use in education.

Benefits

Over the years, the utilization of artificial intelligence technologies in education,

particularly in the area of instructions and administration, has increased, including the

creation and usage of chatbots such as ChatGPT, which support and enhance students’

learning experiences from their early childhood up to higher education. The provision of

personal learning as well as accessible and quick feedback are some of the most notable

advantages of the inclusion of AI chatbots in education. However, the study suggests that

despite the evident help of AI in enhancing learning, it should never replace human educators

because such advancement works best with the aid and supervision of humans (Oranga,

2023). According to the report, ChatGPT offers five primary advantages, including the ability

to create learning assessments, improve pedagogical practices, provide virtual personal

tuition, assist with outline creation, and facilitate idea brainstorming (Sok & Heng, 2023).

The study by Anu and Ansah (2023), which claims that the promotion of interactive

learning, personalized and tailored learning, and formative assessment activities that offer

instant feedback are, in fact, ChatGPT's primary benefits, supports this as well. While some

drawbacks were also highlighted, the research provides strategies for removing them to

optimize the advantages of this kind of AI technology and provide better and more advanced

learning. Qin and Wang (2022) also added that AI can help educators achieve their target

goals and help administrators in decision-making.

Additionally, because of its natural language processing capabilities, ChatGPT can

interact with students in a personalized way that meets their unique requirements,

preferences, and learning styles (Pandey & Mehrotra, 2020). Also, according to their

responses, development, and performance, ChatGPT can offer learners adaptive feedback and

support, promoting self-directed learning and mastery (Nguyen et al., 2021).

 Accessibility is also one of the main advantages of using generative Al in

personalized learning. ChatGPT facilitates continuous learning and accessibility by being

available 24/7. This allows learners to access learning resources and help at any time and

from any location (Shah et al., 2021).

Moreover, ChatGPT can act as support or scaffold in establishing a good learning

habits because as students work through challenging material or solve problems, ChatGPT

can help scaffold their learning experiences by offering them advice, clarifications, and hints

(Kulkarni et al., 2019).

Aside from molding one’s personalized learning, AI technology also has the potential

to be of great help in terms of administrative tasks. In facts, AI can benefit both students and

teachers. The utilization of AI in education promotes inclusivity as it aims to cater learners

with diverse background, skills and abilities. However, due to ethical issues, biases and

potential risks, thorough caution and supervision is a must (Zaman, 2023). Despite such

disadvantages Albana & Armstrong (2024) firmly highlights that ChatGPT can be

successfully incorporated into the classroom to automate repetitive work and improve the

educational experience for students, which will ultimately boost output and efficiency and

promote flexible learning.

Barriers

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in education has the potential to revolutionize the

learning experience for students (Robert et al., 2024). AI can offer personalized learning, adaptive

instruction, and smart content recommendations. However, challenges such as privacy, ethics, access,

and skill development must be addressed for responsible AI integration. To fully leverage AI’s

potential, ethical frameworks, collaboration, digital literacy, equity, research, and stakeholder

engagement are recommended.

 Moreover, the research study on “The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Learner-Instructor

Interaction” identifies potential conflicts and challenges that arise, such as privacy concerns and

changes in power dynamics. The findings emphasize the need for careful consideration of ethical

implications and the importance of designing AI systems that enhance, rather than replace, human

interaction in the learning process. Cybersecurity and safety should also be considered (Robert et al.,

2024).

In STEM education, integrating AI technologies faces the challenge of incorporating various

techniques into the complex educational system. A review of empirical AI-STEM studies from 2011

to 2021 proposes educational, technological, and theoretical implications for AI integration in STEM

education. Further research is needed to explore the integration of technology into the educational

system and leverage the potential of AI in enhancing STEM education (Xu and Ouyang, 2022).

The study on "Artificial Intelligence in STEM Education" concludes that strategic Integration

of AI can enhance personalized learning, advanced analytics, and instructional automation in STEM

education, leading to improved learning outcomes for students. Practical challenges need to be

addressed, and the study provides valuable recommendations for future studies and improvements in

AI integration (Robert et al., 2024).

Thus, these studies contribute to the existing knowledge on AI integration in education and

highlight the potential for AI to enhance learning experiences and barriers in various domains,

including STEM education.

