CANDOR, CECILLE LINDSAY A AUGUST 30, 2023

BS ECE 412

1. What is Control System? Give at least 3 examples of Control System.

A control system is a system of devices or processes that manages, regulates, and

maintains the behavior of other systems or devices to achieve desired outcomes or meet
specific criteria. Here are three examples of control systems:

Thermostat in a Heating System

A thermostat in a heating system controls the temperature by turning the heater on or off based
on the set temperature. It maintains the desired room temperature by regulating the heat output.

Cruise Control in a Car

Cruise control in a car is a control system that allows the driver to set a constant speed for the
vehicle. It adjusts the throttle and engine power to maintain the chosen speed, providing
convenience and fuel efficiency.

Industrial PID Controller

In industrial processes, a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller is widely used. It

monitors variables like temperature or pressure and adjusts inputs such as valve positions to
maintain those variables at set points, ensuring stable and controlled industrial processes.

2. What are the classifications of Control System?

Based on some parameters, we can classify the control systems into the following ways.

Continuous time and Discrete-time Control Systems

Control Systems can be classified as continuous time control systems and discrete time control
systems based on the type of the signal used.

In continuous time control systems, all the signals are continuous in time. But, in discrete time
control systems, there exists one or more discrete time signals.
SISO and MIMO Control Systems

Control Systems can be classified as SISO control systems and MIMO control systems based
on the number of inputs and outputs present.

SISO (Single Input and Single Output) control systems have one input and one output. Whereas,
MIMO (Multiple Inputs and Multiple Outputs) control systems have more than one input and
more than one output.

Open Loop and Closed Loop Control Systems

Control Systems can be classified as open loop control systems and closed loop control
systems based on the feedback path.

In open loop control systems, output is not fed-back to the input. So, the control action is
independent of the desired output.

3. Difference between Open Loop Control System and Closed Loop Control System.
 4. Define the two types of feedback.

Positive Feedback:

Positive feedback in a control system occurs when a portion of the output signal is added back
to the input, resulting in an amplification of the original signal. This amplification can lead to
exponential growth or deviation from the desired state. Positive feedback tends to drive the
system further away from equilibrium and can potentially lead to instability or oscillation. It's less
common in control systems and is often used in situations where rapid change or amplification
is required, such as in certain electronic circuits, but it's generally avoided in most control
applications due to its destabilizing nature.

Negative Feedback:

Negative feedback in a control system involves taking a portion of the output signal and
subtracting it from the input signal. This creates a corrective action that opposes any deviation
from the desired state or set point. Negative feedback is a crucial mechanism in maintaining
stability, accuracy, and desired performance in control systems. It works to reduce errors
between the actual output and the desired output, ensuring that the system remains in a
controlled and predictable state. The majority of control systems rely on negative feedback
loops to regulate processes and maintain desired conditions.
 5. Define the following mathematical models:

Linear Model

A linear model is a mathematical representation that assumes a linear relationship between the
input and output variables. In other words, it assumes that doubling the input will double the
output, and so on. Linear models are often described by linear equations, making them
relatively simple and easy to analyze.

Nonlinear Model

A nonlinear model is a mathematical representation that does not adhere to the linear
relationship between input and output variables. Instead, it may involve complex, nonlinear
equations that can produce various, sometimes unexpected, behaviors.

Differential Equation

A differential equation is a mathematical equation that involves derivatives of one or more

dependent variables with respect to one or more independent variables. They are commonly
used to describe dynamic systems, such as those found in physics, engineering, and biology.

Stochastic Model

A stochastic model is a mathematical model that incorporates randomness or uncertainty. It

uses probabilistic methods to describe how variables evolve over time. Stochastic models are
widely used in fields like finance, biology, and statistics to account for inherent variability.

Deterministic Model

In contrast to stochastic models, deterministic models assume that all variables and parameters
are known with certainty, and there is no randomness involved. These models provide precise
predictions based on fixed inputs and equations.

Markov Model

A Markov model is a mathematical model used to analyze systems that transition between
different states over time. It relies on the Markov property, which states that the future state of
the system depends only on its current state, not on its previous history.