J U TA

ACA DEMI C
SURVIVAL KIT
MA STE R CAMP US L I F E WI TH J UTA
EXAM
SAIL THROUGH CAMPUS LIFE WITH
&
JUTA’S ESSENTIAL TIPS DESIGNED STUDY
FOR THOSE WHO ARE SERIOUS SKILLS
ABOUT GOING PLACES.

w w w. jut a .co.za
#JUTAGOINGPLACES
2

CO N T EN T S

B E I N G P R E PA R E D F O R
03 Y O U R F I R S T D AY

LEARNING
04 ENVIRONMENTS H O W T O E S TA B L I S H
11 GOOD STUDY
H O W T O E S TA B L I S H A HABITS
06 H E A LT H Y L E A R N I N G
STUDY SKILLS:
ENVIRONMENT
LEARNING
H O W T O C R E AT E A
14 S T R AT E G I E S A N D
07 S T U D Y T I M E TA B L E TECHNIQUES

08 D R AW I N G U P Y O U R 25 E X A M P R E PA R AT I O N
T I M E TA B L E

09 DEALING WITH 31 WRITING EXAMS

P R O C R A S T I N AT I O N
W R I T I N G S K I L L S AT
10 MORE STUDY TIPS
37 UNIVERSITY

P R E PA R I N G F O R
48 P R E S E N TAT I O N S

USING LEARNING
54 RESOURCES
 3

BEING PREPARED
FOR YOU R F I RST DAY

zŽƵƌĮƌƐƚĚĂLJĂƚƵŶŝǀǀĞƌƐŝƚLJĐĂŶďĞŽǀĞƌǁ
ǁŚĞůŵŝŶŐ
ĂŶĚƐƚƌĞƐƐĨƵů͘
/ƚƚŝƐƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞĂŐŽŽ
ŽĚŝĚĞĂƚŽďĞĂƐƉƌƌĞƉĂƌĞĚĂƐ
ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ͘ĞůŽǁŝƐĂĐŚĞĐŬůŝƐƚŽĨǁŚĂƚLJLJŽƵƐŚŽƵůĚ
ƚĂĂŬĞǁŝƚŚLJŽƵƚŽůĞĐĐƚƵƌĞƐ͗

E X A M PA D A FEW PENS HIGHLIGHTERS TEXTBOOKS  /  Z z Έ K Z

OR F O R R E L E VA
ANT USE THE
A LARGE SUBJECTS CALENDAR
EMPTY
FUNCTION ON
NOTEBOOK
YOUR CELL
W,KEΉ
4

L EAR N I N G
EN VIR O NM ENT S

Yo u n e e d t o c r e a t e a l e a r n i n g e nv i r o n m e n t
that is beneficial to your physical and mental
well-being and that will enable you to receive
t he m ost f rom your uni versi t y ed uca t i on.
 5
dŚĞůŝƐƚďĞůŽǁĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐƐŽŵĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƚŝĐƐ
Ž Ĩ ĂŶ ŝŶĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
ƚŚĂƚ ŵĂLJ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞ ĞŶ Ă ŚŝŶĚƌĂŶĐĞĞ  ƚŽ LJŽƵƌ
ůĞĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶ
ŶĐĞĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂƚŝŽŶĂƚŚŝŐŚ
ƐĐŚŽŽů͘dŚĞLJŵĂLJŚĂǀĞƉƌĞǀĞŶƚĞĚLJLJŽƵĨƌŽŵ
ĂĐŚŝĞǀŝŶŐLJŽƵƌďĞĞƐƚ͗

Noi sy
1 C l a ssroom
Envi ronm ent
No A ccess to
2 L i b ra r y

3 Few Resources
No St ud y
4 Ti m eta b l e
No p l a ce to
5 St ud y a t H om e

6 Noi sy H om e TAK E N OT E
Envi ronm ent
d ŚĞƐĞ ͚ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů ĂƐƉĞĐƚƐ͛ ĂĚĚ Ƶ Ɖ ƚŽ ĂŶ dŚĞ ǁŽƌĚ ͚ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͛
ƵŶŚĞĂůƚŚLJůĞĂƌŶŝŶ ŶŐĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘ ĂƐ ƵƐĞĚ ŚĞƌĞ ŵĞĂŶƐ LJŽƵƌ
/ĨĨ  LJŽƵ ŚĂǀĞ ĞdžƉĞĞ ƌŝĞŶĐĞĚ ƐŽŵĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĞŶƚŝƌĞ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ƐŝƚƵĂƚŝŽŶ͕
ƐŝƚƵĂƚŝŽŶƐĂƚŽŶĞƉŽŝŶƚŽƌĂŶŽƚŚĞĞƌŝŶLJŽƵƌ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂůůƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ
Ś ŝŐŚ ƐĐŚŽŽů ĐĂƌĞĞ Ğƌ LJŽƵ ŶĞĞĚ ƚ Ž ŵĂŬĞ ƚŚĂƚŵĂŬĞŝƚĂŐŽŽĚŽƌďĂĚ
ƐŽŵĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽƉĞƌĨŽƌŵ ŵǁĞůůĂƚ ƉůĂĐĞŝŶǁŚŝĐŚLJŽƵĐĂŶůĞĂƌŶ
ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘ ĂŶĚƐƚƵĚLJ͘
6
H OW TO ESTAB L I S H A H EAL T H Y
LEARNING ENVIRONMENT

B e l ow i s a l ist o f h el pful ti ps to ena b le

y ou to cre ate a h eal t hy l earn i ngg
e nv i ronment :

ZĞĞŵŽǀĞĂůůĚŝƐƚƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĨƌŽ
ŽŵLJŽƵƌƉůĂĐĞŽĨƐƚƵĚLJ͕ĨŽƌƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞĐĞůů
ƉŚ
ŚŽŶĞ͕ds͕ƌĂĚŝŽ͕ĞƚĐ͘

ĞĞĨŽƌĞLJŽƵƐƚĂƌƚĂƐƚƵĚLJƐƐĞƐƐŝŽŶ͕ƐĞƚŽƵƚĞǀĞƌLJƚŚŝŶŐLJŽƵŶĞĞĚ͗
ŶŽŽƚĞƐ͕ƚĞdžƚŬƐ͕ĚŝĐƟŽŶĂƌƌLJ͕ƉĞŶƐ͕ƉĂƉĞƌ͕ĂŶĚĂŬŝƚĐĐŚĞŶƟŵĞƌŽƌ
ĂůůĂƌŵĐůŽĐŬ;ƐĞĞƚŚĞƐĞĐƟŽŽŶ͚ĞĂůŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƉƌŽĐƌĂƐƟ ƟŶĂƟŽŶ͛Ϳ͘zŽƵ
ĐĂĂŶĂůƐŽŬĞĞƉĂƉůĂƐƟĐďŽƩƩůĞŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĂƚŚĂŶĚŝĨLJŽŽƵŐĞƚƚŚŝƌƐƚLJ͘
dŚŚŝƐǁŝůůƉƌĞǀĞŶƚLJŽƵĨƌŽŵ
ŵŐŽŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞŬŝƚĐŚĞŶŝŶƚƚŚĞŵŝĚĚůĞŽĨ
LJŽŽƵƌƐƚƵĚLJƐĞƐƐŝŽŶ͘

dƌƌLJƚŽŵĂŬĞƐƵƌĞLJŽƵĂƌĞŶ
ŶŽƚĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚůLJŝŶƚĞƌƌƵƉƚĞĚ
Ě͘

zŽ
ŽƵƌƉůĂĐĞŽĨƐƚƵĚLJƐŚŽƵůĚ
ĚďĞƋƵŝĞƚ͘

ŽŶ͛ƚƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨǁ ǁŝƚŚƚĞŵƉƚĂƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚǁŝůůůĚŝƐƚƌĂĐƚLJŽƵ
ĨƌƌŽŵƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐ͘dŚŝƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞĞƐĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌƐ͕ŐĂŵĞƐ͕ĐĞůůƉŚŽŶĞƐĂŶĚ
ĨŽ
ŽŽĚ͘

DĂŬĞƐƵƌĞLJŽƵŚĂǀĞĞŶŽƵŐŐŚƐƉĂĐĞĂƚLJŽƵƌƐƚƵĚLJĂƌĞĞĂ͘

DĂŬĞƐƵƌĞLJŽƵŚĂǀĞĂĐŽŵ
ŵĨŽƌƚĂďůĞĐŚĂŝƌƚŚĂƚƐƵƉƉŽ
ŽƌƚƐLJŽƵƌďĂĐŬ͘

zŽ
ŽƵƐŚŽƵůĚďĞƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐŝŶŐŐŽŽĚůŝŐŚƚ͘

zŽ
ŽƵŶĞĞĚƚŽĨĞĞůĐŽŵĨŽƌƚĂĂďůĞŝŶLJŽƵƌƉůĂĐĞŽĨƐƚƵĚ
ĚLJƐŽƚŚĂƚLJŽƵ
ĂƌƌĞŶŽƚƚĞŵƉƚĞĚƚŽĞƐĐĂƉĞĞĂŶĚƚĂŬĞƚŽŽŵĂŶLJďƌĞĂŬƐ͘
 H OW TO C R EAT E A
7
STUDY TIMETABLE
 Ɛƚ ƵĚLJ ƚ ŝŵ ĞƚĂ ďůĞ ŝƐĐ ƌ ƵĐ ŝĂ ůĨŽƌ Ğ ƐƚĂ ďůŝƐŚŝŶŐ Ă ƌĞ Ő ƵůĂ ƌ
ƐƚƵĚLJƌŽƵƚŝŶĞ͘ƌĞĂƚŝŶŐƐƵĐŚĂƚŝŵĞƚĂďůĞĂŶĚĨŽůůŽǁ ŝŶŐ
ŝ ƚ  ƌ ŝ Ő Ś ƚ  Ĩ ƌ Ž ŵ  ƚ Ś Ğ  Ɛ ƚ Ă ƌ ƚ  ǁ ŝ ů ů  Ś Ğ ů Ɖ  LJ Ž Ƶ  ƚ Ž  Ɖ ƌ Ğ Ɖ Ă ƌ Ğ
Ɛ Ƶ Đ Đ Ğ Ɛ ƐĨ Ƶ ů ů LJ  ĨŽ ƌ  LJŽ Ƶ ƌ  ĞdžĂ ŵ Ɛ ͘  / ƚ  ǁ ŝ ů ů  ŵ Ă ŬĞ  LJŽ Ƶ  ĂǁĂ ƌĞ
ŽĨƚŚĞƚŝŵĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƚŽLJŽƵĂŶĚǁŝůůŚĞůƉLJŽƵŵĂŶĂ ŐĞ
ƚ ŚĂƚ ƚ ŝŵ Ğ ǁ ŝƐĞ ůLJ͘

DKE͘ dh͘ t͘ d,h͘ &Z/͘ ^d͘ ^hE͘

6:00 a.m.
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
1:00 p.m.
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
TOTAL
^dhz
HOURS
8

D R AW I N G U P Y O U R
TIMETABLE
WHEN DRAWING UP YOUR TIMETABLE IT IS
IMPORTANT TO TAKE NOTE OF THE FOLLOWING:

1 2 TAKE NOTE

EŽǁĞĞŬŝƐĞdžĂĐƚůLJLJƚŚĞ dƌLJ ƚŽ Ĩŝƚ ŝŶ ƐƚƵĚLJ ƚŝŵĞ /ƚŝƐĞĂƐŝĞƌĨŽƌLJŽƵƌďƌĂŝŶƚŽ

ƐĂŵĞ͘ƌĞĞĂƚĞĚŝīĞĞƌĞŶƚ
ƐƚƵĚLJ ƚŝŵ
ŵ ĞƚĂďůĞƐƐ  ĨŽƌ
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ǁĞĞŬƐ ǁŚĞŶ
ŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJLJ͘
3 4
dƌLJ ƚŽ ĞƐƚƚĂďůŝƐŚ ƌĞŐƵůĂƌ
ƐƚƵĚLJ ƟŵĞĞƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ĐƌĞĞĂƚĞƐ
ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶĐLJLJƐŽƚŚĂƚƚƚŚŽƐĞ
ŚŽƵƌƐŽĨƐƚƚƵĚLJďĞĐŽ ŽŵĞĂ
ŚĂďŝƚ͘
ŽĨ ŽŶĞ ĂŶ ŶĚ Ă ŚĂůĨ ŚŽƵƌ
; ϵ Ϭ  ŵ ŝ Ŷ Ƶ ƚĞ Ɛ Ϳ  Ă Ĩ ƚĞ ƌ
ůĞĐƚƵƌĞƐ͘ ;ůƐŽ ƐĞĞĞ  ƚŚĞ
Ɛ ĞĐƚŝŽŶ ͚ ĞĂůŝŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ
ƉƌŽĐƌĂƐƟŶĂĂƟŽŶ͛ďĞůŽ Žǁ͘Ϳ
/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶŶƚŽƚŚĞƟŵĞLJŽƵ
ƐƉĞŶĚ ƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐ ŵĂƚƚĞƌŝĂů
ƚ ŚĂƚ ŚĂƐ ĂůƌĞĂĚLJ ďĞĞŶ
ĐŽǀĞƌĞĚ ŝŶŶ ůĞĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕͕ LJŽƵ
ƐŚŽƵůĚĂůƐŽŽƐĞƚĂƐŝĚĞĞƟŵĞ
ŽŶLJŽƵƌƟŵ ŵĞƚĂďůĞƚŽ ŽƌĞĂĚ
ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚŚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƚŚĂƚ
ƚ ŚĞ ůĞĐƚƵƌƌĞƌ ǁŝůů Đ ŽǀĞƌ
ďĞĨŽƌĞ ƚŚĞĞ ůĞĐƚƵƌĞ ƚĂŬĞƐ
ƉůĂĐĞ͘ dŚŝƐƐ ǁŝůů ŚĞůƉ
Ɖ LJŽƵ
ƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂĂŶĚƚŚĞƐƵ ƵďũĞĐƚ
ŵŽƌĞĨƵůůLJĂŶĚǁŝůůĞŶ ŶĂďůĞ
LJŽƵ ƚŽ ĂƐƐ Ŭ ƋƵĞƐƚŝŽ Ž ŶƐ ŝĨ
ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĂĂƐƉĞĐƚƐƚŚĂĂƚLJŽƵ
ĚŽŶŽƚƵŶĚ ĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ͘
ĂďƐŽƌďŶĞǁŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝĨ
ŝƚ ĐĂŶ ŵĂŬĞ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚŝŽŶƐ
ƚŽ  Ă ů ƌĞ Ă Ě LJ  ů Ğ Ă ƌ Ŷ Ğ Ě
ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͘dŚŝƐŚĞůƉƐƚŽ
ƐƚŽƌĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶLJŽƵƌ
ůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵ ŵĞŵŽƌLJ͘ /Ĩ
LJŽƵ ŐŽ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů
ďĞĨŽƌĞ LJŽƵƌ ůĞĐƚƵƌĞ LJŽƵƌ
ďƌĂŝŶǁŝůůďĞĂďůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞ
ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐŵŽƌĞƋƵŝĐŬůLJ
ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ůĞĐƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ
ƐƚŽƌĞ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ ŝŶ
LJŽƵƌ ůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵ ŵĞŵŽƌLJ͘
tŝƚŚŽƵƚ ƚŚŝƐ ĞdžƚƌĂ ƐƚĞƉ
LJŽƵ ǁŝůů ƋƵŝĐŬůLJ ĨŽƌŐĞƚ
ǁŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ůĞĐƚƵƌĞƌ ƐĂŝĚ
ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ůĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘ dŽ ŐŽ ƚŚĞ
ĞdžƚƌĂ ŵŝůĞ͕ ĂůƐŽ ƐƉĞŶĚ
Ă ĐŽƵƉůĞ ŽĨ ŵŝŶƵƚĞƐ ƚŽ
ƌĞĂĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ LJŽƵƌ ŶŽƚĞƐ
ĨƌŽŵƚŚĞůĞĐƚƵƌĞĂŌĞƌƚŚĞ
ůĞĐƚƵƌĞ͕ƉĞƌŚĂƉƐĚƵƌŝŶŐĂ
ďƌĞĂŬŽƌůƵŶĐŚƟŵĞ͘
 9

DEAL I N G WI T H
PROCRASTINATION
t ŚĞŶ LJŽƵƌƌ  ƐƚƵĚLJ ƐĞĞ ƐƐŝŽŶ
ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ͕ LJŽƵ ŵĂLJ ŽĨƚĞĞŶ ĨŝŶĚ
ƚ ŚĂƚ LJŽƵ ƐƵĚĚ ĚĞŶůLJ ǁĂŶƚ ƚŽ ĚŽ
ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐĞůƐƐĞ͘zŽƵŵĂLJǁ ǁĂŶƚƚŽ
ƐƚĂƌƚĐůĞĂŶŝŶŐLJŽƵƌƌŽŽŵ͕Ž ŽƌŵĂŬĞ
ƐŽŵĞƚĞĂ͕Žƌ͚ũƵƐƚƋƵŝĐŬůLJ͛ƉŚŽŶĞ
Ž ƌ ^D^ Ă ĨƌŝĞĞ ŶĚ͘ dŚŝƐ ŝƐ ĐĂůůĞĚ
ƉƌŽĐƌĂƐƟŶĂƟŽ ŽŶ͘zŽƵĂƌĞƚƌLJŝŶŐƚŽ
ĂǀŽŝĚƐƚĂƌƟŶŐƚŽƐƚƵĚLJ͘dŽĐĐŽŵďĂƚ
ƉƌŽĐƌĂƐƟŶĂƟŽŶ Ŷ͕ĚŽƚŚĞĨŽůůŽŽǁŝŶŐ͗

ϭ͘ tƌŝƚĞĚŽǁŶƚŚĞƚŚŝŶŐŽƌƚŚŝŶŐƐƚŚĂƚLJŽƵƐƵĚĚĞŶůLJĮŶĚLJŽƵǁĂŶƚ
ƚŽĚŽ͘dĞůůLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨLJŽƵǁŝůůŵĂŬĞƟŵĞĨŽƌƚŚĞŵĂŌĞƌǁĂƌĚƐ͘

Ϯ͘ ZĞŵŽǀĞĂůůĚŝƐƚƌĂĐƟŽŶƐďĞĨŽƌĞLJŽƵƐƚĂƌƚ͘

ϯ͘ ŽůůĞĐƚĂůůLJŽƵƌƐƚƵĚLJŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĂŶĚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞƚŚĞŵŽŶLJŽƵƌĚĞƐŬ
ďĞĨŽƌĞLJŽƵƌƐĞƐƐŝŽŶƐƚĂƌƚƐ͘

ϰ͘ hƐĞĂŬŝƚĐŚĞŶƟŵĞƌ͘^ĞƚŝƚĨŽƌϭϱŵŝŶƵƚĞƐ͘ŶLJŽŶĞĐĂŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞ
ĨŽƌũƵƐƚϭϱŵŝŶƵƚĞƐ͕ƌŝŐŚƚ͍^ƚƵĚLJĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƉĞƌŝŽĚƵŶƟůƚŚĞƟŵĞƌ
ŐŽĞƐŽī͘

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Y AWAKE
12 tŚĞŶLJŽƵĂƌĞƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐĂŶĚĮŶĚŝŶ ŶŐŝƚĚŝĸĐƵůƚƚŽĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞ͕LJŽƵŵĂLJĨĞĞůLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨ
ĚŽŽnjŝŶŐŽī͘tŚĞŶƚŚŝƐŚĂƉƉĞŶƐ͕ƐĞĞƚLJŽƵƌŬŝƚĐŚĞŶƟŵĞƌŽƌĂůĂƌŵĨŽ ŽƌƐŚŽƌƚĞƌƉĞƌŝŽĚƐ
ƚŚ
ŚĂŶƵƐƵĂů͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞϭϬŵŝŶƵƚƚĞƐ͘KŶĐĞŝƚŐŽĞƐŽī͕ƚĂŬĞĂƐŚŽƌƌƚϱͲŵŝŶƵƚĞďƌĞĂŬ
ďLJLJƐƚƌĞƚĐŚŝŶŐLJŽƵƌůĞŐƐĂŶĚƐŝƉƉŝŶŐŐƐŽŵĞĨƌƵŝƚũƵŝĐĞ͘dŚŝƐǁŝůůŚĞůƉŬŬĞĞƉLJŽƵĂůĞƌƚĨŽƌ
ƚŚ
ŚĞŶĞdžƚϭϬŵŝŶƵƚĞƐ͘