Personalized Learning Environment

In the ever-evolving landscape of education, the integration of artificial intelligence

(AI) has ushered in a transformative era, particularly in personalized learning. Santos (2019)

conducted a pivotal study that shed light on the profound impact of AI-powered personalized

learning systems. This research, titled "Enhancing Learning Through AI: A Comprehensive
Analysis," presents compelling evidence that AI has the potential to significantly enhance

learning outcomes among students.

When we say personalized learning, based on the systematic literature review of Raj

and Renumol (2022), personalized learning means a customized and more individualized

learning plan and process based on the student's learning pace, styles, and objectives. It was

also recommended that the student's personalized learning environment (PLE) be aligned

with their attributes to attain improved learning results. This type of learning can be done

outside the four corners of the classroom, with the students facilitating their learning process

and progress throughout the session. Personalized learning mostly takes place in one's home.

Personalized learning has also historically been defined as instruction tailored to a

student's abilities, interests, and requirements. It has gained great popularity because of its

significance in education. It is considered and pushed as the main method of education for

getting young people ready for the demands of the twenty- first century and for what society

expects of them (Yasar, 2020).

Personalized learning occurred and was known many years ago, and it was adopted

especially by educational institutions. The purpose of personalized learning is to create an

effective acquisition of Knowledge that aligns with the learners' attributes, areas of strengths

and weaknesses, and their intended goals. With that, the rapid development of artificial

intelligence and machine learning was introduced as ways and tools to enhance

individualized learning (Maghudi et al., 2021).

Additionally, according to the review by Limna et al. (2023), AI makes personalized

learning easier for learners because AI, such as chatbots, can help students with their

activities and homework by providing immediate answers and feedback. Also, schools can

give learners a more individualized and efficient learning experience, which will help them
attain their full potential by utilizing the power of AI (Chassignol et al., 2018; Chiu & Chai,

2020; Kuleto et al., 2021).

Thus, Kokku et al. (2018) concluded that adding intelligent tutoring systems to

traditional education can free up teachers' time to concentrate on their areas of expertise

rather than doing tasks that computers can complete more efficiently. AI is essential for

creating effective teaching and learning environments.

Conceptual Framework
Figure 1: shows the differences and relationship between and among the variables benefits,

barriers, efficiency, and artificial intelligence (ChatGPT), and its role in personalized

learning environments. Theories are provided to support each variable.

Under the first variable which is benefits, the researchers are referring to the

advantages of using AI particularly ChatGPT in personalized learning environment. Lev

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) highlighted the distinction between what a

student can do on their own and what they can achieve with the help of an experienced and

knowledgeable person. AI can function as a "scaffold" that helps learners reach their

objectives. A learner can tailor the pace and difficulty based on their performance,

advantages, and disadvantages with the help of AI. As a result, it can improve one’s

personalized learning environment. Also, Connectivism Theory by George Siemens (2005)

proposes that learning is a process that connects different aspects of things, such as people

and resources, including the integration of technologies. In this digital age where information

can be easily accessed and continuously evolves, this theory emphasizes that AI learners can

use AI technology to access educational websites, forums, and tutorials. This approach

encourages learners to become self-directed and adaptive learners who can excel in this ever-

changing world.

Another variable is barrier. Barriers revolves around the challenges and obstacles that

learners encounter in using generative AI ChatGPT in their personal learning. According to

the Institutional Theory by John Meyer and Brian Rowan (1977) social norms, cultural

values, and institutional pressures all have an impact on how an institution, or a person accept

and employ new technologies. Thus, AI adaption in personalized learning environment may

be hampered by institutional norms, rules and procedures that support conventional teaching

techniques. While according to the theory of Ethical Framework by Immanuel Kant (1724-

1804) emphasizes that some of the barriers in using AI are fairness, accountability, and
transparency (FAT). Moral issues, data security, privacy, algorithmic bias, and decision-

making openness. While under the efficiency, the researchers are pertaining on the

effectiveness of using generative AI such as ChatGPT. According to the philosophy of

Technology-Enhanced Learning (TEL) places emphasis on how technology may

revolutionize and enhance educational approaches. Adaptive algorithms, learning analytics,

and intelligent tutoring system can be used by AI in personalized learning environment to

improve efficiency by customizing instructions, giving real time feedback, and optimizing

learning routes for individual students.