CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the relevant literature and studies about Friend or Foe?

Exploring Grade 11 Humanities and Social Sciences Perspectives on Artificial

Intelligenceits definition, types, and effects as well as related studies about the

chosen topic.

FOREIGN LITERATURE

As stated by Lee (2020) The Journal of Korean Association of Computer

Education. In the Artificial Intelligence education program, students explored and

defined the AI problems they were interested in, gathered the necessary data to

build an AI model, and then developed a project using scratch. To analyze the

effectiveness of the AI education program, the change in learner's perception of

the value of AI and the change in AI efficacy were analyzed. The sentiment has

been optimized for the AI project. For that reason, we could state that there is an

increased efficiency of AI due to the iterative design process that we chose.

Moreover, the success concerns in problem-solving were highly related to the

extent to which the programs were coded. By the end of the project, the entire AI

perception of a learner was largely positive and the perceptions of every stage of

the AI project (AI problem understanding and problem exploration, practice,

problem definition, problem-solving idea implementation, evaluation, and

presentation) were also positive. People in the survey felt this way, especially for
learners who used the language of programming in a higher level. The findings of

this research are direct student learning in AI, which were further highlighted.

According to Brokensha (2020) Friend or foe? How online news outlets in

South Africa frame artificial intelligence Ensovoort: Journal of Cultural Studies.

The media play an imperative role in the majority directions of thoughts of AI thus

their portrayal of AI can either lead or be opposed by the public. By using framing

theory, we carried out a content analysis of online prAess articles from four South

African news providers that were published on the web to gain their features

about AI. It was of particular interest for us to elucidate how AI was shown as

either friend or enemy here. The study found out that the majority of studies were

in favor of Artificial Intelligence, but that they also tended to be the subject of both

pro-and anti-technology discourse. This double discourse also seemed to be

partly resolved by adopting the middle-way framing of a compromise position that

sits somewhere between the polarized views.

Local Literature

Salvosa (2017) stated that the most powerful people today are in science and

tech. She stated that they're changing the world, and disrupting industries such

as the media, telecommunications, and economy. The academic disciplines of

science, technology, and engineering. and math (STEM) are as relevant as ever.

Educational institutions are recognizing the importance of introducing HUMSS at

an early age and fortifying this knowledge with specialty courses. Technology is

evolving fast, and the academe needs to work together with business and

industry leaders to ensure students build relevant and marketable skills. With

their curiosity and ability to adapt quickly, our students show potential to be the

next Mark Zuckerberg, Sheryl Sandberg, or Jeff Bezos. But this may not be

realized if they don't give them the opportunity and the tools with which to hone

their skills. Their ideas show that students can create solutions to improve the

lives of fellow Filipinos, and this is why they need to ensure they have the

resources to pursue these.

As stated by Estrellado, et al, 2023, There is no turning back, as the utilization

of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the Philippine educational system has catapulted

scholarly discourses on the line. This paper argues on academic concerns and

challenges of AI in education (AIED), the initial footholds for data center hubs,

potential offerings for enhanced learning experiences, data-driven decision-

making, and foreseen opportunities. However, AIED requires a robust

technological infrastructure and adequate computing resources aligned with

policy frameworks, such as addressing data privacy concerns, the digital divide,

and the need for ongoing faculty training and development. This literature review

reflects on collaborations between educators and policymakers, focusing on

aspects of teaching and learning while leveraging AI benefits, provided that

social and ethical implications are carefully established or reconfigured.

FOREIGN STUDIES

As stated by (Schmidt, and Anglistik, 2023), International Journal of English

Studies 33 (1), 165-184, 2022 The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in

foreign language learning and teaching is a significant area of research. AI is a

collection of technologies that can solve problems and perform tasks without

explicit human guidance. The development of narrow AIs, such as Siri and AI-

powered vacuum cleaners, has transformed data-driven, multi-layered

technologies into highly relevant technologies for educational purposes. The

potential of these programs to analyze real-time data and novel methods from AI

is bringing the optimization of teaching and learning processes into particular

focus. Big Data, combined with sophisticated analytical processes (learning

analytics), offers hope for a new era of personalized learning, formative

assessment, and student-centered, collaborative learning. By means of

educational data mining, learning processes could theoretically become more

efficient and effective.

As stated by Sumakul, et al, 2022 The disruptive impacts of Artificial

Intelligence (AI) are currently affecting various aspects of society, including

education. Despite some doubts and fears, many studies suggest that AI could

offer advantages to education, and AI-based applications have been developed

for teaching and learning, and English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms

in particular. This study explores the perceptions of four Indonesian EFL teachers

about the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in their classrooms. Despite concerns,
many studies suggest AI could offer advantages to education, particularly in

English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms. The data was collected

through interviews, and all teachers had positive perceptions of AI's potential to

help teach and students learn.

According to (Groves and Mundt, 2015). A recent development in digital

technology, machine translation (MT), is improving in its ability to translate with

grammatical and lexical accuracy and is also becoming increasingly available for

students of language for academic purposes. Given the acceptance of other

digital technologies for teaching and learning, it seems likely that machine

translation will become a tool students will rely on to complete their assignments

in a second language. This would have implications for the community of practice

of academic language teaching.