DON’T PANIC – STAY CAL

LM
ŶŶĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞŽĨĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŝŶŐŐŽŽĚ ĚƐƚƵĚLJŚĂďŝƚƐĞĂƌůLJŽŶŝŶƚŚĞLJĞĞĂƌ͕ŝƐƚŚĂƚŝƚŚĞůƉƐ
LJŽ
ŽƵƚŽƐƚĂLJĐĂůŵŝŶƚŚĞĨĂĐĞŽĨŽǀǀĞƌǁŚĞůŵŝŶŐǁŽƌŬ;ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞĞ͕ǁŚĞŶLJŽƵŚĂǀĞ
ŵƵůƟƉůĞĂƐƐŝŐŶŵĞŶƚĚĞĂĚůŝŶĞƐĨŽƌƌƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĚĂLJͿ͘/ĨLJŽƵŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶ ŶŬĞĞƉŝŶŐƵƉǁŝƚŚ
LJŽ
ŽƵƌĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐǁŽƌŬďLJƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƌƌĞŐƵůĂƌůLJ͕LJŽƵǁŝůůďĞůĞƐƐůŝŬĞůLJƚƚŽƉĂŶŝĐ͕ĂŶĚǁŝůů
ďĞĞĂďůĞƚŽĨŽĐƵƐŽŶŽŶĞƚĂƐŬĂƚĂƟ
ƟŵĞ͘

DON’T FORGET YOUR RESPONSIBILITIES – BECOME

AN ADULT
DŽƐƚĮƌƐƚͲLJĞĂƌƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐĂƌĞĂƚĂĂŶĂŐĞǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞLJĂƌĞŶŽƚƋƵŝƚƚĞĂĚƵůƚƐLJĞƚ͕ďƵƚ
ƚŚ
ŚĞLJĂƌĞŶ͛ƚƚĞĞŶĂŐĞƌƐĞŝƚŚĞƌ͘dŚĞƌĞĞĂƌĞĐĞƌƚĂŝŶƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐƚŚĂƚƚĐŽŵĞĂůŽŶŐǁŝƚŚ
ďĞĞĐŽŵŝŶŐĂŶĂĚƵůƚ͘KŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐƚĂŬŝŶŐƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚLJĨŽƌLJŽƵƌĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘
zŽŽƵŶŽůŽŶŐĞƌŚĂǀĞƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐŽƌƉĂĂƌĞŶƚƐĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚůLJƌĞŵŝŶĚŝŶŐLJŽƵ ƵƚŽĚŽLJŽƵƌǁŽƌŬ
Žƌƌ ĮŶŝƐŚ ĂŶ ĂƐƐŝŐŶŵĞŶƚ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ LJŽƵ
Ƶƌ ŽǁŶ ĐŚŽŝĐĞ ƚŽ ƐƚƵĚLJ ĂŶĚ LJŽ
ŽƵ ŵƵƐƚ ƚĂŬĞ ĨƵůů
ƌĞĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚLJĨŽƌLJŽƵƌůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĞdždžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ͘EŽŽŶĞŝƐŐŽŝŶŐƚŽƌĞĞŵŝŶĚLJŽƵĂďŽƵƚ
ĚĞĞĂĚůŝŶĞƐĨŽƌLJŽƵƌĂƐƐŝŐŶŵĞŶƚƐ͕ƚĞƐƚĚĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƐŽŽŶ͘/ƚŝƐƵƉƚƚŽLJŽƵƚŽƌĞŵŝŶĚ
LJŽŽƵƌƐĞůĨǁŚĞŶLJŽƵƌǁŽƌŬŶĞĞĚƐƚŽ ŽďĞŚĂŶĚĞĚŝŶ͕ĂŶĚǁŚĞŶLJŽƵŚĂǀĞƚŽǁƌŝƚĞƚĞƐƚƐ
ĂŶŶĚĞdžĂŵƐ͘

DON’T CREATE PROBLEMS FOR YOURSELF –

BE ORGANISED
zŽ
ŽƵĚŽŶ͛ƚŚĂǀĞƚŽďĞĂƉĞƌĨĞĐƟŽ ŽŶŝƐƚ͕ďƵƚƚƌLJƚŽŬĞĞƉLJŽƵƌǁŽƌŬŬŶĞĂƚĂŶĚĞĂƐŝůLJ
ĂĐĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ͘DĂŬĞƐƵƌĞLJŽƵĚĂƚĞĂůůůLJŽƵƌǁŽƌŬƐŽƚŚĂƚLJŽƵĐĂŶŬĞĞƉŝƚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƌƌĞĐƚ
ŽƌƌĚĞƌ͘ůůŽĐĂƚĞĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĮůĞĨŽƌĞĞĂĐŚŽĨLJŽƵƌƐƵďũĞĐƚƐ͘
/Ŷ
Ŷ ĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶ ƚŽ ŬĞĞƉŝŶŐ LJŽƵƌ ǁŽŽƌŬ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ͕ LJŽƵ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ĂůƐŽ ŽƌĚĞƌ LJŽƵƌ ůŝǀŝŶŐ
ĞŶŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŝŶĂǁĂLJƚŚĂƚǁŝůůĐĐĂƚĞƌĨŽƌLJŽƵƌĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐŶĞĞĚƐ͘<ĞĞƉLJŽƵƌƐƚƵĚLJ
ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕ƐƚĂƟŽŶĞƌLJ͕ŶŽƚĞƐĂŶĚƚƚĞdžƚŬƐŝŶĂĐůĞĂƌůLJĚĞĮŶĞĚƐƉ ƉĂĐĞ͘/ƚŝƐĚŝĸĐƵůƚ
ƚŽ
ŽƐƚƵĚLJƚŽLJŽƵƌďĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŝĨLJŽƵ
ƵƌƌŽŽŵŝƐŵĞƐƐLJ͘zŽƵĚŽŶ͛ƚŚĂǀĞĞƚŽďĞŽďƐĞƐƐŝǀĞ
ĂďďŽƵƚŝƚ͕ďƵƚƚƌLJƚŽŬĞĞƉLJŽƵƌƌŽŽ ŽŵƌĞĂƐŽŶĂďůLJĐůĞĂŶĂŶĚƟĚLJ͘ ŶŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚĂŶĚ
ƵŶŶĐůƵƩĞƌĞĚǁŽƌŬƐƉĂĐĞĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐŐĞƐĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚĂŶĚƵŶĐůƵƩĞƌĞĚ ĚŵŝŶĚ͘

>ĞĞĂƌŶƚŽŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĨŽƌĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐŝĞĞƐ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ŬĞĞƉĂƐƉĂƌĞůŝŐŐŚƚďƵůďĨŽƌLJŽƵƌ
ĚĞĞƐŬůĂŵƉƚŽĂǀŽŝĚƚŚĞƵŶƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚƚƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂďƵƌŶƚͲŽƵƚďƵůďŽŶ
ŶƚŚĞŶŝŐŚƚďĞĨŽƌĞ
ĂƚƚĞƐƚŽƌĞdžĂŵ͘ůƐŽŬĞĞƉƐƉĂƌĞƉĞĞŶƐĂŶĚƉĂƉĞƌŚĂŶĚLJ͘
13
14

ST U DY SK I L L S

Learning strategies & techniques

dŚĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞŐŝǀĞŶďĞůŽǁĂƌĞǁĂLJƐŽĨŚŽůĚŝŶŐ
ŽŶƚŽŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĐĂůůŝŶŐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͘

5% LISTENING
dŚŝƐ Ăƌ 'ƌĂƉŚ ƐŚŽǁƐ ƚŚĞ ƌĞĐĂůů
10% READING ƌĂƚĞŽĨǀĂƌŝŽƵƐůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͘
;^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ĂƚĂĚĞƌŝǀĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞh^
EĂƟŽŶĂůdƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌŝĞƐ͘
20% AUDIO VISUAL

30% TEACHER DEMONSTRATION

50% DISCUSSION IN GROUP

75% PRACTISING BY DOING

90% TEACHING OTHERS IN YOUR GROUP

dŚĞďĂƌŐƌĂƉŚŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚĂďŽǀĞĚŝƐƉůĂLJƐůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ
ŽƌĚĞƌŽĨĞīĞĐƟǀĞŶĞƐƐ͕ĨƌŽŵƚŽƉƚŽďŽƩŽŵ͘dŚĞƚŽƉďĂƌ͕>ŝƐƚĞŶŝŶŐ͕ŝƐƚŚĞ
ůĞĂƐƚĞīĞĐƟǀĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJ͘dŚĞďŽƩŽŵďĂƌƐŚŽǁƐƚŚĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJƚŚĂƚŝƐŵŽƐƚ
ĞīĞĐƟǀĞŝŶŚĞůƉŝŶŐLJŽƵƌďƌĂŝŶƚŽƌĞƚĂŝŶĂŶĚůĂƚĞƌƌĞĐĂůůŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͘dŚŝƐ
ĚŽĞƐŶŽƚŵĞĂŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĚŝƐĐĂƌĚĞĚĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞůLJ͘
ĂĐŚŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐƉůĂLJƐĂƉĂƌƚŝŶŚĞůƉŝŶŐLJŽƵƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ͕ĂďƐŽƌď
ĂŶĚƌĞĐĂůůŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͘
 15

tŚĞŶ ƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐ͕ ŝƚ ŝƐ ďĞƐƚ ƚŽ

ƵƐĞ Ă ǀĂƌŝĞƚLJ ŽĨ ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ͘ tĞ
ƐŚĂůů ĞůĂďŽƌĂƚĞ ŽŶ Ă ĨĞǁ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŝŶŵŽƌĞĚĞƚĂŝůŽŶƉĂŐĞƐ
ϭϲͲϮϰ͘

TAK E N OT E

tŚĞŶ LJŽƵ ĂƉƉůLJ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ͕

LJŽƵĂƌĞƚĂŬŝŶŐĨƵůůƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚLJĨŽƌ
LJŽƵƌůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘
16

ST U D Y T EC H N IQ U E 1 –
T EAC H I N G OT H ER S
tŚĞŶLJŽƵĞdžƉůĂŝŶĂƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐǁŽƌŬƚŽŽƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͕LJŽƵLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨďĞŶĞĮƚ
ƚŚĞŵŽƐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžĞƌĐŝƐĞ͘zŽƵŚĂǀĞƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐƌĞĂůůLJǁĞůůƚŽďĞĂďůĞ
ƚŽƚĞĂĐŚŝƚƚŽŽƚŚĞƌƐ͘/ĨLJŽƵŚĂǀĞƚƌŽƵďůĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐĂĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƚŽĂŶŽƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͕ŝƚ
ƉƌŽďĂďůLJŵĞĂŶƐƚŚĂƚLJŽƵĚŽŶŽƚƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝƚǁĞůůĞŶŽƵŐŚ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĂƚLJŽƵŚĂǀĞƚŽŐŽ
ďĂĐŬĂŶĚƌĞǀŝƐĞƚŚĞƚŽƉŝĐ͘ĞĐĂƵƐĞLJŽƵŚĂǀĞƚŽƉƌĞƉĂƌĞƚŚŽƌŽƵŐŚůLJĂŶĚƌĞĂůůLJƚŚŝŶŬ
ĂďŽƵƚĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝŵƉĂƌƚLJŽƵƌŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƚŽŽƚŚĞƌƐ͕ƚŚŝƐƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞŝƐĂŶ
ĞdžĐĞůůĞŶƚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĨŽƌǁŚĞŶLJŽƵǁƌŝƚĞƚĞƐƚƐŽƌĞdžĂŵƐ͘

ADVANTAGES
ϭ͘/ƚĞŶĂďůĞƐLJŽƵƚŽďĞƩĞƌƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞƐƵďũĞĐƚLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨ͘
Ϯ͘/ƚĞŶĂďůĞƐLJŽƵƚŽĐůĂƌŝĨLJĂŶĚĞdžƉůĂŝŶƚŚĞƐƵďũĞĐƚŝŶĂĐŽŶĐŝƐĞĂŶĚůŽŐŝĐĂůǁĂLJ͘
ϯ͘/ƚĞŶĂďůĞƐLJŽƵƚŽĂŶƐǁĞƌƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐŝŶĚĞƚĂŝů͘
ϰ͘/ƚĞŶĂďůĞƐLJŽƵƚŽŵĂŬĞĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚŵĂLJŶŽƚŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶǀŝƐŝďůĞďĞĨŽƌĞ͘
ϱ͘/ƚĞŶĂďůĞƐLJŽƵƚŽƐƵŵŵĂƌŝƐĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶĂŶĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐĨĂƐŚŝŽŶ͘

dŚŝƐƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞŝƐĂŶĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJŐŽŽĚǁĂLJŽĨŬĞĞƉŝŶŐƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶLJŽƵƌůŽŶŐͲ
ƚĞƌŵŵĞŵŽƌLJ͕ŵĂŬŝŶŐŝƚĞĂƐŝĞƌƚŽƌĞĐŽůůĞĐƚƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŚĞŶLJŽƵŶĞĞĚŝƚ͘
^ƚƵĚLJŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŶŽƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚĞŶƚŽƌŝŶĂŐƌŽƵƉĐĂŶďĞďĞŶĞĮĐŝĂů͕ďƵƚƌĞŵĞŵďĞƌƚŽ
ƐƚĂLJĨŽĐƵƐĞĚ͘ŽŶŽƚŐĞƚĚŝƐƚƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJŶŽŶͲĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶƐ͘
 17

ST U D Y T EC H N IQ U E 2 -
T H E CO N T I N U O U S R E VI EW
ME T H O D

dŚŝƐƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞŝƐƵƐĞĨƵůŝĨLJŽƵƉƌĞĨĞƌƚŽƐƚƵĚLJďLJLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨŽƌǁŚĞŶLJŽƵƌŽƚŚĞƌ
ƐƚƵĚLJƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐĂƌĞƵŶĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘tŚĞŶŶĞǁŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝƐŐŝǀĞŶƚŽLJŽƵŝŶ
ƚŚĞůĞĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ŐŽƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJŽƌĂƐŽŌĞŶĂƐƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ͘dŚŝƐ
ĐĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶLJŽƵƌůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵŵĞŵŽƌLJ͕ĂŶĚŚĞůƉƐƉƌĞƉĂƌĞLJŽƵ
ĨŽƌĂƚĞƐƚŽƌĞdžĂŵ͘

tŚĞŶ ĂƉƉůLJŝŶŐ ƚŚŝƐ ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞ͕ ĚŽ ŶŽƚ ƌĞĂĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ŝŶ ĂŶ
ƵŶĨŽĐƵƐĞĚǁĂLJ͘dŚŝƐŝƐŝŶĞīĞĐƟǀĞĂŶĚĂǁĂƐƚĞŽĨƟŵĞ͘<ĞĞƉLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨĂůĞƌƚĂŶĚ
ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚĞĚďLJƚĞƐƟŶŐLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨĂƐLJŽƵƌĞĂĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘ƐŬLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨ
ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐĂďŽƵƚǁŚĂƚLJŽƵĂƌĞƌĞĂĚŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚĂŶƐǁĞƌLJŽƵƌƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ͘dŚŝƐǁŝůů
ŚĞůƉLJŽƵĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĂŶĚǁŝůůĂůƐŽŚĞůƉLJŽƵƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚďĞƩĞƌ͘
18
ST U D Y T EC H N IQ U E 3 -
STUDY-COVER-RECALL-
C H EC K
tŚĞŶƌĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚLJŽƵƌŶŽƚĞƐŽƌĂŶLJŽƚŚĞƌŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƚŚĂƚƚŚĞůĞĐƚƵƌĞƌŚĂƐ
ƐĞƚĨŽƌLJŽƵ͕LJŽƵĐĂŶƵƐĞƚŚŝƐƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƚŽŚĞůƉLJŽƵƌďƌĂŝŶƌĞŵĞŵďĞƌĂŶĚƐƚŽƌĞ
ƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͘dŚŝƐƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞŝƐŶ͛ƚŶĞǁĂŶĚŝƐƐƟůůŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵŽƐƚĞīĞĐƟǀĞ
ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐĨŽƌƐƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŽůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵŵĞŵŽƌLJ͘

STUDY
'ŽƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĂŶĚŵĂŬĞƐƵƌĞLJŽƵƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚďLJ
ŵĂŬŝŶŐďƌŝĞĨƐƵŵŵĂƌŝĞƐĂŶĚͬŽƌĚƌĂǁŝŶŐƐŝŵƉůĞŵŝŶĚŵĂƉƐ͘

COVER
ŽǀĞƌƵƉƚŚĞǁŽƌŬƚŚĂƚLJŽƵŚĂǀĞũƵƐƚƌĞĂĚĂŶĚƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚ͘

RECALL
dƌLJƚŽƌĞŵĞŵďĞƌƚŚĞŬĞLJŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚǁƌŝƚĞŝƚĚŽǁŶŝŶďƵůůĞƚƉŽŝŶƚƐ͘

CHECK
^ĞĞŝĨǁŚĂƚLJŽƵŚĂǀĞǁƌŝƩĞŶĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚƐǁŝƚŚLJŽƵƌŽƌŝŐŝŶĂůŶŽƚĞƐĂŶĚ
ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘ /Ĩ LJŽƵ ŚĂǀĞ ůĞŌ ŽƵƚ ƐŽŵĞ ŬĞLJ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ƌĞĚŽ ƚŚĞ
ĞdžĞƌĐŝƐĞĂŶĚĂĚĚƚŚĞŵŝƐƐŝŶŐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƚŽLJŽƵƌůŝƐƚ͘

A DVA N TAG E S
ϭ͘ /ĨLJŽƵĚŽƚŚŝƐĚĂŝůLJ͕LJŽƵǁŝůůďĞǁĞůůƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚĨŽƌLJŽƵƌĞdžĂŵƐĞǀĞŶďĞĨŽƌĞLJŽƵ
ƐƚĂƌƚƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐĨŽƌƚŚĞŵ͘
Ϯ͘ dŚĞƐƵŵŵĂƌŝĞƐĂŶĚŵŝŶĚŵĂƉƐLJŽƵĐƌĞĂƚĞǁŚĞŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚŝƐƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞĐĂŶďĞ
ƵƐĞĚƚŽƐƚƵĚLJĨŽƌƚĞƐƚƐĂŶĚĞdžĂŵƐ͘
 19
ST U D Y T EC H N IQ U E 4 -
T H E SQ3 R MET H O D
dŚŝƐƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌŽƵƟŶĞ͗ƐƵƌǀĞLJ͕ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ͕ƌĞĂĚ͕ƌĞĐŝƚĞĂŶĚ
ƌĞǀŝĞǁ͘^YϯZŚĞůƉƐLJŽƵƚŽŐĞƚĂŶŽǀĞƌǀŝĞǁŽĨƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚďƵŝůĚĂĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ͕
ŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƚŽŚĞůƉŝŶŐLJŽƵƚŽŚŽůĚŽŶƚŽƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵŵĞŵŽƌLJ͘

1 SURVEY

dŚŝƐ ŝƐ Ă ƋƵŝĐŬ ƐĐĂŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞĂĚŝŶŐ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘ ĞƉĞŶĚŝŶŐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ
ĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͕ƚŚŝƐǁŝůůƚĂŬĞĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJϭʹϱŵŝŶƵƚĞƐ͘tŚŝůĞ
LJŽƵƐĐĂŶƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶLJŽƵƐŚŽƵůĚƚƌLJƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞ
ŐĞŶĞƌĂůƚŚĞŵĞŽƌŵĞĂŶŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞĐŚĂƉƚĞƌŽƌƐĞĐƟŽŶ͘

tŚĞŶƐĐĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ůŽŽŬĂƚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĐůŽƐĞůLJ͗

ϭ͘ dŚĞ ƚŝƚůĞ ĂŶĚ ŚĞĂĚŝŶŐƐ ĨŝƌƐƚ ʹ ƚŚĞLJ ǁŝůů ŐŝǀĞ LJŽƵ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ
ĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬŽĨĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐĐŽǀĞƌĞĚ
Ϯ͘ dŚĞƐƵďŚĞĂĚŝŶŐƐďĞůŽǁĞĂĐŚŚĞĂĚŝŶŐʹƚŚĞƐĞǁŝůůŐŝǀĞLJŽƵĂŶ
ŝĚĞĂŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƚĂŝůƐƚŚĂƚǁŝůůďĞĚŝƐĐƵƐƐĞĚĨŽƌĞĂĐŚĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ
ϯ͘ ĂƉƟŽŶƐƵŶĚĞƌƉŝĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ĐŚĂƌƚƐ͕ŐƌĂƉŚƐŽƌŵĂƉƐʹƚŚĞLJǁŝůůŐŝǀĞ
LJŽƵĂŶĞǀĞŶďĞƩĞƌŝĚĞĂŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƚĂŝůƐĐŽǀĞƌĞĚ
ϰ͘ /ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƚŽƌLJĂŶĚĐůŽƐŝŶŐƉĂƌĂŐƌĂƉŚƐʹƚŚĞLJǁŝůůŐŝǀĞLJŽƵĂŶŝĚĞĂ
ŽĨƚŚĞůŽŐŝĐĂůŇŽǁŽĨĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚ

TIP -
dŚĞŵĂŝŶŚĞĂĚŝŶŐƐĂƌĞƵƐƵĂůůLJŝŶĂůĂƌŐĞƌĨŽŶƚĂŶĚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽůŽƵƌ͕
ŽƌŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚĞĚŝŶďŽůĚ͘dŚĞLJǁŝůůƚĞůůLJŽƵǁŚĂƚƚŚĞŵĂŝŶĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐĂƌĞ͘
 2 QUESTION
20 dĂŬĞĂĐŽƵƉůĞŽĨŵŝŶƵƚĞƐůŽŶŐĞƌƚŚĂŶ^ƚĞƉϭ;ƌŽƵŐŚůLJϱʹϭϬŵŝŶƵƚĞƐͿ
ĂŶĚƚĂŬĞĂĐůŽƐĞƌůŽŽŬĂƚLJŽƵƌƌĞĂĚŝŶŐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůďLJĂƐŬŝŶŐLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨ
ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ͘ƐŬLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨǁŚĂƚLJŽƵĂƌĞƚƌLJŝŶŐƚŽĮŶĚŽƵƚďLJƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘ƐLJŽƵƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐǁƌŝƚĞĚŽǁŶLJŽƵƌƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐŽŶLJŽƵƌ
ĞdžĂŵƉĂĚ͘

TIP -
dĂŬĞ ŶŽƚĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŚĞĂĚŝŶŐƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶǀĞƌƚ ƚŚĞŵ ŝŶƚŽ
ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ͘

3 READ
EŽǁƌĞĂĚƐůŽǁůLJƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͘DĂŬĞĂŶŽƚĞŽĨĞǀĞƌLJƚŚŝŶŐ
LJŽƵĚŽŶŽƚƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĨƵůůLJ͘zŽƵǁŝůůŚĂǀĞƚŽĐŽŵĞďĂĐŬƚŽƚŚĞƐĞ
ƉŽŝŶƚƐůĂƚĞƌĂŶĚĞdžƉůŽƌĞƚŚĞŵŝŶŵŽƌĞĚĞƚĂŝů͕ƉĞƌŚĂƉƐďLJĐŽŶƐƵůƟŶŐ
ŽƚŚĞƌƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘ƐLJŽƵƌĞĂĚ͕ƐĞĂƌĐŚĨŽƌƚŚĞĂŶƐǁĞƌƐƚŽƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ
LJŽƵǁƌŽƚĞĚŽǁŶŝŶ^ƚĞƉϮ͘dŚŝƐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐŬŶŽǁŶĂƐĂĐƟǀĞƌĞĂĚŝŶŐ
ĂŶĚƚĂŬĞƐĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĨŽĐƵƐ͘

TIP -
ZĞͲƌĞĂĚƚŚĞĐĂƉƟŽŶƐƵŶĚĞƌƉŝĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ŐƌĂƉŚƐ͕ĞƚĐ͘dĂŬĞ
ƐƉĞĐŝĂů ŶŽƚĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƵŶĚĞƌůŝŶĞĚ͕ ŝƚĂůŝĐŝƐĞĚ ĂŶĚ ďŽůĚ
ƉƌŝŶƚĞĚ ǁŽƌĚƐ Žƌ ƉŚƌĂƐĞƐ͘ džĂŵŝŶĞ Ăůů ŐƌĂƉŚƐ ĂŶĚ
ĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ͘dŚĞƐĞǁŝůůƐƵŵƵƉĂŶĚĐůĂƌŝĨLJƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚ
ƚŚĂƚLJŽƵŚĂǀĞũƵƐƚƌĞĂĚ͘

4 RECITE
^ƵŵŵĂƌŝƐĞƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶLJŽƵŚĂǀĞũƵƐƚƌĞĂĚƵƐŝŶŐLJŽƵƌŽǁŶǁŽƌĚƐ͘
tƌŝƚĞĚŽǁŶǁŚĂƚLJŽƵŚĂǀĞƐƵŵŵĂƌŝƐĞĚĂŶĚƐĂLJŝƚŽƵƚůŽƵĚƚŽLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨ͘

5 REVIEW
dŚŝƐŵĞĂŶƐŐŽŝŶŐŽǀĞƌĞǀĞƌLJƚŚŝŶŐLJŽƵŚĂǀĞĚŽŶĞďLJ͗

ϭ͘ ZĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞĞŶƟƌĞĐŚĂƉƚĞƌŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘
Ϯ͘ >ŽŽŬŝŶŐĂƚLJŽƵƌƌĞĐŝƚĂƟŽŶƐƵŵŵĂƌŝĞƐĂŶĚƚƵƌŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŵŝŶƚŽ
ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ͘
ϯ͘ ŶƐǁĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚŽƵƚůŽŽŬŝŶŐĂƚƚŚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘

TIP -
zŽƵ ĐĂŶ ĐŽŵďŝŶĞ ƚŚĞ ^YϯZ
ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞǁŝƚŚ^ƚƵĚLJƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞ
ϭ ;͚dĞĂĐŚŝŶŐ ŽƚŚĞƌƐ͛Ϳ ďLJ ĂĚĚŝŶŐ
Ă ϲƚŚ ƐƚĞƉ ʹ ƚĞůů Žƌ ĞdžƉůĂŝŶ ƚŽ
ƐŽŵĞŽŶĞ ǁŚĂƚ LJŽƵ ŚĂǀĞ ũƵƐƚ
ƌĞĂĚ͘
21
TIP -
/Ĩ LJŽƵ ĂƌĞ ƐƚƌƵŐŐůŝŶŐ ƚŽ
ƌĞŵĞŵďĞƌ ƐŽŵĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƌĞ
ĚŝĨĨŝĐƵůƚ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐ LJŽƵ ĐĂŶ
ŵĂŬĞ ĨůĂƐŚĐĂƌĚƐ͕ Žƌ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ
ŵŶĞŵŽŶŝĐƐ͘ DŶĞŵŽŶŝĐƐ ĂƌĞ
ƌŚLJŵĞƐ Žƌ ƐĞŶƚĞŶĐĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĐĂŶ
ŚĞůƉ LJŽƵ ƌĞŵĞŵďĞƌ ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚ͘
;^ĞĞƚŚĞƐĞĐƟŽŶ͚hƐĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ
ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐĨŽƌƌŽƚĞůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͛͘Ϳ
22

ST U D Y T EC H N IQ U E 5 -
MI N D MA P PI N G
>ŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵŵĞŵŽƌLJŝƐŵŽƌĞƌĞĐĞƉƟǀĞƚŽŝŵĂŐĞƐƚŚĂŶƚŽǁŽƌĚƐ͕ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞƵƐŝŶŐǀŝƐƵĂů
ĂŝĚƐŝƐĂƉŽǁĞƌĨƵůƐƚƵĚLJƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞ͘ůƚŚŽƵŐŚŵŽƐƚŽĨǁŚĂƚLJŽƵƐƚƵĚLJǁŝůůďĞŐŝǀĞŶ
ƚŽLJŽƵĂƐǁƌŝƩĞŶŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͕LJŽƵĐĂŶƐƟůůƚƵƌŶƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŽĂǀŝƐƵĂůĂŝĚ͘

ŵŝŶĚŵĂƉŝƐĂǀŝƐƵĂůĂŝĚƚŚĂƚŝƐĂŐƌĞĂƚǁĂLJŽĨƐƵŵŵĂƌŝƐŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͘
ĞůŽǁŝƐĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨǁŚĂƚĂŐŽŽĚŵŝŶĚŵĂƉůŽŽŬƐůŝŬĞ͘hƐĞĐŽůŽƵƌǁŚĞƌĞƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ͕
ĂƐƚŚŝƐĐƌĞĂƚĞƐĂŶĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂŶŚĞůƉLJŽƵƚŽƌĞĐĂůůƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵLJŽƵƌ
ůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵŵĞŵŽƌLJ͘
 23

LOOK FOR
RELATIONSHIPS

tŚĞŶ ĐƌĞĂƚŝŶŐ Ă ŵŝŶĚ ŵĂƉ ŝƚ ŝƐ

ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚǁŚŝĐŚƐĞĐƟŽŶƐ
ŽĨŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƌĞůĂƚĞƚŽĞĂĐŚŽƚŚĞƌ͕ĂŶĚ
ŚŽǁƚŚĞLJƌĞůĂƚĞ͘WůĂĐĞĂĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝĚĞĂŝŶ
ƚŚĞ ŵŝĚĚůĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ƌĞůĂƚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŵĞƐ ĂŶĚ
ǁŚĂƚ ƚŚĞLJ ĞŶƚĂŝů ĂƌŽƵŶĚ LJŽƵƌ ĐĞŶƚƌĂů
ƚŚĞŵĞ͕ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŽƌŝĚĞĂ͘

HOW TO DRAW A MIND MAP

^ƚĞƉϭ͗WŝĐŬƚŚĞƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶLJŽƵǁŽƵůĚůŝŬĞƚŽƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵŝŶƚŽĂŵŝŶĚŵĂƉ͘
^ƚĞƉϮ͗tƌŝƚĞƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝĚĞĂ͕ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŽƌƚŚĞŵĞŝŶƚŚĞŵŝĚĚůĞŽĨƚŚĞƉĂŐĞĂŶĚŽƵƚůŝŶĞ
ŝƚǁŝƚŚĂƐŚĂƉĞ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞĂĐŝƌĐůĞŽƌƌĞĐƚĂŶŐůĞ͘
^ƚĞƉϯ͗ƌĂǁƐĞǀĞƌĂůďƌĂŶĐŚĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚŝƐĐĞŶƚƌĂůƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚŐŝǀĞĞĂĐŚƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞďƌĂŶĐŚĂ
ŚĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŚĂƚƌĞůĂƚĞƐƚŽLJŽƵƌĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝĚĞĂ͘ƌĂǁĂƐŚĂƉĞĂƌŽƵŶĚĞĂĐŚŽĨƚŚĞƐĞŚĞĂĚŝŶŐƐ͘
^ƚĞƉ ϰ͗ džƉĂŶĚ ĞĂĐŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞ ŚĞĂĚŝŶŐƐ ďLJ ĂĚĚŝŶŐ ŬĞLJǁŽƌĚƐ Žƌ ďƵůůĞƚĞĚ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͘zŽƵĐĂŶĂůƐŽĂĚĚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƵďͲďƌĂŶĐŚĞƐ͘

TIPS -
ͻ >ĞĂǀĞĞŶŽƵŐŚƐƉĂĐĞǁŚĞŶĚƌĂǁŝŶŐLJŽƵƌŵŝŶĚŵĂƉŝŶĐĂƐĞ
LJŽƵǁĂŶƚƚŽĂĚĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽƌƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐůĂƚĞƌ͘

ͻ hƐĞĐĂƉŝƚĂůƐĨŽƌLJŽƵƌŵĂŝŶŝĚĞĂƐ͘dŚĞŵŽƌĞƉƌŽŵŝŶĞŶƚ
LJŽƵƌŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝƐ͕ƚŚĞĞĂƐŝĞƌŝƚǁŝůůďĞĨŽƌLJŽƵƌďƌĂŝŶƚŽ
ŵĞŵŽƌŝƐĞƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚ͘hƐĞĐĂƉŝƚĂůƐĨŽƌƚŚĞŵŽƌĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚůŽǁĞƌĐĂƐĞĨŽƌƚŚĞůĞƐƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚǁŽƌĚƐ͘
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ST U D Y T EC H N IQ U E 6 -
OT H E R V I SUAL AI DS

KƚŚĞƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨǀŝƐƵĂůĂŝĚƐĂƌĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ͕ŐƌĂƉŚƐ͕ƚĂďůĞƐĂŶĚŇŽǁĐŚĂƌƚƐ͘
ƌĞĂƟŶŐǀŝƐƵĂůĂŝĚƐŝƐĂŐƌĞĂƚǁĂLJŽĨůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐďĞĐĂƵƐĞLJŽƵŚĂǀĞƚŽƉŝĐŬƚŚĞ
ŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƉŽŝŶƚƐ͘dŚŝƐŵĞĂŶƐƚŚĂƚLJŽƵŚĂǀĞƚŽƌĞĂĚƚŚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĐĂƌĞĨƵůůLJ͕
ƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐĂŶĚƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂƐLJŽƵŐŽĂůŽŶŐ͘zŽƵǁŝůůĂůƐŽƉŝĐŬ
ƵƉŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚLJŽƵĐĂŶĚŝƐƉůĂLJŝŶĂŵĞŵŽƌĂďůĞǁĂLJŽŶLJŽƵƌ
ǀŝƐƵĂůĂŝĚ͘

TIP -
t ŚĞ Ŷ ĚƌĂǁ ŝŶŐ  Ă ŶLJ  ƚ LJ ƉĞ  ŽĨ ǀ ŝƐƵĂ ů Ă ŝĚ ŝƚ  ĐĂ Ŷ ďĞ
ǀĞ ƌ LJ  ƵƐĞĨƵů ƚŽ ƵƐĞ  ĚŝĨĨĞ ƌĞ Ŷƚ  ĐŽůŽƵƌƐ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞ ƌ͕
Ě Ž  Ŷ Ž ƚ  Ƶ Ɛ Ğ  Đ Ž ů Ž Ƶ ƌ  ŝ Ŷ Ě ŝ Ɛ Đ ƌ ŝ ŵ ŝ Ŷ Ă ƚ Ğ ů LJ  ʹ  Ƶ Ɛ Ğ  ŝ ƚ
ŵ Ğ Ă Ŷ ŝ Ŷ Ő Ĩ Ƶ ů ů LJ͕  Ĩ Ž ƌ  Ğ dž Ă ŵ Ɖ ů Ğ  ƚ Ž  Ő ƌ Ž Ƶ Ɖ  ŝ Ě Ğ Ă Ɛ
ƚŽ ŐĞ ƚ Ś Ğ ƌ͕  Ž ƌ  Ɛ Ś Ž ǁ  ƚ Ś Ğ  ƌĞ ů Ăƚ ŝ ǀĞ  ŝ ŵ Ɖ Ž ƌ ƚĂ Ŷ Đ Ğ  Ž Ĩ
ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐ͕ŽƌƚŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĞƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶƐŚŝƉƐ
ďĞƚ ǁĞ Ğ ŶŝĚĞ Ă Ɛ͘
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EXAM PR E PAR AT I O N
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&ƌŽŵLJŽƵƌǀĞƌLJĮƌƐƚĚĂLJĂƚƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJLJŽƵǁŝůůďĞƌĞŵŝŶĚĞĚƚŚĂƚLJŽƵŚĂǀĞƚŽǁƌŝƚĞ
ĞdžĂŵƐŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĂĚĞŐƌĞĞĂƚƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨLJŽƵƌƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ͘>ĞĐƚƵƌĞƌƐǁŝůůƌĞŵŝŶĚ
LJŽƵƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƐĞŵĞƐƚĞƌ͕ĂŶĚŵĂLJŚŝŶƚĂƚǁŚĂƚĐŽƵůĚďĞŝŶƚŚĞĮŶĂůĞdžĂŵƐ͘
ƩĞŶĚĂůůůĞĐƚƵƌĞƐĂŶĚĐĂƌĞĨƵůůLJƌĞĂĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂůůĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ;Ğ͘Ő͘ƐƚƵĚLJůĞƩĞƌƐͿ
ĨƌŽŵLJŽƵƌůĞĐƚƵƌĞƌƐƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚLJŽƵĚŽŶŽƚŵŝƐƐŽƵƚŽŶƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ͘
LJĚŽŝŶŐƚŚŝƐĂŶĚďLJƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐŽŶƚŚŝƐǁĞďƐŝƚĞĂŶĚĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĂ
ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƟŵĞƚĂďůĞ͕LJŽƵǁŝůůďĞŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶƌĞĂĚLJƚŽƚĂĐŬůĞƚŚĞĞdžĂŵƐ͘ĞůŽǁŝƐĂůŝƐƚ
ŽĨǁŚĂƚLJŽƵĐĂŶĚŽŝŶƚŚĞůĂƐƚĨĞǁǁĞĞŬƐďĞĨŽƌĞLJŽƵƌĞdžĂŵƚŚĂƚǁŝůůŚĞůƉLJŽƵƚŽƉĂƐƐ͘

/ƚŝƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŽƌĞǀŝƐĞĂůůLJŽƵƌƐƵďũĞĐƚƐ͘dŚŝƐŵĞĂŶƐŐŽŝŶŐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂůůLJŽƵƌŶŽƚĞƐ͕
ƐƵŵŵĂƌŝĞƐ͕ĂƐƐŝŐŶŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚǀŝƐƵĂůĂŝĚƐĨŽƌƌĞĂĚŝŶŐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŽŶĞĂĐŚƐƵďũĞĐƚ͘dŚĞ
ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐĂƌĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ͗

Ė ĺ U S E YO U R T I M E W I S E L Y .
Ėĺ D E T E R M I N E Y O U R B E S T T I M E TO
LEARN.
Ė ĺ S T U D Y C R E AT I V E L Y .
Ė ĺ U N D E R S TA N D T H E CO N T E N T.
Ė ĺ U S E A P P R O P R I AT E S T R AT E G I E S F O R
R OT E L E A R N I N G W H E R E N E C E S S A R Y .
Ė ĺ T E S T YO U R S E L F.
Ėĺ WORK OUT PROBLEMS.
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USE YOUR TIME WISELY
dŚŚĞĮƌƐƚƚŚŝŶŐLJŽƵŶĞĞĚƚŽĚŽďĞĨŽƌĞLJŽƵďĞŐŝŶƌĞǀŝƐŝŶŐŝƐƚŽŽ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĂůůLJŽƵƌ
ǁŽƌŬ͘ǀĞƌLJƚŚŝŶŐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĚĂƚĞĚĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƌƌĞĐƚŽƌĚĞƌƐŽƚŚĂƚLJŽƵĐĂŶ
ƐƚƚĂƌƚƌĞǀŝƐŝŶŐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĚĂLJŽĨƐƚƵĚŝĞƐƚŽLJŽƵƌůĂƐƚĐůĂƐƐ͘<ĞĞĞƉƚŚĞǁŽƌŬĨŽƌ
ĚŝŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƵďũĞĐƚƐƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞ͘ƐƟ ƟŵĂƚĞŚŽǁůŽŶŐĞĂĐŚƐƵďũĞĐƚǁŝůůƚĂŬĞLJŽƵƚŽ
ƌĞĞǀŝƐĞ͕ĂŶĚƵƐĞLJŽƵƌĞdžĂŵƟŵĞƚƚĂďůĞƚŽĐŚĞĐŬŚŽǁŵƵĐŚƟŵĞLJŽƵŚĂǀĞůĞŌĨŽƌ
ĞĂĂĐŚƐƵďũĞĐƚďĞĨŽƌĞLJŽƵǁƌŝƚĞƚŚĞĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐĞdžĂŵ͘dŚĞŶ ŶĐƌĞĂƚĞĂƐƉĞĐŝĂů
ĞdždžĂŵƐƚƵĚLJƟŵĞƚĂďůĞŝŶǁŚŝĐŚLJLJŽƵĂůůŽĐĂƚĞƟŵĞĨŽƌĞĂĐŚŽĨLJŽ ŽƵƌƐƵďũĞĐƚƐ͘dƌLJ
ƚŽ
ŽŚĂǀĞĂǀĂƌŝĞĚƟŵĞƚĂďůĞ;Ăŵ ŵŝdžŽĨƐƵďũĞĐƚƐƉĞƌĚĂLJͿƐŽLJŽƵ ƵĚŽŶ͛ƚŐĞƚƐƚƵĐŬ
ĨŽ
ŽĐƵƐŝŶŐŽŶŽŶůLJŽŶĞƐƵďũĞĐƚ͘

TIP -
/ƚŝƐĂŐŽŽĚŝĚĞĂƚŽƐƉƌĞĂĚŽƵƚLJŽƵƌůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕
ƐƉĞŶĚƚǁŽŚŽƵƌƐŽŶĂƐƵďũĞĐƚ͕ƚŚĞŶƚĂŬĞĂďƌĞĂŬĂŶĚĂŌĞƌ
ƚŚĂƚĐŚĂŶŐĞƚŽĂĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƵďũĞĐƚ͘hƐĞLJŽƵƌŬŝƚĐŚĞŶƟŵĞƌ
ƚŽďƌĞĂŬƵƉƚŚĞƚǁŽŚŽƵƌƐŝŶƚŽŵĂŶĂŐĞĂďůĞƐĞĐƟŽŶƐ(as
ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƐĞĐƟŽŶ͚ĞĂůŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƉƌŽĐƌĂƐƟŶĂƟŽŶ͛Ϳ͘
tŚĞŶLJŽƵĐŽŵĞďĂĐŬƚŽĂƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐƐƵďũĞĐƚƚƌLJƚŽƌĞĐĂůů
ǁŚĂƚLJŽƵŚĂǀĞƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƐŽĨĂƌ͕ďĞĨŽƌĞĐŽŶƟŶƵŝŶŐ͘

DETERMINE YOUR BEST TIME TO LEARN

tŚĞŶĚƌĂǁŝŶŐƵƉĂŶĞdžĂŵƐƚƵĚLJLJƟŵĞƚĂďůĞLJŽƵƐŚŽƵůĚƚĂŬĞŝŶƚƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶ
ǁŚĞŶLJŽƵĨĞĞůƚŚĂƚLJŽƵůĞĂƌŶďĞƐƚ͘ůƐŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŚĞƐƵďũĞĞĐƚƚŚĂƚLJŽƵĂƌĞ
ƐƚƚƵĚLJŝŶŐ͘/Ĩŝƚ͛ƐĂƐƵďũĞĐƚLJŽƵĮĮŶĚƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJĚŝĸĐƵůƚLJŽƵƐŚŽƵůĚƐƚƵĚLJŝƚ
ĚƵƵƌŝŶŐLJŽƵƌ͚ďĞƐƚƟŵĞ͛͘ŽŶ͛ƚĨŽƌŐĞƚƚŽďƵŝůĚŝŶďƌĞĂŬƐďĞƚƚǁĞĞŶƐƵďũĞĐƚƐ͘
hƐƐĞĂƐůŝŐŚƚůLJůŽŶŐĞƌŝŶƚĞƌǀĂůƚŚ
ŚĂŶƵƐƵĂů;ϭϱͲϮϬŵŝŶƵƚĞƐͿĨŽƌďƌĞĂŬƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶ
ƐƵƵďũĞĐƚƐ͘

STUDY CREATIVELY
/ƚŝƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŚĂƚLJŽƵĚŽŶ͛ƚŵ ŵŝŶĚůĞƐƐůLJŐŽƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂůůLJŽƵƌŶŽƚĞƐǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ
ƌĞĞĂůůLJ ƚĂŬŝŶŐ ŝŶ ĂŶLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĨĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͘ ŽŶƐƚĂŶƚůLJ ĂƐŬ LJŽ
ŽƵƌƐĞůĨ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ
ƋƵƵĞƐƟŽŶƐŽŶƚŚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůďĞĨŽ ŽƌĞLJŽƵ͘tŚĂƚŚĂǀĞ/ũƵƐƚůĞĂƌƌŶĞĚ͍tŚĂƚƐŽƌƚ
ŽĨĨƋƵĞƐƟŽŶĐĂŶƚŚĞLJĂƐŬĂďŽƵƚƚƚŚŝƐŝŶƚŚĞĞdžĂŵ͍/ƚŵĂLJŚĞůůƉLJŽƵƚŽũŽŝŶŽƌ
ƐƚƚĂƌƚĂŶĞdžĂŵƐƚƵĚLJŐƌŽƵƉŽƌƚŽ ŽƐƚƵĚLJǁŝƚŚĂĨƌŝĞŶĚ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞĞƌ͕ƚƌLJŶŽƚƚŽŐĞƚ
ĚŝŝƐƚƌĂĐƚĞĚďLJĐŚĂƫŶŐĂďŽƵƚŶŽ ŽŶͲĞdžĂŵƌĞůĂƚĞĚƐƵďũĞĐƚƐ͘
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UNDERSTAND THE CONTENT
ŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚLJŽƵƚŚŽƌŽƵŐŚůLJƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƵďũĞĐƚLJŽƵĂƌĞ
ƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐ͘zŽƵǁŝůůŶŽƚďĞĂďůĞƚŽĂŶƐǁĞƌĐĞƌƚĂŝŶĞdžĂŵƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐŝĨLJŽƵĚŽŶŽƚ
ŚĂǀĞĂĐůĞĂƌƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐ͘

ͻ ƐŬƐŽŵĞŽŶĞƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝƚƚŽLJŽƵ͘ŽŶ͛ƚďĞƐŚLJƚŽĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĂĐůĂƐƐŵĂƚĞ
ŽƌLJŽƵƌůĞĐƚƵƌĞƌŝĨƚŚĞƌĞŝƐƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐLJŽƵĂƌĞƵŶƐƵƌĞŽĨ͘
ͻ dƌLJƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚͬĐŽŶƚĞŶƚƚŽĂĨƌŝĞŶĚĂŶĚƐĞĞŝĨLJŽƵĐĂŶĐŽŶĐŝƐĞůLJ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞdžĂĐƚůLJǁŚĂƚŝƚŝƐĂďŽƵƚ͘
ͻ zŽƵǁŝůůƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝƚďĞƩĞƌŝĨLJŽƵĐĂŶŵĂŬĞĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶ
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƐƉĞĐƚƐŽĨƚŚĞƐƵďũĞĐƚ͘

TEST YOURSELF
DĂŬĞƐƵƌĞƚŽĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚůLJƚĞƐƚLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨŽŶƚŚĞǁŽƌŬLJŽƵĂƌĞƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐ͘dƌLJ
ƚŽƌĞŵĞŵďĞƌǁŚĂƚLJŽƵŚĂǀĞƐƚƵĚŝĞĚďLJƐĂLJŝŶŐƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂůŽƵĚƚŽ
LJŽƵƌƐĞůĨ͘ŽƚŚŝƐďĞĨŽƌĞLJŽƵŵŽǀĞŽŶƚŽƚŚĞŶĞdžƚƐĞĐƟŽŶŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽŚĞůƉ
ĐĞŵĞŶƚƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶLJŽƵƌůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵŵĞŵŽƌLJ͘

WORK OUT PROBLEMS

/Ŷ ƐŽŵĞ ƐƵďũĞĐƚƐ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ DĂƚŚĞŵĂƚŝĐƐ͕ ^ƚĂƚŝƐƚŝĐƐ͕ ŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ͕ WŚLJƐŝĐƐ͕
ŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐĂŶĚĐĐŽƵŶƟŶŐ͕ŝƚŝƐŶŽƚĞŶŽƵŐŚƚŽŐŽƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů
ďLJƌĞĂĚŝŶŐ͕ƐƵŵŵĂƌŝƐŝŶŐĂŶĚƚƌLJŝŶŐƚŽƌĞĐĂůůŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͘/ŶƚŚĞƐĞƐƵďũĞĐƚƐ
LJŽƵŚĂǀĞƚŽƉƌĂĐƟƐĞƐŽůǀŝŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ͘zŽƵǁŝůůŚĂǀĞƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨƌŽŵLJŽƵƌ
ĂƐƐŝŐŶŵĞŶƚƐ͕ƚĞƐƚƉĂƉĞƌƐĂŶĚĨƌŽŵLJŽƵƌƚĞdžƚŬƚŚĂƚLJŽƵĐĂŶǁŽƌŬŽƵƚ
ĂŐĂŝŶ͘/ĨƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞǁŽƌŬĞĚͲŽƵƚƉƌŽďůĞŵƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůLJŽƵĂƌĞƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐ͕
ĚŽŶ͛ƚũƵƐƚƌĞĂĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞŵĂŶĚĂƐƐƵŵĞƚŚĂƚLJŽƵƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŚŽǁƚŽƐŽůǀĞ
ƚŚĞƉƌŽďůĞŵ͘ZĞĂĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽŶĐĞƚŽƐĞĞŝĨLJŽƵƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĞĂĐŚ
ƐƚĞƉ͕ƚŚĞŶĐŽǀĞƌƚŚĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƉŝĞĐĞŽĨƉĂƉĞƌĂŶĚƚƌLJƚŽƐŽůǀĞƚŚĞ
ƉƌŽďůĞŵLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨ͘zŽƵǁŝůůďĞƐƵƌƉƌŝƐĞĚŚŽǁŽŌĞŶLJŽƵŐĞƚƐƚƵĐŬ͕ĞǀĞŶƚŚŽƵŐŚ
LJŽƵŚĂǀĞũƵƐƚƌĞĂĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶ͘DĂŬĞƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚLJŽƵĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚůLJ
ƚĞƐƟŶŐLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨďLJƐŽůǀŝŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĨŽƌĞĂĐŚƚŽƉŝĐŝŶĂƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌƐƵďũĞĐƚ͘
WƌĂĐƟƐŝŶŐƐŽůǀŝŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐŝƐĐƌƵĐŝĂůƚŽƉƌĞƉĂƌĞLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨƚŚŽƌŽƵŐŚůLJĨŽƌƚŚĞ
ĞdžĂŵƐŝŶƐƵĐŚƐƵďũĞĐƚƐ͘
30
USE YOUR TIME WISELY

ZŽ
ŽƚĞůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŝƐƚŚĞĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞŵĞŵŽƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĨĂĐƚƐĂŶĚĮŐƵƌĞƐ͘zŽƵĐĂŶƵƐĞƚŚĞ
ĨŽ
ŽůůŽǁŝŶŐŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ͗

FLASH CARDS:
DĂŬĞŇĂƐŚĐĂƌĚƐŽĨǁŚĂƚLJŽƵĮ ĮŶĚĚŝĸĐƵůƚƚŽƌĞŵĞŵďĞƌ͘ŇĂƐŚĐĂƌĚƵƐƵĂůůLJ
ŚĂĂƐĂǁŽƌĚŽƌĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽŶƚŚĞĨƌŽ ŽŶƚ͕ĂŶĚĂĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ͕ĨŽƌŵƵůĂŽ ŽƌŵŽƌĞƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ
ŝŶ
ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞďĂĐŬ͘dĞƐƚLJŽƵ ƵƌƐĞůĨƵƐŝŶŐLJŽƵƌŇĂƐŚĐĂƌĚƐǁŚ ŚĞŶĞǀĞƌLJŽƵŚĂǀĞ
ĂŵŽŵĞŶƚ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞǁŚŝůĞLJŽ ŽƵĂƌĞŚĂǀŝŶŐďƌĞĂŬĨĂƐƚ͘>ŽŽŬĂƚƚŚĞǁŽƌĚŽŶƚŚĞ
ĨƌŽ
ŽŶƚĂŶĚƚƌLJƚŽƌĞĐĂůůƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞďĂĐŬ͘dƵƌŶƚŚĞĐĂƌĚ ĚĂƌŽƵŶĚƚŽĐŚĞĐŬ
ŝĨLJŽƵĂƌĞĐŽƌƌĞĐƚ͘hƐĞďŽůĚĐŽůŽƵ ƵƌƐĂŶĚĐĂƉŝƚĂůůĞƩĞƌƐĨŽƌƚŚĞŝŵ
ŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚǁŽƌĚƐ͘

POST-IT NOTES:
hƐƐĞWŽƐƚͲŝƚŶŽƚĞƐŽƌƐŵĂůůƉŝĞĐĞƐŽ
ŽĨƉĂƉĞƌƚŽǁƌŝƚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐ͕ĨŽƌŵƵůĂƐ
ŽƌƌŽƚŚĞƌĨĂĐƚƐĂŶĚĮŐƵƌĞƐƚŚĂƚLJŽŽƵŶĞĞĚƚŽƌĞŵĞŵďĞƌ͘^ƟĐŬŽƌƚĂĂƉĞƚŚĞŵƚŽLJŽƵƌ
ƉŚ
ŚLJƐŝĐĂůĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉ ƉůĞĂďŽǀĞƚŚĞŬĞƩůĞŽƌŽŶĂŵŝƌƌƌŽƌ͘

MNEMONICS:
/ƚĐĂŶďĞĨƵŶƚŽĚĞƐŝŐŶŵŶĞŵŽŶ ŶŝĐƐĨŽƌĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƚƚŚĂƚLJŽƵŶĞĞĚƚŽ
ƌĞĞŵĞŵďĞƌ͘dLJƉĞƐŽĨŵŶĞŵŽŶŝĐƐƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐŽŶŐƐ͕ŶĂŵĞƐ͕ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶƐŽƌǁŽƌĚƐ͕
ƌŚŚLJŵĞƐĂŶĚŝŵĂŐĞƐ͘dƌLJƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĞĂŵŶĞŵŽŶŝĐƚŚĂƚĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐƚŚĞĞĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůƉŽŝŶƚƐ
ďLJLJƵƐŝŶŐĂƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝƐĞĚŵĞŵŽƌƌĂďůĞƉŚƌĂƐĞ͘ ,ĞƌĞĂƌĞƚǁŽĞdždžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨƐƵĐŚ
ŵŶĞŵŽŶŝĐƉŚƌĂƐĞƐ͗

ͻ You can use the expression Oh, Oh, Oh! To Touch And Feel Very Good
sĞůǀĞƚʹ^ƵĐŚ,ĞĂǀĞŶ͊ƚŽƌĞŵ ŵĞŵďĞƌƚŚĞϭϮĐƌĂŶŝĂůŶĞƌǀĞƐ;ŽůĨĂĐƚŽƌLJ͕ŽƉƟĐ͕
ŽĐƵůŽŵŽƚŽƌ͕ ƚƌŽĐŚůĞĂƌ͕ ƚƌŝŐŐĞŵŝŶĂů͕ ĂďĚƵĐĞŶƐ͕ ĨĂĐŝĂů͕ ǀĞƐƟďƵůŽĐŽĐŚůĞĂƌ͕
ŐůŽƐƐŽƉŚĂƌLJŶŐĞĂů͕ǀĂŐƵƐ͕ƐƉ ƉŝŶĂů͕ŚLJƉŽŐůŽƐƐĂůͿ͘
ͻ ŶŽƚŚĞƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ ŝƐ DLJ sĞƌLJ ŶĞƌŐĞƟĐ DŽƚŚĞƌ :ƵŵƉƐ ^ĞĐƌĞƚůLJ hŶĚĞƌ
Noodles to remember the names of the 8 planets in corrrect order from
ƚŚĞ^ƵŶ;DĞƌĐƵƌLJ͕sĞŶƵƐ͕ĂƌƚŚ͕DĂƌƐ͕:ƵƉŝƚĞƌ͕^ĂƚƵƌŶ͕h hƌĂŶƵƐ͕EĞƉƚƵŶĞ
ʹƌĞŵĞŵďĞƌƚŚĂƚWůƵƚŽŝƐůĞĞŌŽƵƚĂƐŝƚŝƐŶŽůŽŶŐĞƌĐŽŶƐŝĚĞ ĞƌĞĚĂƉůĂŶĞƚ͘Ϳ
 31

WR I T I N G EXAMS
32
THE NIGHT BEFORE THE EXAM
ͻ dƌLJƚŽƌĞůĂdžĨŽƌĂƚůĞĂƐƚϵϬŵŝŶƵƚĞƐďĞĨŽƌĞLJŽƵŐŽƚŽƐůĞĞƉ͘>ŝƐƚĞŶƚŽĐĂůŵŝŶŐ
ŵƵƐŝĐŽƌĐŚĂƚĂďŽƵƚŶŽŶͲĞdžĂŵƌĞůĂƚĞĚƐƚƵīǁŝƚŚLJŽƵƌĨƌŝĞŶĚƐŽƌĨĂŵŝůLJ͘
ͻ ,ĂǀĞĂƌĞůĂdžŝŶŐǁĂƌŵďĂƚŚŽƌƐŚŽǁĞƌ͘
ͻ /ĨLJŽƵƌŵŝŶĚĨĞĞůƐŽǀĞƌůŽĂĚĞĚĂŶĚLJŽƵƐƚƌƵŐŐůĞƚŽĨĂůůĂƐůĞĞƉƚƌLJƚŽƐůŽǁůLJ
ƌĞůĂdžĞĂĐŚůŝŵďŽĨLJŽƵƌďŽĚLJ͘ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞŽŶƚĂŬŝŶŐĚĞĞƉ͕ƐůŽǁďƌĞĂƚŚƐ͘
ͻ /ĨLJŽƵƌŵŝŶĚŬĞĞƉƐǁĂŶĚĞƌŝŶŐďĂĐŬƚŽƚŚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƚŚĂƚLJŽƵŚĂǀĞũƵƐƚƐƚƵĚŝĞĚ͕
ǁƌŝƚĞŽƵƚŬĞLJǁŽƌĚƐŽŶĂŶŽƚĞƉĂĚĂŶĚƚŚĞŶƚƌLJŐŽŝŶŐƚŽƐůĞĞƉ͘

THE MORNING OF YOUR EXAM

ͻ ĂƚĂŚĞĂůƚŚLJďƌĞĂŬĨĂƐƚ;ƉƌĞĨĞƌĂďůLJĞŐŐƐŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƚLJƉĞƐŽĨďƌĂŝŶͬĞŶĞƌŐLJ
ĨŽŽĚƐͿ͘
ͻ ZĞŵĞŵďĞƌLJŽƵƌƐƚƵĚĞŶƚĐĂƌĚ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƐƚĂƟŽŶĞƌLJƐƵĐŚĂƐƉĞŶƐ͕ŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚĞƌƐ
ĂŶĚdŝƉƉͲĞdž͘/ĨƚŚĞƌĞŝƐŶŽĐůŽĐŬŝŶƚŚĞĞdžĂŵŚĂůůƌĞŵĞŵďĞƌƚŽƚĂŬĞĂǁĂƚĐŚ
ƐŽƚŚĂƚLJŽƵĐĂŶŬĞĞƉƚƌĂĐŬŽĨƟŵĞ͘ŽŶŽƚƚĂŬĞĂůŽŶŐĂůĂƌŵĐůŽĐŬƐƚŚĂƚŵĂŬĞ
ĂŶĂƵĚŝďůĞƟĐŬŝŶŐŶŽŝƐĞĂƐƚŚŝƐŵĂLJĚŝƐƚƵƌďŽƚŚĞƌĞdžĂŵŝŶĞĞƐ͘
ͻ >ĞĂǀĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĞdžĂŵŚĂůůŝŶŐŽŽĚƟŵĞ͘ŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚLJŽƵĂƌƌŝǀĞĂƚůĞĂƐƚŚĂůĨĂŶ
ŚŽƵƌďĞĨŽƌĞLJŽƵƐƚĂƌƚǁƌŝƟŶŐƐŽƚŚĂƚLJŽƵĐĂŶĮŶĚLJŽƵƌƐĞĂƚĂŶĚŵĞŶƚĂůůLJ
ƉƌĞƉĂƌĞLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨĨŽƌƚŚĞŶĞdžƚĨĞǁŚŽƵƌƐ͘
ͻ dƌLJŶŽƚĞŶŐĂŐŝŶŐǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJŝĨƚŚĞLJůŽŽŬƉĂŶŝĐŬLJĂŶĚ
ƐƚƌĞƐƐĞĚ͘dŚĞLJŵĂLJŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞLJŽƵƌŽǁŶƐƚƌĞƐƐůĞǀĞůƐ͘
ͻ ŽŶ͛ƚƐŬŝŵŽǀĞƌLJŽƵƌĞdžĂŵŶŽƚĞƐďĞĨŽƌĞLJŽƵĞŶƚĞƌƚŚĞŚĂůůĂƐƚŚŝƐŵĂLJĐĂƵƐĞ
LJŽƵƚŽĨŽƌŐĞƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĚƵƌŝŶŐLJŽƵƌĨƌĂŶƟĐůĂƐƚͲŵŝŶƵƚĞƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐ͘
 33