LOCAL STUDIES

(Melchor, et al, 2023) aims to investigate the integration of Artificial

Intelligence (AI) in mathematics education for Generation Alpha students. The

review examines various approaches, challenges, and considerations, and

evaluates the readiness of Philippine tertiary mathematics classrooms for AI

integration in the context of Generation Alpha students. The review follows a six-

step process outlined by Templier and Paré (2015), which includes formulating

research questions and objectives, searching the literature, screening for

inclusion, assessing the quality of primary studies, extracting data, and analyzing

data. The review includes academic articles published between 2018 and 2023,

written in English. The integration of AI in mathematics education offers

personalized instruction, enhances critical thinking skills, and prepares

Generation Alpha students for the digital age. Approaches such as robotics,

gamification, AI-assisted teaching, and virtual reality contribute to enriching

learning experiences. However, the integration of AI in mathematics education

for Generation Alpha students also faces challenges such as infrastructure

limitations, quality assurance, social interaction, and data privacy. The

Philippines is actively embracing AI integration in education through initiatives

that promote AI, the adoption of smart campus technologies, and collaborations

between the government and universities. To successfully integrate AI in

mathematics education for Generation Alpha students, higher institutions,

including those in the Philippines, should conduct further studies to address

concerns and challenges related to the integration of AI tools in education.

Additionally, gaining an understanding of Generation Alpha's perspective on

exemplary teachers would be beneficial.

(June, 2022) Educational Technology Research and Development: Developing

curricula for AI education has become a key strategic initiative for education

authorities worldwide as artificial intelligence (AI) is quickly incorporated into

current technologies, bringing forth the fourth industrial and learning revolution.

This study, which was loosely based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, looked
at a structural equational model to determine the relationships between students'

behavioral intention to learn about AI, their attitude toward using AI, their

subjective norms for learning about AI, and their perception of its usefulness.

Furthermore, it looks at how readiness, social good, and optimism moderate the

research model. The results validate the proposed model. Furthermore, a

number of moderating effects between students' views of their readiness, social

welfare, and optimism regarding AI were discovered. The study's conclusions

suggest that in order to encourage students' behavioral intention to learn AI,

these factors should be taken into account when developing AI curricula.

Secondary school students, intention, learning readiness, artificial intelligence,

technology uses in education, psychological patterns, student attitudes, usability,

computer literacy, and curriculum design are some of the descriptors.

Synthesis

This chapter is about the recapitulated concoction of studies about Artificial

Intelligence: Friend or Foe from the above literature. This chapter discusses the

impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on various industries, focusing on its potential

in scientific research, patient care, and societal issues. It highlights the

importance of understanding how knowledge workers can team with AI for

productivity gains, the collaborative nature of humans, and the early-stage AI

solutions.
 The Korean Association of Computer Education's AI education program

involves students exploring and defining AI problems, gathering data, building

models, and developing projects. The program's effectiveness is analyzed by

analyzing the change in learner's perception of AI value and efficacy. The

iterative design process increases efficiency and success in problem-solving.

The study found that students' perceptions of AI were largely positive, especially

for those using programming language. Online news outlets in South Africa play

a crucial role in shaping public perceptions of AI, leading to pro- and anti-

technology discourse. The study suggests adopting a middle-way framing to

balance these polarized views.

Salvosa (2017) highlights the power of science and tech in changing

industries, emphasizing the importance of introducing HUMSS and enhancing

knowledge through specialty courses. Educational institutions must collaborate

with business leaders to ensure students develop marketable skills. Students

have the potential to become entrepreneurs, but resources are needed to pursue

these goals. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the Philippine educational

system, but it requires a robust technological infrastructure, data privacy, and

ongoing faculty training. Collaborations between educators and policymakers are

crucial to ensure the benefits of AI are realized while considering social and

ethical implications.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in foreign language learning and

teaching is a significant area of research. AI technologies, such as Siri and AI-

powered vacuum cleaners, have transformed data-driven, multi-layered

technologies into highly relevant educational tools. Big Data and learning

analytics offer hope for personalized learning, formative assessment, and

student-centered collaborative learning. Despite concerns, AI could offer

advantages to education, particularly in English as a Foreign Language (EFL)

classrooms. A study explores the perceptions of four Indonesian EFL teachers

about AI use in their classrooms. Machine translation, a recent development in

digital technology, is expected to become a tool students rely on for academic

language assignments.

Melchor et al. (2023) and June (2022) conducted studies on the integration of

Artificial Intelligence (AI) in mathematics education for Generation Alpha

students. The review examined approaches, challenges, and readiness of

Philippine tertiary mathematics classrooms for AI integration. The study found

that AI offers personalized instruction, enhances critical thinking skills, and

prepares students for the digital age. However, challenges include infrastructure

limitations, quality assurance, social interaction, and data privacy. The

Philippines is actively embracing AI integration through initiatives, smart campus

technologies, and government-university collaborations. The study also found

moderating effects between students' views of readiness, social welfare, and

optimism regarding AI. The findings suggest that incorporating these factors into

AI curricula can encourage students' behavioral intention to learn AI.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

References
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_Literature_Review
https://tech.ed.gov/files/2023/05/ai-future-of-teaching-and-learning-report.pdf

THIS IS NOT THE PROPER WAY TO SYNTHESIZE YOUR CHAPTER 2. YOU NEED
TO GENERALIZE WHAT DOES YOUR REFERENCES ABOVE TACKLES. DISCUSS
WHAT DOES THE RELEVANCE OF THOSE REFERENCE TO YOUR STUDY