BEFORE WRITING YOUR EXAM

FILL IN YOUR BASIC STUDENT INFORMATION

/ƚŝƐďĞƐƚƚŽĮůůŝŶLJŽƵƌƐƚƵĚĞŶƚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶLJŽƵƌĞdžĂŵƉĂƉĞƌďĞĨŽƌĞƚŚĞ
ĞdžĂŵďĞŐŝŶƐ͘zŽƵĚŽŶŽƚǁĂŶƚƚŽǁĂƐƚĞƟŵĞĚŽŝŶŐƚŚŝƐĚƵƌŝŶŐƉƌĞĐŝŽƵƐĞdžĂŵ
ƟŵĞ͘

TAKE NOTE OF THE INSTRUCTIONS

&ŽƌƐŽŵĞŽĨLJŽƵƌĞdžĂŵƐLJŽƵǁŝůůďĞŐŝǀĞŶƟŵĞƚŽƌĞĂĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚLJŽƵƌƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ
ƉĂƉĞƌ;ƌŽƵŐŚůLJϭϱŵŝŶƵƚĞƐͿďĞĨŽƌĞƚŚĞĞdžĂŵƐƚĂƌƚƐ͘dĂŬĞĐĂƌĞĨƵůŶŽƚĞŽĨƚŚĞ
ŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐƐĞĐƟŽŶ͘/ŶĐĂƐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞLJŽƵĂƌĞŶŽƚŐŝǀĞŶƐƉĞĐŝĂůƟŵĞƚŽƌĞĂĚ
ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƉĂƉĞƌ͕ĂůůŽĐĂƚĞĂďŽƵƚϭϬŵŝŶƵƚĞƐƚŽĚŽƐŽĂƐƐŽŽŶĂƐƚŚĞĞdžĂŵ
ƐƚĂƌƚƐ͘/ƚŝƐĂŐŽŽĚŝĚĞĂƚŽŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚŽƌŵĂƌŬŽŶƚŚĞƉĂƉĞƌǁŚŝĐŚƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ
LJŽƵĂƌĞŐŽŝŶŐƚŽĂŶƐǁĞƌĂŶĚĂůĞƌƚLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨƚŽƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚLJŽƵĨĞĞůLJŽƵ
ǁŝůůďĞĂďůĞƚŽĂŶƐǁĞƌďĞƐƚ͘

USE YOUR TIME WISELY

/ƚ ŝƐ ĞdžƚƌĞŵĞůLJ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƚŽ ƚĂŬĞ ŶŽƚĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂŵŽƵŶƚ ŽĨ ƟŵĞ LJŽƵ ŚĂǀĞ
ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƚŽǁƌŝƚĞLJŽƵƌƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ͘>ŽŽŬĂƚƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůĞdžĂŵŵĂƌŬƐĂŶĚĚŝǀŝĚĞ
ƚŚŝƐŝŶƚŽƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůĞdžĂŵƟŵĞ͘dŚŝƐǁŝůůŐŝǀĞLJŽƵƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨƟŵĞLJŽƵĐĂŶ
ƐƉĞŶĚƉĞƌŵĂƌŬ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ŝĨƚŚĞĞdžĂŵĐŽƵŶƚƐϭϱϬŵĂƌŬƐĂŶĚLJŽƵĂƌĞ
ŐŝǀĞŶϯŚŽƵƌƐ;ϭϴϬŵŝŶƵƚĞƐͿLJŽƵĐĂŶƐƉĞŶĚϭŵŝŶƵƚĞĂŶĚϭϮƐĞĐŽŶĚƐƉĞƌ
ŵĂƌŬ͘;ϭϴϬĚŝǀŝĚĞĚďLJϭϱϬͿ͘dŚŝƐŵĞĂŶƐƚŚĂƚLJŽƵĐĂŶƐƉĞŶĚĂďŽƵƚϮϰŵŝŶƵƚĞƐ
ŽŶĂϮϬͲŵĂƌŬƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ͘'ŝǀĞLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨƐŽŵĞƟŵĞƚŽƉůĂŶůŽŶŐĞƌĞƐƐĂLJͲƚLJƉĞ
ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐďĞĨŽƌĞLJŽƵƐƚĂƌƚǁƌŝƟŶŐ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ĨŽƌĂŶĞƐƐĂLJƋƵĞƐƟŽŶĨŽƌ
ǁŚŝĐŚLJŽƵŚĂǀĞĂůůŽĐĂƚĞĚϰϱŵŝŶƵƚĞƐ͕ƵƐĞĂďŽƵƚϭϬŵŝŶƵƚĞƐĨŽƌƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚ
ϯϱŵŝŶƵƚĞƐĨŽƌǁƌŝƟŶŐ͘

TIP -
dŚĞƌĞ ŵĂLJ ďĞ Ă ĐŽŵƉƵůƐŽƌLJ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ŵĂĚĞ ƵƉ ŽĨ
ŵƵůƟƉůĞĐŚŽŝĐĞƐƵďͲƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ͘'ĞŶĞƌĂůůLJLJŽƵƐŚŽƵůĚ
ƐƉĞŶĚ ĂďŽƵƚ ŽŶĞ ŵŝŶƵƚĞ ŽŶ ĞĂĐŚ ŵƵůƚŝƉůĞ ĐŚŽŝĐĞ
ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ͕ďƵƚƚŚŝƐĚĞƉĞŶĚƐŽŶƚŚĞŵĂƌŬĂůůŽĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ
ŽŶƚŚĞƐƵďũĞĐƚ͘
34

READ THE QUESTIONS CAREFULLY

/ĨƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŽƉƟŽŶƐ͕ĐŚŽŽƐĞƚŚĞŵ
ŵǁŝƐĞůLJ͘^ƚĂƌƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐƐLJŽƵĨĞĞůLJŽƵĐĂŶ
ĂŶŶƐǁĞƌƚŚĞďĞƐƚ͘dĂŬĞLJŽƵƌƟŵĞƚƚŽƌĞĂĚƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶĐĂƌĞĨƵůůLJĂŶ
ŶĚŵĂŬĞƐƵƌĞLJŽƵ
ƵŶŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĞdžĂĐƚůLJǁŚĂƚƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƐƟŽŶĂƐŬƐŽĨLJŽƵ͘

Make sure you that you ANSWER THE QUESTION!

tŚĞŶĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚŝŶŐĂƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƚŚĂĂƚLJŽƵďĞůŝĞǀĞLJŽƵĐĂŶĂŶƐǁĞƌ͕ĚŽ ŽŶŽƚƌƵƐŚƐƚƌĂŝŐŚƚ
ŝŶƚƚŽŝƚ͘DĂŬĞƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚLJŽƵĂŶƐǁĞƌƌǁŚĂƚŝƐĂƐŬĞĚ͕ĂŶĚŶŽƚũƵƐƚǁƌŝƚƚĞǁŚĂƚLJŽƵŬŶŽǁ
Ăď
ďŽƵƚƚŚĞƚŽƉŝĐ͘WŝĐŬŽƵƚŬĞLJǁŽƌĚĚƐƚŚĂƚƚĞůůLJŽƵĞdžĂĐƚůLJǁŚĂƚŝƐďĞĞŝŶŐĂƐŬĞĚŽĨLJŽƵ͘
dždžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞŬĞLJǁŽƌĚƐĂƌĞ͗ĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶ͕ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐ͕ŐŝǀĞĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞĞ͕ĂƉƉůLJ͕ĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƚ͕
ĐŽ
ŽŵƉĂƌĞ͕ďƌŝĞŇLJ͕ƐƵŵŵĂƌŝƐĞ͕ĞƚĐ͘

dŽ
ŽĂŶƐǁĞƌƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞůLJLJ͕ŵĂŬĞƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚLJŽƵ͗
ͻ ŶĂůLJƐĞƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ͘tŚĂƚĞĞdžĂĐƚůLJŝƐŝƚĂƐŬŝŶŐ͍
ͻ ƐŬLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨǁŚĂƚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ
ŶLJŽƵŚĂǀĞůĞĂƌŶƚƚŚĂƚĐŽƵůĚĂƉƉůLJLJƚŽƚŚŝƐƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ͘

ESSAY-TYPE QUEST
TIONS
ͻ ZĞŵĞŵďĞƌƚŽƵŶĚĞƌůŝŶĞƐƉĞĞĐŝĮĐǁŽƌĚƐƚŚĂƚƌĞůĂƚĞƚŽLJŽƵƌĂŶƐǁĞƌĂŶĚƚŚĂƚ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŚŽǁLJŽƵŵƵƐƚĂŶƐǁĞƌƌƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ͘
ͻ DĂŬĞĂŶŽƚĞŽĨŵĂŝŶƚŽƉŝĐƐ͕ƚƚŚĞŵĞƐŽƌĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐ͘
ͻ WŝĐŬĂĨĞǁĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚĐŽƵ ƵůĚďĂĐŬƵƉLJŽƵƌĂŶƐǁĞƌ͘
ͻ DĂŬĞĂƉůĂŶĨŽƌƚŚĞůĂLJŽƵƚŽĨLJLJŽƵƌĞƐƐĂLJ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ƐŬĞƚĐŚŽŽƵƚĂŵŝŶĚŵĂƉŽĨ
LJŽƵƌĞƐƐĂLJ͕ŐŝǀŝŶŐĞĂĐŚƉĂƌĂŐƌƌĂƉŚĂůŝŶŬƚŽƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝĚĞĂ;ƚŚ
ŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶďĞŝŶŐ
ƉŽƐĞĚŽƌLJŽƵƌĂŶƐǁĞƌƚŽƚŚĞƋ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶͿ͘
ͻ hƐĞĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƚŽƌLJƉĂƌĂŐƌĂƉ ƉŚƚŽďƌŝĞŇLJĂŶƐǁĞƌƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ŶĂŶĚĞdžƉůĂŝŶLJŽƵƌ
ĂŶƐǁĞƌďLJƌĞĨĞƌƌŝŶŐƚŽĂŶƵŵďďĞƌŽĨƌĞĂƐŽŶƐ;ĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞͿ͘zŽƵǁŝůůůŐŝǀĞŵŽƌĞĚĞƚĂŝůƐ
ŽŶƚŚĞƐĞƌĞĂƐŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƌĞƐƚŽ
ŽĨƚŚĞĞƐƐĂLJ͘
ͻ DĂŬĞŽŶĞƉŽŝŶƚŽƌĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚƚƉĞƌƉĂƌĂŐƌĂƉŚĂŶĚĞŶĚĞĂĐŚƉ ƉĂƌĂŐƌĂƉŚǁŝƚŚĂ
ƐĞŶƚĞŶĐĞƚŚĂƚƐŚŽǁƐŚŽǁŝƚĂĂŶƐǁĞƌƐƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ͘zŽƵŵƵƐƚĂůǁĂLJƐƌĞĨĞƌďĂĐŬ
ƚŽƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ͘
ͻ /ŶLJŽƵƌĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶƐƵŵŵĂƌŝƐĞĞƚŚĞĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚƌĞĨĞƌďĂĐŬƚƚŽƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ͘
 35

SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS
ͻ <ĞĞƉƚŽƚŚĞƟŵĞĂůůŽĐĂƟŽŶ͕ŬĞĞƉŝŶŐŝŶŵŝŶĚƚŚĞƌĂƟŽŽĨŵĂƌŬƐƚŽƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌ
ŽĨŵŝŶƵƚĞƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘
ͻ tŚĞŶĂƋƵĞƐƟŽŶĂƐŬƐLJŽƵƚŽ͚ďƌŝĞŇLJĐŽŵŵĞŶƚ͕͛ƚƌĞĂƚŝƚĂƐĂŵŝŶŝͲĞƐƐĂLJ͘<ĞĞƉƚŚĞ
ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚĂŶĚǁƌŝƚĞŝƚŝŶƚǁŽƐĞŶƚĞŶĐĞƐŽŶůLJ͘dŚĞŶƐĞůĞĐƚĂĨĞǁ
ƉŽŝŶƚƐƚŽĚŝƐĐƵƐƐǁŝƚŚĂƐĞŶƚĞŶĐĞŽƌƚǁŽĂďŽƵƚĞĂĐŚ͘>ĂƐƚůLJ͕ĂĚĚĂĐŽŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ
ƐĞŶƚĞŶĐĞƚŚĂƚƐƵŵƐƵƉLJŽƵƌŽǀĞƌĂůůǀŝĞǁ͘

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
dŚŝƐĞdžĂŵͲƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŝŶŐƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞŝƐƵƐĞĚďLJĞdžĂŵŝŶĞƌƐƚŽƚĞƐƚLJŽƵƌŽǀĞƌĂůůŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ
ŽŶǁŚĂƚLJŽƵŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶƚĂƵŐŚƚ͘/ŶƐŽŵĞĐĂƐĞƐƚŚĞƌĞŝƐŶŽƌŝŐŚƚŽƌǁƌŽŶŐĂŶƐǁĞƌďƵƚ
ƐŝŵƉůLJƚŚĞŵŽƐƚĐŽƌƌĞĐƚĂŶƐǁĞƌ͘

TRY TO USE THE TIPS BELOW TO HELP YOU WHEN ANSWERING

MCQS:

ͻ ZĞĂĚƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐǀĞƌLJĐĂƌĞĨƵůůLJďĞĨŽƌĞLJŽƵďĞŐŝŶ͘
ͻ ĞƉĞŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƐƵďũĞĐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĂƟŽŽĨŵĂƌŬƐƚŽƟŵĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͕ǁŽƌŬŽƵƚ
ŚŽǁŵƵĐŚƟŵĞLJŽƵŶĞĞĚĨŽƌĞĂĐŚƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ͘&ŽƌŵĂŶLJƐƵďũĞĐƚƐLJŽƵŚĂǀĞĂďŽƵƚ
ĂŵŝŶƵƚĞƉĞƌƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŝŶĂŶDYĞdžĂŵ͘
ͻ tŚĞŶLJŽƵƌĞĂĚĂƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ͕ĂůǁĂLJƐǁŽƌŬŽƵƚǁŚĂƚƚŚĞĂŶƐǁĞƌŝƐďĞĨŽƌĞLJŽƵůŽŽŬ
ĂƚƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞĂŶƐǁĞƌƐ͘
ͻ hƐĞĂƌƵůĞƌƚŽŵĂŬĞŝƚĞĂƐŝĞƌƚŽƐĞĞǁŚĞƌĞƚŽĞŶƚĞƌĞĂĐŚĂŶƐǁĞƌ͘dŚŝƐǁŝůůŚĞůƉ
LJŽƵĂǀŽŝĚŐĞƫŶŐLJŽƵƌĂŶƐǁĞƌƐŵŝdžĞĚƵƉ͘
ͻ /ƚŝƐďĞƐƚƚŽĂŶƐǁĞƌƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐLJŽƵĂƌĞƐƵƌĞŽĨĮƌƐƚ͘dĂĐŬůĞƚŚĞĚŝĸĐƵůƚŽŶĞƐ
ĂŌĞƌǁĂƌĚƐ͘
ͻ 'ŽŽǀĞƌLJŽƵƌĂŶƐǁĞƌƐŝĨLJŽƵŚĂǀĞƚŚĞƟŵĞ͘
ͻ dƌLJŶŽƚƚŽůĞĂǀĞŽƵƚĂŶLJƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ͘/ĨLJŽƵ͛ƌĞŶŽƚŽŶĞŚƵŶĚƌĞĚƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĐĞƌƚĂŝŶŽĨ
ƚŚĞĂŶƐǁĞƌ͕ŝƚŝƐƉƌŽďĂďůLJďĞƩĞƌƚŽĐŚŽŽƐĞƚŚĞŽƉƟŽŶLJŽƵƚŚŝŶŬŝƐďĞƐƚ͕ƌĂƚŚĞƌ
ƚŚĂŶůĞĂǀŝŶŐŝƚďůĂŶŬ͘,ĂǀŝŶŐƐĂŝĚƚŚŝƐ͕ĂǀŽŝĚŐƵĞƐƐŝŶŐŝĨLJŽƵĚŽŶŽƚŬŶŽǁƚŚĞ
ĂŶƐǁĞƌĂƚĂůů͘/ĨŶĞŐĂƟǀĞŵĂƌŬŝŶŐŝƐĂƉƉůŝĞĚĨŽƌĂŶDYĞdžĂŵ͕LJŽƵŵĂLJĞŶĚƵƉ
ǁŽƌƐĞŽīďLJŐƵĞƐƐŝŶŐ͘
36

EXAM DO N T ’s
AV O I D T H E F O L L O W I N G WHEN
WR I TI N G A N E X A M :

Ėĺ Don’t try to squeeze in information that you know just because

you’ve spent so much time revising it. If your answer does not
match the question you are wasting time and losing marks.

Ėĺ Don’t use colloquial language and slang in your answers. Keep

to academic language and be professional.

Ėĺ Don’t write notes to the examiners; you may end up annoying

them.
 37

WR I T I N G SK I L L S

AT U N I VER SI T Y
38
zŽƵ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĂĐƟƐĞ Ă ǀĂƌŝĞƚLJ ŽĨ ǁƌŝƟŶŐ ƐŬŝůůƐ ƚŽ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵ ǁĞůů Ăƚ
ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘dŚĞŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĂƌĞ͗

ͻ tƌŝƟŶŐŶŽƚĞƐ
ͻ tƌŝƟŶŐĂƐƐŝŐŶŵĞŶƚƐ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞĞƐƐĂLJƐ
ͻ tƌŝƟŶŐƌĞƉŽƌƚƐĂƐƉĂƌƚŽĨƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ
ͻ tƌŝƟŶŐĂƚŚĞƐŝƐŽƌŵŝŶŝͲƚŚĞƐŝƐŝŶLJŽƵƌĮŶĂůLJĞĂƌŽĨƐƚƵĚLJ

WRITING NOTES
tƌŝƟŶŐŶŽƚĞƐŽĨŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƉŽŝŶƚƐŝƐĂƐŬŝůůƚŚĂƚŝƐŶŽƚƚĂƵŐŚƚĂƚƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘dŚŝƐŝƐ
ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐŚĂǀĞƚŽůĞĂƌŶŽŶƚŚĞŝƌŽǁŶ͘tƌŝƟŶŐŶŽƚĞƐƵƐƵĂůůLJƚĂŬĞƐƉůĂĐĞŝŶ
ƚŚƌĞĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƐ͗
ͻ /ŶĂůĞĐƚƵƌĞƐĞƫŶŐ͕ǁŚĞƌĞLJŽƵƚĂŬĞŶŽƚĞƐŽĨǁŚĂƚĂůĞĐƚƵƌĞƌƐĂLJƐ
ͻ /ŶĂƐƚƵĚLJƐĞƫŶŐ͕ǁŚĞƌĞLJŽƵǁƌŝƚĞŶŽƚĞƐƚŽƐƵŵŵĂƌŝƐĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƚĞdžƚŬƐ
ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů
ͻ /ŶĂƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƐĞƫŶŐ͕ǁŚĞƌĞLJŽƵŶĞĞĚƚŽƚĂŬĞŶŽƚĞƐĨƌŽŵĂǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨŬƐĂŶĚ
ĂƌƟĐůĞƐŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽƵƐĞƚŚĞŵŝŶĂƌĞƉŽƌƚŽƌĂƐƐŝŐŶŵĞŶƚ

TAKING NOTES IN A LECTURE SETTING

/ƚŝƐƵƐƵĂůůLJŝŵƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƚŽƚĂŬĞĚŽǁŶĞǀĞƌLJƚŚŝŶŐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞůĞĐƚƵƌĞƌƐĂLJƐ͘dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ
LJŽƵŵƵƐƚůĞĂƌŶƚŽŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂŶĚƐƵŵŵĂƌŝƐĞƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞůĞĐƚƵƌĞďLJǁƌŝƟŶŐ
ĚŽǁŶƚŚĞŬĞLJƉŽŝŶƚƐ͘zŽƵĚŽŶ͛ƚŚĂǀĞƚŽǁƌŝƚĞĨƵůůƐĞŶƚĞŶĐĞƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞŐƌĂŵŵĂƟĐĂůůLJ
ĐŽƌƌĞĐƚ͘/ƚŝƐŵŽƌĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŚĂƚLJŽƵƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚǁŚĂƚLJŽƵŚĂǀĞǁƌŝƩĞŶ͘ĐĐĞƉƚƚŚĂƚ
LJŽƵǁŽŶ͛ƚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŐĞƚĞǀĞƌLJƚŚŝŶŐĚŽǁŶ͘/ƚŝƐŵŽƌĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŚĂƚLJŽƵĨŽůůŽǁƚŚĞ
ůŽŐŝĐĂůĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚŽƌĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶĂƐƚŚĞůĞĐƚƵƌĞƌƐƉĞĂŬƐ͕ĂŶĚũŽƚĚŽǁŶŬĞLJǁŽƌĚƐĂŶĚ
ƉŚƌĂƐĞƐƚŚĂƚǁŝůůŚĞůƉLJŽƵƌĞĐĂůůŚŝƐǁŽƌĚƐǁŚĞŶLJŽƵůĂƚĞƌƌĞĂĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚLJŽƵƌŶŽƚĞƐ͘
zŽƵƌƚĞdžƚŬĂŶĚŚĂŶĚŽƵƚƐǁŝůůƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƚŚĞĨƵůůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͕ƐŽĚŽŶ͛ƚŐĞƚĂŶdžŝŽƵƐ͘dŚŝŶŬ
ŽĨLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨĂƐĂƐƉŽŶŐĞƚŚĂƚĂďƐŽƌďƐƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂƐƚŚĞůĞĐƚƵƌĞƌƐƉĞĂŬƐ͘ĨĞǁ
ĚƌŽƉƐŽĨǁĂƚĞƌǁŝůůŝŶĞǀŝƚĂďůLJĞƐĐĂƉĞ͊

TIP -
EŽƚĞƐĚŽŶŽƚŚĂǀĞƚŽďĞŶĞĂƚ͕ďƵƚĞŶƐƵƌĞ
ƚŚĂƚLJŽƵ͛ƌĞĂďůĞƚŽƌĞĂĚǁŚĂƚLJŽƵŚĂǀĞǁƌŝƩĞŶ͘
 39

HOW TO TAKE GOOD NOTES

ͻ EŽƚĞƐŚĂǀĞƚŽƌĞŇĞĐƚƚŚĞŝŶĨŽ ŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚďLJƚŚ ŚĞůĞĐƚƵƌĞƌ͘dŚĞƐĞ
ĐĂŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐůŝĚĞĞƐĂŶĚǀŝĚĞŽĨŽŽƚĂŐĞƚŚĂƚĂƌĞƵƐĞĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘
ͻ ůǁĂLJƐĚĂƚĞLJŽƵƌŶŽƚĞƐ͘dŚŝƐŬĞĞƉƐLJŽƵƌŶŽƚĞƐŝŶŽƌĚĞƌĂŶĚǁ ǁŝůůďĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ
ůĂƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞLJĞĂƌǁŚĞŶLJŽƵŶĞĞĞĚƚŽƐƚƵĚLJĨŽƌƚĞƐƚƐĂŶĚĞdžĂŵƐ͘͘
ͻ 'ŝǀĞ Ă ŚĞĂĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ LJŽƵƌ ŶŽƚƚĞƐ ĨŽƌ ĞĂĐŚ ůĞĐƚƵƌĞ ʹ ǁŚĂƚ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ƚŽƉŝĐ ƵŶĚĞƌ
ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ͍dŚŝƐŝƐŚĞůƉĨƵůǁŚ ŚĞŶLJŽƵůĂƚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJĨƌŽŵLJŽƵƌŶŽƚĞƐ͘ŝŵƚŽƚĂŬĞ
ĚŽǁŶŽŶůLJƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶ ŶƚƉŽŝŶƚƐ͘

ϭ͘ zŽƵĐĂŶŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞŵďLJĚŽŝŶ ŶŐƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ͗

Ϯ͘ dĂŬĞĐĂƌĞĨƵůŶŽƚĞŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌƌĞŶĐĞŝŶĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐŝŶĂůĞĐƚƵƌĞ͗ƐŽ ŽŵĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐĂƌĞ
ĐĂƌĞĨƵůůLJĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĂŵ ŵƉůĞƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ͕ǁŚĞƌĞĂƐŽƚŚĞƌƐĂĂƌĞŵĞŶƟŽŶĞĚŝŶ
ƉĂƐƐŝŶŐĂŶĚŽŶůLJĂďƌŝĞĨĞdžĂŵƉ ƉůĞŵĂLJďĞŐŝǀĞŶ͘DĂŬĞƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚƚLJŽƵŵĂŬĞĂŶŽƚĞ
ŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƚŚĂƚŚĂǀĞƌĞĐĐĞŝǀĞĚŵŽƐƚĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐ͘
ϯ͘ tŚĞŶƚŚĞůĞĐƚƵƌĞƌƌĞƉĞĂƚƐĂĐĐĞƌƚĂŝŶƚĞƌŵ͕ĚĂƚĞŽƌƚŽƉŝĐ͕ŵĂŬĞĞĂŶŽƚĞŽĨŝƚ͘
ϰ͘ tŚĞŶƚŚĞůĞĐƚƵƌĞƌǁƌŝƚĞƐŝŶĨŽ ŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞďŽĂƌĚ͕ŵĂŬĞĂŶ ŶŽƚĞŽĨŝƚ͘
ϱ͘ >ŽŽŬŽƵƚĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŝŶŐƉŚƌĂƐƐĞƐǁŚĞŶƚŚĞůĞĐƚƵƌĞƌƐƉĞĂŬƐ͕ĨŽƌƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͚͗dŚĞƌĞ
ĂƌĞƚǁŽƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨǀŝĞǁŽŶ͙ ͙͕͚͛dŚĞĮƌƐƚƌĞĂƐŽŶŝƐ͙͕͚͛dŚĞƉ ƉƌŽďůĞŵŝƐ͙͕͚͛/Ŷ
ĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͙͛͘WŚƌĂƐĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƐƚŚĞƐĞŚĞůƉLJŽƵƚŽǁƌŝƚĞĂŶĚŽƌŐŐĂŶŝƐĞLJŽƵƌŶŽƚĞƐ
ĂŶĚĂůƐŽŚĞůƉLJŽƵƚŽůŝƐƚĞŶǁ ǁĞůů͘;&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ůŝƐƚĞŶĨŽƌƚŚĞĞƚǁŽƉŽŝŶƚƐĂŶĚ
ŶƵŵďĞƌ ƚŚĞŵ ŝŶ LJŽƵƌ ŶŽƚĞƐƐ͖ ůŝƐƚĞŶ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƌĞĂƐŽŶ ĂŶĚ
Ě ĨŽƌƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚ
ƌĞĂƐŽŶƐĂŶĚŶƵŵďĞƌƚŚĞŵŝŶLJLJŽƵƌŶŽƚĞƐ͖ůŝƐƚĞŶĂŶĚŶŽƚĞƚŚĞƉƌŽďůĞŵĂŶĚŵĂŬĞ
ĂŶŽƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶŝĨŝƚŝƐŐŐŝǀĞŶŝŶƚŚĞůĞĐƚƵƌĞ͕ĞƚĐ͘Ϳ͘
ϲ͘ DĂŬĞĂŶŽƚĞŽĨĂŶLJƐƵŵŵĂƌƌŝĞƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞůĞĐƚƵƌĞƌŵĂLJŐŝǀĞĂĂƚƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨƚŚĞ
ůĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘
40

ͻ ŽŶ͛ƚƚƌLJƚŽǁƌŝƚĞĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞƐĞŶ
ŶƚĞŶĐĞƐ͘hƐĞĂďďƌĞǀŝĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉĞĞƌƐŽŶĂůƐŚŽƌƚŚĂŶĚ
ƚŚĂƚLJŽƵƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ͘džĂŵƉůĞĞƐĂƌĞ͗Ğ͘Ő͘;ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞͿ͕E;ǀĞƌƌLJŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚͿ͕ĂĚǀ
ΘĚŝƐĂĚǀ;ĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞƐĂŶĚĚŝƐĂĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞƐͿ͘
ͻ ůǁĂLJƐƚƌLJƚŽǁƌŝƚĞLJŽƵƌŶŽƚĞĞƐŝŶLJŽƵƌŽǁŶǁŽƌĚƐ͕ďƵƚƚŚĞĨŽůůůŽǁŝŶŐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞ
ĐŽƉŝĞĚĚŽǁŶĞdžĂĐƚůLJ͗
ϭ͘ FORMULAS
Ϯ͘ &/E/d/KE^
ϯ͘ ^W/&/&d^

ͻ /ĨLJŽƵŵŝƐƐĂƉŽŝŶƚĂŶĚƌĞĂůŝƐĞĞƚŽŽůĂƚĞƚŚĂƚŝƚŵŝŐŚƚďĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ͕ǁƌŝƚĞĂŬĞLJ
ǁŽƌĚĂďŽƵƚŝƚŝŶLJŽƵƌŶŽƚĞƐĂŶĚŵĂƌŬŝƚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚĂƌ͘ŽŶƟŶ ŶƵĞůŝƐƚĞŶŝŶŐĂŶĚ
ŵĂŬŝŶŐŶŽƚĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞƐƚŽĨƚƚŚĞůĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘zŽƵĐĂŶĂůǁĂLJƐĂƐŬLJLJŽƵƌĨƌŝĞŶĚƐĂŌĞƌ
ƚŚĞůĞĐƚƵƌĞǁŚĂƚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚǁĂĂƐ͘
ͻ ZĞŵĞŵďĞƌƚŚĂƚLJŽƵĐĂŶĂůǁĂLJLJƐĂĚĚƚŽLJŽƵƌŶŽƚĞƐĂŌĞƌƚŚĞůĞĐƚƵƌĞ͘dƌLJƚŽƐƉĞŶĚ
ϭϬŵŝŶƵƚĞƐĂƚƐŽŵĞƐƚĂŐĞĂŌĞĞƌƚŚĞůĞĐƚƵƌĞƚŽŐŽƚŚƌŽƵŐŚLJŽƵƌƌŶŽƚĞƐ͘ĚĚŵŽƌĞ
ƉŽŝŶƚƐĂŶĚŵŽƌĞĚĞƚĂŝůǁŚĞƌĞĞŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJ͘
 41
TAKING NOTES FROM BOOKS AND ARTICLES IN STUDY OR
RESEARCH SETTINGS
ͻ tŚĞŶŵĂŬŝŶŐŶŽƚĞƐĨƌŽŵLJŽ ŽƵƌƚĞdžƚŬŽƌŽƚŚĞƌŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŝŶ ŶĂƐƚƵĚLJƐĞƫŶŐ͕
ƚĂŬĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůŶŽƚĞŽĨŚĞĂĚŝŶŐƐĂĂŶĚƚŽƉŝĐƐĞŶƚĞŶĐĞƐ͘dŚĞƐĞǁŝůůŚ
ŚĞůƉLJŽƵƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ
LJŽƵƌŶŽƚĞƐ͘
ͻ tŚĞŶƚĂŬŝŶŐŶŽƚĞƐĨƌŽŵĂďŽ ŽŽŬŽƌĂƌƟĐůĞĨŽƌƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƉƵƌƉŽ ŽƐĞƐ͕ĂůǁĂLJƐƚĂŬĞ
ĚŽǁŶƚŚĞƟƚůĞ͕ĂƵƚŚŽƌ͕ƚŚĞĚ ĚĂƚĞŽĨƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞƉƵďůŝƐŚ ŚĞƌĂŶĚƚŚĞƉĂŐĞ
ŶƵŵďĞƌƐĨƌŽŵǁŚŝĐŚLJŽƵŵĂĚ ĚĞŶŽƚĞƐ͘dŚŝƐŝƐĐƌƵĐŝĂůǁŚĞŶLJŽŽƵƵƐĞLJŽƵƌŶŽƚĞƐ
ůĂƚĞƌĨŽƌĂƐƐŝŐŶŵĞŶƚƐ͕ĂƐLJŽƵǁŝůůŚĂǀĞƚŽǁƌŝƚĞĐŝƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚ ĚƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ͘;^ĞĞ
ƚŚĞƐĞĐƟŽŶ͚ŝƟŶŐƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͛͘Ϳ

WRITING ASSIGNMENTS SU UCH AS ESSAYS

ƵƵƌŝŶŐLJŽƵƌƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJĐĂƌĞĞƌLJŽƵǁŝůůďĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂŶƵŵďĞĞƌŽĨĂƐƐŝŐŶŵĞŶƚƐ͘
ƐƐƐŝŐŶŵĞŶƚƐŵĂLJƚĂŬĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĨŽŽƌŵƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐĞƐƐĂLJƐ͕ƉƌŽďůĞŵͲƐŽůůǀŝŶŐĂƐƐŝŐŶŵĞŶƚƐ
ĂŶ
ŶĚƌĞƉŽƌƚƐ͘ĂĐŚŽĨƚŚĞƐĞŶĞĞĚƐƚƚŽďĞĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞĚŝŶĂĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚǁǁĂLJ͘

HOW TO ILLUSTRATE YOUR R ANSWER IN YOUR ESSA AY

KŶŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵŽƐƚĐŽŵŵŽŶŵŝƐƚĂŬŬĞƐƚŚĂƚƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐŵĂŬĞǁŚĞŶǁ ǁƌŝƟŶŐĂŶĞƐƐĂLJŝƐ
ƚŚ
ŚĂƚƚŚĞLJĚŽŶ͛ƚĂŶƐǁĞƌƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽ ŽŶ͘zŽƵŵĂLJďĞĂďůĞƚŽǁƌŝƚĞŽŶƚƚŚĞƚŽƉŝĐĂŶĚŵĂLJ
ƚŚ
ŚŽƌŽƵŐŚůLJĞŶŐĂŐĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵŵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚLJŽƵŚĂǀĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞĚ͕͕ďƵƚƚŚŝƐĚŽĞƐŶŽƚ
ŶĞĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝůLJŵĞĂŶƚŚĂƚLJŽƵĂƌĞĂŶƐƐǁĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ͘
dŽ
ŽŵĂŬĞƐƵƌĞLJŽƵĂŶƐǁĞƌƚŚĞƋƵĞĞƐƟŽŶLJŽƵŵƵƐƚƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝƚ͘Z ZĞĂĚĂŶĚƌĞͲƌĞĂĚ
ƚŚ
ŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ͕ƚĂŬŝŶŐŶŽƚĞŽĨƐƉĞĐŝĮ ĮĐǁŽƌĚƐƚŚĂƚƚĞůůLJŽƵŚŽǁƚŽĂŶ
ŶƐǁĞƌŝƚ͘,ŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚ
ƚŚ
ŚĞƐĞŬĞLJǁŽƌĚƐ͘dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĂůƐŽŽƚƚŚĞƌǁŽƌĚƐƚŚĂƚŝĚĞŶƟĨLJǁŚĂƚŝŶĨŽŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŵƵƐƚďĞ
ŝŶLJŽƵƌĂŶƐǁĞƌ͘ŝƌĐůĞƚŚĞƐĞǁŽƌĚƐƐ͘

PLLAN WHAT YOU ARE GOIN NG TO WRITE

dŚŚĞƌĞŝƐƵƐƵĂůůLJĂůĂƌŐĞĂŵŽƵŶƚŽŽĨŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƚŚĂƚŶĞĞĚƐƚŽďĞĐĂƌĞĨƵůůLJŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚ
ďĞĞĨŽƌĞLJŽƵďĞŐŝŶǁƌŝƟŶŐLJŽƵƌĞƐƐĂĂLJ͘ŶĞīĞĐƟǀĞǁĂLJŝƐƚŽĚƌĂǁĂƐƐƉŝĚĞƌĚŝĂŐƌĂŵŽƌ
ĂŵŝŶĚŵĂƉŽĨǁŚĂƚLJŽƵŶĞĞĚƚŽĂŶƐǁĞƌĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶLJŽƵ ƵŶĞĞĚƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ
ŝŶLJŽƵƌĞƐƐĂLJ͘

WHY BOTHER TO PLAN?

WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ LJŽƵƌ ĞƐƐĂLJ ĞŶƐƵƌĞƐ ƚŚĂĂƚ LJŽƵ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ Ăůů ƚŚĞ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟ
ƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ LJŽƵ ĂƌĞ
ƌĞĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ͘/ƚĂůƐŽŚĞůƉƐLJŽƵǁƌŝƚĞĂŶĞƐƐĂLJǁŝƚŚĂĐůĞĂƌƌĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĂ
ůŽŐŐŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ƉůĂŶŶ
ŶŝŶŐĞŶƐƵƌĞƐƚŚĂƚLJŽƵŵĂŬĞĐŽŶƐŝƐƐƚĞŶƚĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐ
ƚŚ
ŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞĞƐƐĂLJďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚ ŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶLJŽƵƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĂŶĚƚƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƚŚĂƚ
ǁĂĂƐĂƐŬĞĚ͘
42

WR I T I N G
YOUR ESSAY
INTRODUCTION
zŽ
ŽƵƌŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŵƵƐƚƐŚŽǁŚŽ ŽǁLJŽƵĂƌĞŐŽŝŶŐƚŽƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞLJLJŽƵƌŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ
ŝŶ
ŶƚŚĞƌĞŵĂŝŶĚĞƌŽĨƚŚĞĞƐƐĂLJ͕ŝĚĞĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĂŝŶƉŽŝŶƚƐƚŚĂƚLJLJŽƵǁŝůůĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ͕
ĂƐƐǁĞůůĂƐŚŽǁƚŚĞLJƌĞůĂƚĞƚŽƚŚĞĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ͘

BODY
dŚŚĞďŽĚLJŽĨƚŚĞĞƐƐĂLJŝƐĚŝǀŝĚĞĚ
ĚŝŶƚŽĂŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĂƌĂŐƌĂƉŚƐ͘͘ĂĐŚƉĂƌĂŐƌĂƉŚ
ŐŝŝǀĞƐĂƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽ ŽŶĂŶĚŵƵƐƚĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚǁŝƚŚǁŚĂƚLJŽƵǁƌŽƚĞ
ŝŶ
ŶLJŽƵƌŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘zŽƵŵƵƐƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĂĐůĞĂƌĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚ͕ďĂĐĐŬŝŶŐƵƉĞĂĐŚŽĨ
LJŽ
ŽƵƌƉŽŝŶƚƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞƚƚŚĂƚLJŽƵĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚ͘zŽƵĐĂŶƋƵ ƵŽƚĞĨƌŽŵŬƐ
ĂŶŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƚŽĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĂƉŽŝŶƚŽƌƚŽĞdžƉůĂĂŝŶǁŚLJLJŽƵĂƌĞ
ŵĂŬŝŶŐƐŽŵĞĐůĂŝŵ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕Ƶ ƵƐĞƋƵŽƚĞƐƐƉĂƌŝŶŐůLJ͘ŽŶŽƚĮůůůLJŽƵƌĞƐƐĂLJǁŝƚŚ
ĂŶŶŽƚŚĞƌƉĞƌƐŽŶ͛ƐǁŽƌĚƐ͘zŽƵƌůĞĞĐƚƵƌĞƌƐǁĂŶƚƚŽŬŶŽǁǁŚĂƚLJŽ ŽƵƚŚŝŶŬ͕ĂŶĚĂƌĞ
ŵŽƌĞŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚĞĚŝŶLJŽƵƌŽǁŶǁŽ ŽƌĚƐĂŶĚĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŶĐĞĞƉƚƐ͘

CONCLUSION
tŚĞŶǁƌŝƟŶŐLJŽƵƌĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶLJŽ ŽƵŵƵƐƚďƌŝĞŇLJƐƵŵŵĂƌŝƐĞLJŽƵ
ƵƌĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚĂŶĚ
ĮŶ
ŶĚŝŶŐƐ͘ŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞLJŽƵƌŵĂŝŶŝŝĚĞĂƐĂŶĚŚŽǁƚŚĞLJĂŶƐǁĞƌƚŚĞĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ͘

TIP -
dŚĞĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶƐƵŵŵĂƌŝƐĞƐƚŚĞŵĂŝŶƉŽŝŶƚƐĂŶĚůĞĂĚƐƚŚĞƌĞĂĚĞƌ
ďĂĐŬƚŽƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ͘dŚĞĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶƐŚŽƵůĚďĞďƌŝĞĨĂŶĚŶŽƚ
ŝŶĐůƵĚĞĂŶLJŶĞǁŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͘
 RESEARCH PROJECTS 43

/ŶƐŽŵĞƐƵďũĞĐƚƐLJŽƵŵĂLJďĞŐŝǀĞŶĂƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͘zŽƵƌůĞĐƚƵƌĞƌƐǁŝůů
ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞLJŽƵǁŝƚŚĨƵůůĚĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨǁŚĂƚǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚĨƌŽŵLJŽƵĂŶĚŚŽǁLJŽƵ
ƐŚŽƵůĚĐŽŶĚƵĐƚLJŽƵƌƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂŶĚƉƌĞƐĞŶƚLJŽƵƌĮŶĚŝŶŐƐ͘dŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐŝƐĂ
ŐĞŶĞƌĂůŝƐĞĚĂŶĚďƌŝĞĨĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶŽĨƐŽŵĞŽĨƚŚĞŝƐƐƵĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ
ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘

COLLECTING DATA
dŚŚŝƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐŐĂƚŚĞƌŝŶŐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽ ŽŶLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨ͕ĂŶĚĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞĨĞƌƚŽ
ŽƵƐŝŶŐƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJ
ƌĞĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ĚĂƚĂĐŽůůůĞĐƟŽŶĐĂŶŝŶǀŽůǀĞŝŶƚĞƌǀŝĞǁŝŶŐŐƉĞŽƉůĞŽƌĚŽŝŶŐ
ĞdždžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐŝŶĂůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJƐĞƫŶŐŐ͘/ĨLJŽƵŶĞĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌǀŝĞǁƉĞŽƉůĞĞ͕LJŽƵŵƵƐƚĚĞƐŝŐŶ
ĂƋƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŶĂŝƌĞĮƌƐƚ͘^ŝŵŝůĂƌůLJ͕ŝĨLJŽ
ŽƵŶĞĞĚƚŽĐŽůůĞĐƚĚĂƚĂďLJĚŽŝŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐ͕LJŽƵ
ŵƵƐƚĮƌƐƚĚĞƐŝŐŶLJŽƵƌĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƚ͘dŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂǁŝůůŐŝǀĞĞLJŽƵŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞŝŶ
ĚĞĞƐŝŐŶŝŶŐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂŶ ŶŝŶƚĞƌǀŝĞǁ͗

ͻ ĞƐŝŐŶĞĂĐŚƋƵĞƐƟŽŶĐĂƌĞĨƵůůůLJ͕ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐĂďŽƵƚǁŚĂƚLJŽƵŶĞĞĞĚƚŽĮŶĚŽƵƚĨŽƌ
LJŽƵƌƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͘
ͻ dŚŝŶŬĂďŽƵƚŚŽǁLJŽƵŶĞĞĚƚŽƵƐĞƚŚĞĚĂƚĂĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ǁŝůůLJŽƵŶĞĞĚ
ƚŽĚŽƐƚĂƟƐƟĐĂůĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ͍dŚŝƐǁŝůůŚĞůƉLJŽƵƚŽĚĞƐŝŐŶŐŽŽĚ
ĚƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ͘
ͻ tŚĞŶLJŽƵĐŽůůĞĐƚĚĂƚĂ͕ĂǀŽŝĚƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐŽƌƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐƐƚŚĂƚǁŝůůƉƌŽǀŽŬĞ
ĂŶĞŵŽƟŽŶĂůƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞ͘dƌLJŬĞĞƉŝŶŐLJŽƵƌƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐĨĂĐƚĚƌƌŝǀĞŶƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶ
ŽƉŝŶŝŽŶͲďĂƐĞĚ͘;,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŝŶƐƐŽŵĞƐƵďũĞĐƚƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐWƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐŐLJ͕ĂŶĚĚĞƉĞŶĚŝŶŐ
ŽŶƚŚĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƚŽƉŝĐ͕ƚŚŝƐŵĂĂLJŶŽƚďĞƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ͘Ϳ
ͻ ŽŶ͛ƚĂƐŬĐŽŶĨƵƐŝŶŐƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚĐŽƵůĚďĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĞĚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚůLJďLJĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ƉĞŽƉůĞ͘
ͻ ĞĐůĞĂƌĂŶĚĐŽŶĐŝƐĞ͘
ͻ /ĨLJŽƵŶĞĞĚƚŽĚŽƐƚĂƟƐƟĐĂůĐĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƐ͕Ăůǁ ǁĂLJƐƉŚƌĂƐĞƐƵĐŚ
ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐƐŽƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞƐƉŽŶƐƐĞŝƐŐŝǀĞŶŝŶŶƵŵĞƌŝĐŽƌĐŽĚĞĚĨĨŽƌŵ͕ƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶ
ƚŚĞƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶƚ͛ƐŽǁŶǁŽƌĚƐ͘͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͚KŶĂƐĐĂůĞŽĨϭƚŽ ŽϭϬ͕ǁŝƚŚϭďĞŝŶŐ
džƚƌĞŵĞůLJDŝƐĞƌĂďůĞ͕ĂŶĚϭϬďĞŝŶŐsĞƌLJ,ĂƉƉLJ͕ŚŽǁǁŽƵůĚLJŽ ŽƵƌĂƚĞLJŽƵƌƐƚĂƚĞ
ŽĨŵŝŶĚǁŚĞŶLJŽƵĨĂŝůĂƚĞƐƚ͍͍͛ŝƐĂďĞƩĞƌƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƚŚĂŶ͚ĞƐĐƌŝďĞLJŽƵƌƐƚĂƚĞŽĨ
ŵŝŶĚǁŚĞŶLJŽƵĨĂŝůĂƚĞƐƚ͍͛
ͻ DĂŬĞƐƵƌĞLJŽƵƌƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐŵĂŬŬĞƐĞŶƐĞĂŶĚĨŽůůŽǁŽŶĨƌŽŵĞĂĐŚ ŚŽƚŚĞƌŝŶĂůŽŐŝĐĂů
ǁĂLJ͘
ͻ hƐĞƐŝŵƉůĞůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ͘<ĞĞƉŝŶŵŝŶĚƚŚĂƚŶŽƚĂůůLJŽƵƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶƚƐŵĂLJďĞŇƵĞŶƚ
ŝŶƚŚĞůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞƚŚĂƚLJŽƵŚĂǀǀĞƵƐĞĚƚŽĐŽŵƉŝůĞƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ŶŶĂŝƌĞŽƌĐŽŶĚƵĐƚ
ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌǀŝĞǁ͘
44

RESEARCH REPORTS
 ǁƌŝƩĞŶ ƌĞƉŽƌƚ ŝƐ ƵƐĞĚ ƚŽ ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞ ĂŶ ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶ Žƌ ĞŶƋƵŝƌLJ͕ Žƌ ƚŽ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ
ƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨĂƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͘/ƚƐŚŽƵůĚďĞǁƌŝƩĞŶŝŶĂƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĨŽƌŵĂƚʹLJŽƵƌ
ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJǁŝůůŚĂǀĞŝƚƐŽǁŶŐƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐĨŽƌǁƌŝƟŶŐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƌĞƉŽƌƚƐ͕ĂŶĚLJŽƵƐŚŽƵůĚ
ƌĞĂĚƚŚĞŵĐĂƌĞĨƵůůLJďĞĨŽƌĞǁƌŝƟŶŐLJŽƵƌƌĞƉŽƌƚ͘ƌĞƉŽƌƚƐŚŽƵůĚĐŽŶƐŝƐƚŽĨĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ͕
ĮŶĚŝŶŐƐĂŶĚƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ͘dŚĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƚŽĂƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƌĞƉŽƌƚĚŝƐĐƵƐƐĞƐƚŚĞ
ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ;ƚŚĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƋƵĞƐƟŽŶͿ͕ŚŽǁƚŚĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚǁĂƐĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚ
ĂŶĚďƌŝĞŇLJŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐLJŽƵƌĮŶĚŝŶŐƐ͘dŚĞďŽĚLJŽĨƚŚĞƌĞƉŽƌƚĞdžƉůĂŝŶƐƚŚĞŵĞƚŚŽĚŽĨ
ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚĚŝƐĐƵƐƐĞƐLJŽƵƌĮŶĚŝŶŐƐŝŶĚĞƚĂŝů͘&ŝŶĂůůLJĂĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐLJŽƵƌ
ƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ͕ǁŚLJƚŚĞLJĂƌĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂŶĚŚŽǁƚŚĞLJĂŶƐǁĞƌŽƌĂĚĚƌĞƐƐƚŚĞ
ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ͘/ŶƚŚĞĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶLJŽƵĐĂŶĂůƐŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƚŚĂƚŵĂLJ
ďĞƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞŶŝŶĨƵƚƵƌĞƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌŝůůƵŵŝŶĂƚĞƚŚĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ͘ĞĂƐŽďũĞĐƟǀĞ
ĂƐƉŽƐƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶǁƌŝƟŶŐLJŽƵƌƌĞƉŽƌƚ͘

PLAGIARISM
WůĂŐŝĂƌŝƐŵŝƐĐŽƉLJŝŶŐǁŚĂƚƐŽŵĞŽŶĞĞůƐĞŚĂƐǁƌŝƩĞŶŽƌƚĂŬŝŶŐƐŽŵĞďŽĚLJĞůƐĞ͛ƐŝĚĞĂƐ
ŽƌǁŽƌĚƐĂŶĚƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞŵĂƐLJŽƵƌŽǁŶ͕ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐŝŶŐƚŚĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ͘ǀĞŶ
ŝĨLJŽƵĚŽŶŽƚƋƵŽƚĞǀĞƌďĂƟŵĨƌŽŵĂŬŽƌĂƌƟĐůĞ͕LJŽƵƐƟůůŶĞĞĚƚŽĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ
ŝƚŝŶLJŽƵƌƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞůŝƐƚŝĨLJŽƵŵĂĚĞƵƐĞŽĨŝƚ͘tŚĞŶLJŽƵƉĂƌĂƉŚƌĂƐĞ;ƌĞǁƌŝƚĞŝŶLJŽƵƌ
ŽǁŶǁŽƌĚƐƐŽŵĞŽŶĞĞůƐĞ͛ƐŝĚĞĂƐŽƌƚŚŽƵŐŚƚƐͿǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐŝŶŐƚŚĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ͕
ŝƚŝƐƐƟůůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚƉůĂŐŝĂƌŝƐŵ͘/ƚŝƐƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞĞdžƚƌĞŵĞůLJŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŚĂƚLJŽƵĂůǁĂLJƐ
ĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞLJŽƵƌƐŽƵƌĐĞƐŝŶĂůůLJŽƵƌǁŽƌŬ͘hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƉůĂŐŝĂƌŝƐŵŝŶĂǀĞƌLJ
ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐůŝŐŚƚ͘/ĨLJŽƵĂƌĞĨŽƵŶĚŐƵŝůƚLJŽĨƉůĂŐŝĂƌŝƐŵLJŽƵŵĂLJŶŽƚďĞĂůůŽǁĞĚƚŽĐŽŶƟŶƵĞ
LJŽƵƌƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ͘/ĨLJŽƵĂƌĞƵŶƐƵƌĞǁŚĞƚŚĞƌƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐŝŶLJŽƵƌƌĞƉŽƌƚŽƌĂƐƐŝŐŶŵĞŶƚ
ŶĞĞĚƐƚŽďĞĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĚ͕ĐŚĞĐŬǁŝƚŚLJŽƵƌůĞĐƚƵƌĞƌŽƌƚƵƚŽƌ͘

dŽĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂƐŽƵƌĐĞLJŽƵŝŶƐĞƌƚĂĐŝƚĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞďŽĚLJŽĨƚŚĞƚĞdžƚ͕ĂŶĚĂĚĚĂĨƵůů
ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶLJŽƵƌƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞůŝƐƚĂƚƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨLJŽƵƌĂƐƐŝŐŶŵĞŶƚ͕ĞƐƐĂLJŽƌƌĞƉŽƌƚ͘
 45

TIP -
ŝīĞƌĞŶƚƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐ͕ĂŶĚƐŽŵĞƟŵĞƐ
ĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐĨĂĐƵůƟĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕
ŵĂLJĨŽůůŽǁĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĨŽƌŵĂƚƐĨŽƌĐŝƟŶŐ
ĂŶĚƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐŝŶŐŝŶĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐǁƌŝƟŶŐ͘
ŚĞĐŬǁŝƚŚLJŽƵƌůĞĐƚƵƌĞƌǁŚŝĐŚƚLJƉĞŽĨ
ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐƚLJůĞLJŽƵƌĨĂĐƵůƚLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐ͕
ĂŶĚŚŽǁƚŽƵƐĞŝƚ͘

CITING SOURCES
tŚĞŶǁƌŝƟŶŐĂƐƐŝŐŶŵĞŶƚƐ͕ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƌĞƉŽƌƚƐŽƌƚŚĞƐĞƐ͕LJŽƵĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĮŶĚďŽƚŚ
ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂŶĚƉƌŝŵĂƌLJƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘dŚŝƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐůŽŽŬŝŶŐĨŽƌŬƐ͕ũŽƵƌŶĂůĂƌƟĐůĞƐĂŶĚ
ǁĞďƐŝƚĞƐƚŚĂƚǁŝůůŐŝǀĞLJŽƵŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƚŽƉŝĐLJŽƵĂƌĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶŐ͘dŚĞƐĞ
ƐŽƵƌĐĞƐŵƵƐƚďĞĐŝƚĞĚŝŶLJŽƵƌǁŽƌŬǁŚĞŶĞǀĞƌLJŽƵƌĞĨĞƌƚŽƚŚĞŵ͘dŚŝƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐ
ƋƵŽƚĂƟŽŶƐĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƉĂƌĂƉŚƌĂƐŝŶŐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͘/ƚŝƐƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŽǁƌŝƚĞ
ĚŽǁŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨĂŬŽƌĂƌƟĐůĞǁŚĞŶLJŽƵŵĂŬĞŶŽƚĞƐĨƌŽŵŝƚ͘dŚŝƐǁŝůůŚĞůƉ
ƉƌĞǀĞŶƚĂĐĐŝĚĞŶƚĂůůLJƉůĂŐŝĂƌŝƐŝŶŐƐŽŵĞŽŶĞĞůƐĞ͛ƐǁŽƌŬ͚͘ŝƟŶŐ͛ŵĞĂŶƐƚŽƌĞĨĞƌƚŽ
ƚŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌŽĨLJŽƵƌƐŽƵƌĐĞ͕ƚŚĞĚĂƚĞŽĨƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚǁŚĞƌĞŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJƚŚĞƉĂŐĞ
ŶƵŵďĞƌ͘

ͻ tŚĞŶƵƐŝŶŐƋƵŽƚĂƟŽŶƐ͕ƵƐĞƚŚĞŽƌŝŐŝŶĂůǁŽƌĚƐĂŶĚƉƵƚƚŚĞŵŝŶƋƵŽƚĂƟŽŶŵĂƌŬƐ
ŝŶLJŽƵƌƚĞdžƚ͘
ͻ /ŶďƌĂĐŬĞƚƐŝĚĞŶƟĨLJƚŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌ͕ƚŚĞLJĞĂƌƚŚĞŬǁĂƐƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚĂŶĚŽŶǁŚŝĐŚ
ƉĂŐĞ;ƐͿLJŽƵĨŽƵŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͘^ĞĞƚŚĞĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐďĞůŽǁ͘
ͻ ĚĚƚŚĞĨƵůůƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞƐŽƵƌĐĞŝŶLJŽƵƌƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞůŝƐƚ͘dŚŝƐǁŝůůŝŶĐůƵĚĞŵŽƌĞ
ĚĞƚĂŝůƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŚĞƟƚůĞŽĨƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͕ƉƵďůŝƐŚĞƌ͕ƉůĂĐĞŽĨƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͕ĞƚĐ͘
^ĞĞƚŚĞĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽŶƉĂŐĞϰϲ͘
46
EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT REFERENCE STYLES

Ėĺ
©„¼“|pªĺGÀÚ|‘¯£¯Ž“|p£ĺ
ÀÀ¯|“pƓ¯ªĺĪ
G
ī
Ėĺ ¯|Ê©„ªÆp¼Úĺª¯Æ„ĺÀÆÚ£„
Ėĺ "p¼Óp¼€
Ėĺ #
Ėĺ 7¯€„¼ªĺ1pªŽÊpŽ„ĺ
ÀÀ¯|“pƓ¯ªĺĪ71
ī
Ėĺ `pª|¯Êӄ¼

EXXAMPLES OF CITING AND REFERENCING A SOUR RCE

/Ŷ
ŶĂŶĂƐƐŝŐŶŵĞŶƚĨŽƌWƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐLJLJ͕LJŽƵŵĂLJĮŶĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ͗

1. ŶŝŵĂůůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞƐĐĂŶďĞĞdždžƚƌĞŵĞůLJĐŽŵƉůĞdž͕ĂƐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĚ
ĚďLJƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
calls of vervet monkeys (Diam
mond, 2002).

(N
Note that there is no directt quotation, but the informa ation has been
pa
araphrased and therefore thee source has to be acknowled dged. The page
ŶƵ
ƵŵďĞƌĚŽĞƐŶŽƚŚĂǀĞƚŽďĞŝŶĐĐůƵĚĞĚďĞĐĂƵƐĞŝƚŝƐŶŽƚĂĚŝƌĞĐĐƚƋƵŽƚĂƟŽŶ͘Ϳ

2. ,ĞĐůĞĂƌůLJƐƚĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚ͚ǀŝƌƚƵĂ
ĂůůLJĞǀĞƌLJĐůĂŝŵŽĨĂŶŝŵĂůďĞŚĂĂǀŝŽƵƌƐƵŐŐĞƐƟŶŐ
ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŽĨŚƵŵĂŶůĂŶŐƵĂŐ ŐĞŝƐŐƌĞĞƚĞĚǁŝƚŚƐĐĞƉƟĐŝƐŵďLJLJŵĂŶLJƐĐŝĞŶƟƐƚƐ͛͘
(Diamond, 2002:130).

;E
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĚŝƌĞĐƚƚƋƵŽƚĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ͘Y YƵŽƚĂƟŽŶŵĂƌŬƐ
ĂƌƌĞƵƐĞĚĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌ͕LJĞĂƌŽĨĨƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŬ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂ
ĂƐƚŚĞƉĂŐĞ;ƐͿŽŶ
ǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƋƵŽƚĞĐĂŶďĞĨŽƵŶĚ͕Ă ĂƌĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚŝŶďƌĂĐŬĞƚƐ͘Ϳ

/Ŷ
ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞĐŝƚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚ ŚĞƚĞdžƚŽĨLJŽƵƌĂƐƐŝŐŶŵĞŶƚŽƌƌƌĞƉŽƌƚ͕LJŽƵŶĞĞĚ
to
o include the full reference in yo
our reference list, which usuallly appears at the
en
nd. For the above examples, th he full reference will be:
ŝŝĂŵŽŶĚ͕:;ϮϬϬϮͿ͘dŚĞƌŝƐĞĂŶĚ ĚĨĂůůŽĨƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚĐŚŝŵƉĂŶnjĞĞ͘,ŽǁŽƵƌĂŶŝŵĂů
ŚĞĞƌŝƚĂŐĞĂīĞĐƚƐƚŚĞǁĂLJǁĞůŝǀĞ Ğ͘>ŽŶĚŽŶ͗sŝŶƚĂŐĞ͘
 47

HOW TO REFERENCE AN INTERNET

WEBSITE

tŚĞŶ LJŽƵ ƵƐĞ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ĨƌŽŵ /ŶƚĞƌŶĞƚ ǁĞďƐŝƚĞƐ ĨŽƌ ĂŶ ĂƐƐŝŐŶŵĞŶƚ͕
you need to include the reference in your reference list. Take note of the
following:

ϭ͘ dŚĞŶĂŵĞŽĨƚŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌ;ŝĨŬŶŽǁŶͿŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƟĐůĞŽƌǁĞďƉŽƐƚ
Ϯ͘ dŚĞƟƚůĞŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƟĐůĞŽƌǁĞďƉŽƐƚ
ϯ͘ dŚĞǁĞďĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ;hZ>ͿĨŽƌƚŚĞǁĞďƐŝƚĞ
ϰ͘ dŚĞĚĂƚĞŽŶǁŚŝĐŚLJŽƵĂĐĐĞƐƐĞĚƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ

AN EXAMPLE OF A REFERENCE TO THE INTERNET:

ZŝĐŚĂƌĚƐŽŶ͕Wt͚͘tŚĞŶŶŝŵĂůƐ^ƉĞĂŬ͛͘ŽůƵŵďŝĂ:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨ>ĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ^ƚƵĚŝĞƐ͘
ǀĂŝůĂďůĞŽŶůŝŶĞĂƚŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĐŽůũůƐ͘ŽƌŐͬϮϬϭϰͬĚĞĐͬǁŚĞŶͲĂŶŝŵĂůƐͲƐƉĞĂŬͬ͘
ĐĐĞƐƐĞĚϮϮEŽǀ͘ϮϬϭϰ͘
48
PREPARING FOR
PRESENTATIONS
/ŶŽƵƌĚŝŐŝƚĂůĂŐĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐŚĂǀĞďĞĐŽŵĞǀĞƌLJĐŽŵŵŽŶŝŶƚŚĞǁŽƌŬƉůĂĐĞ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞ
ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞŝƐǀĂƌŝĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĐŝƟŶŐ͘/ƚŝƐƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŽƉƌĂĐƟƐĞLJŽƵƌ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐŬŝůůƐĚƵƌŝŶŐLJŽƵƌƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJĐĂƌĞĞƌ͘ůƚŚŽƵŐŚŝƚŝƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŽůĞĂƌŶ
ŚŽǁƚŽƵƐĞƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞŚŽǁƚŽƐĞƚƵƉĂŶĚƵƐĞ
WŽǁĞƌWŽŝŶƚƐůŝĚĞƐŽŶĂĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ͕ƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƐŬŝůůŝƐƚŽǀĞƌďĂůůLJĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚĞ
LJŽƵƌƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽƌĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚƚŽĂůĂƌŐĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ͘

dŽďĞĐŽŵĞĂŶĞīĞĐƟǀĞƐƉĞĂŬĞƌ͕LJŽƵŶĞĞĚƚŽĚŽƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ͗
ͻ WůĂŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨLJŽƵƌƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͘
ͻ hƐĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƚŽĚĞůŝǀĞƌLJŽƵƌƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĞīĞĐƟǀĞůLJ͘
ͻ hƐĞŶŽŶͲǀĞƌďĂůĐƵĞƐ͕ďŽĚLJůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞĂŶĚƐŝŐŶĂůƐĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞůLJ͘
ͻ hƐĞLJŽƵƌǀŽŝĐĞĞīĞĐƟǀĞůLJ͘

PLAN THE CONTENT OF YOUR PRESENTATION

WƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶƐ ĂƌĞ ƐŝŵŝůĂƌ ƚŽ ĞƐƐĂLJƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĂƚ Ă ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶ ĂůƐŽ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚƐ ŽĨ ĂŶ
ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ĂďŽĚLJĂŶĚĂĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͘zŽƵƐŚŽƵůĚƉĂLJƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌĂƩĞŶƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞ
ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐǁŚĞŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĞĂĐŚƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨLJŽƵƌƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͗

/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͗'ŝǀĞĂŶĂƩĞŶƟŽŶͲŐƌĂďďŝŶŐŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘dŚĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐŚŽƵůĚŚŽŽŬ
LJŽƵƌĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞĂŶĚŵĂŬĞƚŚĞŵŬĞĞŶƚŽůŝƐƚĞŶƚŽƚŚĞƌĞƐƚŽĨƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͘

ŽĚLJ͗dŚŝƐŵƵƐƚďĞǁĞůůͲƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚ͕ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟǀĞĂŶĚůŽŐŝĐĂů͘zŽƵƌĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚŵƵƐƚďĞ
ŵĂĚĞĐůĞĂƌŝŶĂƉŽŝŶƚͲďLJͲƉŽŝŶƚĨĂƐŚŝŽŶ͘

ŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͗^ƵŵŵĂƌŝƐĞLJŽƵƌĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚŽƌĮŶĚŝŶŐƐ͘>ĞĂǀĞƚŚĞĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ
ƚŽƚŚŝŶŬĂďŽƵƚŽƌƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŵǁŝƚŚĂĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ͘

DĂŬĞƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚLJŽƵƉůĂŶLJŽƵƌƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚŽĮƚĐŽŵĨŽƌƚĂďůLJŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĂůůŽĐĂƚĞĚ
ƟŵĞ͘ƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŚŽǁĨĂƐƚLJŽƵŶĞĞĚƚŽƐƉĞĂŬŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽĐŽŶǀĞLJĞǀĞƌLJƚŚŝŶŐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞ
ĂůůŽĐĂƚĞĚƟŵĞ͘WƌĂĐƟƐĞƚŚĞƉĂĐĞĂƚǁŚŝĐŚLJŽƵŶĞĞĚƚŽƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ĚŽŶŽƚƌƵƐŚ
ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚLJŽƵƌŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƚŽĮŶŝƐŚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĂůůŽĐĂƚĞĚƟŵĞʹƌĂƚŚĞƌƉůĂŶƉƌŽƉĞƌůLJĂŶĚ
ůĞĂǀĞŽƵƚŽƌƐŚŽƌƚĞŶƐŽŵĞƉĂƌƚƐŽĨLJŽƵƌƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͘ĞĐŝĚĞǁŚĂƚŝƐŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ
ĂŶĚƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĨŽƌƚŚĞĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞƚŽŬŶŽǁďĞĨŽƌĞĐƵƫŶŐLJŽƵƌƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͘
 49

TIP -
tŚĞŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐLJŽƵƌƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚŚŝŶŬĂďŽƵƚĂƵĚŝŽͲǀŝƐƵĂů
ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƚŚĂƚLJŽƵĐĂŶƵƐĞƚŽŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞLJŽƵƌƉŽŝŶƚƐĂŶĚŬĞĞƉ
LJŽƵƌĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞ͛ƐĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ͘

zŽƵƐŚŽƵůĚƚĂŬĞƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐŝŶƚŽĂĐĐŽƵŶƚǁŚĞŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐLJŽƵƌƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͕
ĂƐƚŚĞLJĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞƐƚLJůĞŝŶǁŚŝĐŚLJŽƵƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ;ĐĂƐƵĂů͕ĨŽƌŵĂůŽƌĞŶƚĞƌƚĂŝŶŝŶŐͿ͗

Ėĺ
ʀ“„ª|„
Ėĺ Gʼ¹¯À„
Ėĺ ¯ªÆ„ÙÆĺĪ¹£p|„ĺpª€Ĥ¯¼ĺ¯||pÀ“¯ªī

COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES TO DELIVER A PRESENTATION

dŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ Ă ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ LJŽƵ ĐĂŶ ƵƐĞ ĨŽƌ LJŽƵƌ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶ͕
ĚĞƉĞŶĚŝŶŐŽŶLJŽƵƌƐƚLJůĞ͕ĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞ͕ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞĂŶĚĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͘dŚĞƐĞƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐĐĂŶŚĞůƉ
LJŽƵĨĞĞůŵŽƌĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚĂŶĚŝŶĐŽŶƚƌŽůǁŚĞŶLJŽƵĮŶĂůůLJƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ͘

TIP -
dŚĞ ŵŽƐƚ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞ ƚŽ ĞŶƐƵƌĞ ĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐ Ă
ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŝƐƚŽƉƌĂĐƟƐĞŝƚ͘ZĞƉĞĂƚŝƚƵŶƟůLJŽƵ
ĂƌĞ ĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚ͕ ĂŶĚ ĨĞĞů ĐŽŵĨŽƌƚĂďůĞ ĂŶĚ
ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶƚ͘

WƌĂĐƟƐŝŶŐLJŽƵƌƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶǁŝůůŚĞůƉLJŽƵďĞĐŽŵĞĂďĞƩĞƌƐƉĞĂŬĞƌďĞĐĂƵƐĞŝƚ͗
ͻ &ŝŶĞͲƚƵŶĞƐLJŽƵƌƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ
ͻ ,ĞůƉƐLJŽƵŝĚĞŶƟĨLJǁŚĂƚǁŽƌŬƐďĞƐƚĨŽƌLJŽƵƌƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ
ͻ ,ĞůƉƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨͲĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐĞ
ͻ ŶĂďůĞƐLJŽƵƚŽĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚƟŵŝŶŐ
ͻ ,ĞůƉƐLJŽƵĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĂŶĚŝƌƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚƉŽŝŶƚƐ
ͻ ,ĞůƉƐLJŽƵƚŽďĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚĨŽƌƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ
WƌĂĐƟƐŝŶŐLJŽƵƌƐƉĞĞĐŚŝŶĨƌŽŶƚŽĨĂĨƌŝĞŶĚǁŝůůŚĞůƉLJŽƵǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůĂƐƚƚǁŽƉŽŝŶƚƐ͘
50
W hen using techno o logy such as Powe e rPoint, it
U SI N G iss important to use it as a visual aid only. Your
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐŚŽƵůĚŶŽƚƌĞǀŽůǀĞĂƌŽƵŶĚƚŚĞƐůŝĚĞƐ͘
VISUAL AIDS This means that the visual aid should no ot take the
place of what you want to say, but shou uld only be
used to emphasise cerrtain points. Below arre a number
ŽĨƟƉƐŽŶŚŽǁƚŽƵƐĞǀŝƐƵĂůĂŝĚƐƐƵĐŚĂƐW WŽǁĞƌWŽŝŶƚ
sllides appropriately.

ͻ It is a good ide e a to start with a slide that

ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐƚŚĞŵĂŝŝŶƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨLJŽƵƌƉƌĞ ĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͘
This gives the audience a frameworkk and helps
ƚŚĞŵƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂĂŶĚƚŚĞŇŽǁĂŶĚůŽŐŐŝĐŽĨLJŽƵƌ
ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͘
ͻ Never read from your slides.
ͻ ,ĂǀĞĂƐůŝƩůĞƚĞdžƚƚŽŶƚŚĞƐůŝĚĞƐĂƐƉŽƐƐƐŝďůĞ͘
ͻ Try to limit the number of slides to 10. You
ŶĞĞĚƚŽƐƉĞŶĚŵŽ ŽƌĞƟŵĞƐƉĞĂŬŝŶŐƚŚ ŚĂŶŇŝƉƉŝŶŐ
through slides.
ͻ PowerPoint slide es should display imaages rather
than text, for example diagrams and graphs. Use
it to give examplees of your points of discussion.
ͻ ůǁĂLJƐŐŝǀĞLJŽƵƌƌĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞĞŶŽƵŐŚƟŵĞƚŽůŽŽŬ
at, read and interp
pret each slide. This iss especially
important when you use graphs and diagrams.
 51

EY YE CONTACT
KŶ ŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŶŽŶͲǀĞĞƌďĂůĐƵĞƐŝƐƚŚĞĞLJĞĐŽŶƚĂĐƚďĞƚǁǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƐƉĞĂŬĞƌ
ĂŶŶĚĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞ͘>ŽŽŬĂƚLJŽƵƌĂƵĚŝĞŶ ŶĐĞǁŚĞŶLJŽƵĂƌĞŐŝǀŝŶŐLJŽƵƌƐƉ ƉĞĞĐŚ͘dŚŝƐƐŚŽǁƐ
ƚŚ
ŚĂƚLJŽƵĂƌĞĐŽŶĮĚĞŶƚĂďŽƵƚLJŽƵƌŵ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĂŶĚĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞƐƚŚĞŝƌƵŶĚŝǀŝĚĞĚĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ͘
/ƚŝƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŽĚŽƚŚŝƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵ
ƵƚLJŽƵƌĞŶƟƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ
ƟŵŵĞĂƚƚŚĞĞŶĚ͘ŽŶŽƚĮdžLJŽƵƌĞLJĞĞƐŽŶŽŶĞƉĞƌƐŽŶŽŶůLJ͕ďƵƚůĞƚLJŽƵƌŐĂnjĞŵŽǀĞĂŶĚ
ƌĞĞƐƚŽŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨLJŽƵ ƵƌĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞ͘/ĨLJŽƵŶĞĞĚƚŽƵƐĞŶ ŶŽƚĞƐ͕ŬĞĞƉƚŚĞŵ
ƚŽ
ŽĂŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĂŶĚƚĂŬĞĂƋƵŝĐŬŐůĂĂŶĐĞĂƚƚŚĞŵǁŚĞŶLJŽƵĐŚĂŶŐĞƚŚĞƐůŝĚĞƐŽƌǁŚĞŶ
LJŽŽƵĮŶŝƐŚĂƐĞĐƟŽŶŽĨLJŽƵƌƉƌĞƐĞŶ ŶƚĂƟŽŶ͘

FAACIAL EXPRESSIONS AND D GESTURES

tŚĞŶ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐ ƚŽ ĂŶ ĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞĞ͕ ƚƌLJ ƚŽ ƐŵŝůĞ Ăƚ ƟŵĞƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ĐƌĞĂƚĞƐ Ă ĨƌŝĞŶĚůLJ
ĂƚƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞǁŚŝĐŚǁŝůůŵĂŬĞLJŽƵƌƌĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞŵŽƌĞůŝŬĞůLJƚŽůŝƐƚĞŶĂĂŶĚŐŝǀĞLJŽƵƚŚĞŝƌ
ĂƩƩĞŶƟŽŶ͘/ƚŝƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŶŽƚƚŽƌƌĞŵĂŝŶƌŝŐŝĚŝŶŽŶĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶʹƵ ƵƐĞƐŽŵĞĨŽƌŵŽĨ
ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ͘dŚŝƐĐĂŶďĞĂƐƐŝŵƉůĞĂƐƵƐŝŶŐLJŽƵƌŚĂŶĚƐƚŽƐŚŽǁ ǁĞŶƚŚƵƐŝĂƐŵĂŶĚ
ĞŵŵƉŚĂƐŝƐ͕ŽƌŵŽǀŝŶŐLJŽƵƌŚĞĂĚƐůŝŝŐŚƚůLJƚŽŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞĂƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ͘hƐĞĞŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚ
ĐŽ
ŽŵĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůůLJƚŽLJŽƵ͘

POSTURE AND BODY ORIENTATION

KŶĞǁĂLJŽĨƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐĞŝŶLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨĂƐǁĞůůĂƐŝŶLJŽƵƌƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŝƐƚŽƐƚĂŶĚ
ƵƉƐƚƌĂŝŐŚƚŝŶĂŶĂƐƐƵƌĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵĨŽƌƚĂďůĞŵĂŶŶĞƌ͘>ŽŽŬĂƚLJŽƵƌĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞĂŶĚĂǀŽŝĚ
ƐƚĂƌŝŶŐĂƚƚŚĞŇŽŽƌ͘,ĂǀŝŶŐŐŽŽĚƉŽƐƚƵƌĞŚĞůƉƐĐƌĞĂƚĞƌĞƐƉĞĐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞ͘
ǀŽŝĚƚƵƌŶŝŶŐLJŽƵƌďĂĐŬƚŽLJŽƵƌĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞĂƐƚŚŝƐŵĂŬĞƐŝƚĚŝĸĐƵůƚĨŽƌƚŚĞŵƚŽŚĞĂƌ
ǁŚĂƚLJŽƵƐĂLJ͘/ĨLJŽƵŚĂǀĞƚŽǁƌŝƚĞŽŶĂďŽĂƌĚŽƌŇŝƉĐŚĂƌƚ͕ĮŶŝƐŚǁƌŝƟŶŐĮƌƐƚ͕ĂŶĚ
ƚŚĞŶƚƵƌŶďĂĐŬƚŽƚŚĞĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶ͘

HUMOUR
hƐŝŶŐŚƵŵŽƵƌĂƐĂƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞŝƐĂŐƌĞĂƚǁĂLJŽĨĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŶŐƚŽLJŽƵƌ
ĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞ͘/ƚĐĂŶŚĞůƉƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂĨƌŝĞŶĚůLJƌĞůĂdžĞĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĂŶĞŶŐĂŐĞĚ
ĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ĚŽŶŽƚŽǀĞƌĚŽŝƚ͘ůƐŽĂǀŽŝĚƵƐŝŶŐǀĞƌďĂůŚƵŵŽƵƌŝĨƚŚŝƐĚŽĞƐ
ŶŽƚĐŽŵĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůůLJƚŽLJŽƵʹLJŽƵĐĂŶĂůǁĂLJƐĂĚĚŚƵŵŽƵƌǁŝƚŚĂŶĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƐůŝĚĞ͘
52
DEVICES TO USE WHEN SPEAKING

dŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĚĞǀŝĐĞƐĐĂŶďĞƵƐĞĚƚŽĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚĞLJŽƵƌŝĚĞĂƐŵŽƌĞĞīĞĐƟǀĞůLJ͗

ͻ WĂƵƐĞƐ
ͻ ZŚĞƚŽƌŝĐĂůƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ
ͻ ŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĂŶĚǀŽůƵŵĞ
ͻ ŶĂůŽŐŝĞƐ
ͻ ZĞƉĞƟƟŽŶ
ͻ dĞŵƉŽ
ͻ /ŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞͬĞdžĐůƵƐŝǀĞƉƌŽŶŽƵŶƐ

PAUSES
ƉĂƵƐĞŝƐĂƵƐĞĨƵůǁĂLJŽĨĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐŝŶŐĂĐĞƌƚĂŝŶƉŽŝŶƚ͘/ƚĂůƐŽŚĞůƉƐLJŽƵƌĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞďLJ
ŐŝǀŝŶŐƚŚĞŵƟŵĞƚŽƉƌŽĐĞƐƐƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͘WĂƵƐĞƐĐĂŶĂůƐŽŚĞůƉĐƌĞĂƚĞĂŶƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ
ĂŶĚƐƵƐƉĞŶƐĞ͘dŚĞĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞǁŝůůƉĂLJŵŽƌĞĂƩĞŶƟŽŶĂƐƚŚĞLJǁŝůůďĞĐƵƌŝŽƵƐƚŽŚĞĂƌ
ǁŚĂƚLJŽƵĂƌĞŐŽŝŶŐƚŽƐĂLJŶĞdžƚ͘

RHETORICAL QUESTIONS
ƌŚĞƚŽƌŝĐĂůƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŝƐǁŚĞŶLJŽƵĂƐŬĂƋƵĞƐƟŽŶďƵƚLJŽƵĚŽŶ͛ƚĞdžƉĞĐƚĂŶĂŶƐǁĞƌʹ
ƚŚĞĂŶƐǁĞƌŝƐŽďǀŝŽƵƐƚŽƚŚĞƐƉĞĂŬĞƌĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞ͘dŚŝƐŝƐĂǁĂLJŽĨĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐŝŶŐ
LJŽƵƌĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞƚŽĂŐƌĞĞǁŝƚŚLJŽƵ͘

EMPHASIS AND VOLUME

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚLJŽƵĐĂŶĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĂƉŽŝŶƚ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͗
ͻ ^ĂLJŝŶŐĂĐĞƌƚĂŝŶǁŽƌĚŽƌƉŚƌĂƐĞŝŶĂƐůŝŐŚƚůLJĞdžĂŐŐĞƌĂƚĞĚƚŽŶĞ
ͻ WĂƵƐŝŶŐƚŽĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĂƉŽŝŶƚ
ͻ 'ĞƐƚƵƌŝŶŐ
ͻ hƐŝŶŐǀŽůƵŵĞƚŽĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĂŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƉŽŝŶƚŽƌǁŽƌĚ

ůǁĂLJƐĂǀŽŝĚƐƉĞĂŬŝŶŐŝŶĂŵŽŶŽƚŽŶĞ;ŝ͘Ğ͘ǁŝƚŚŶŽĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƉŝƚĐŚŽƌŝŶƚŽŶĂƟŽŶͿ͘

ANALOGIES
Ŷ ĂŶĂůŽŐLJ ŝƐ ǁŚĞŶ Ă ƐƉĞĂŬĞƌ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞƐ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ŚĞ ;Žƌ ƐŚĞͿ ŝƐ ĞdžƉůĂŝŶŝŶŐ
ǁŝƚŚƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐƐŝŵƉůĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞĐĂŶƌĞůĂƚĞƚŽ͘dŚŝƐŚĞůƉƐƚŚĞĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞ
ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŵŽƌĞĐůĞĂƌůLJĂŶĚĞĂƐŝůLJ͘
 53

REPETITION
ZĞ
ĞƉĞĂƟŶŐ Ă ƉŽŝŶƚ͕ ƚĞƌŵ Žƌ ĚĞ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ Ă ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽ
ŽŶ ĐĂŶ ŚĞůƉ ƚŚĞ
ĂƵ
ƵĚŝĞŶĐĞƌĞŵĞŵďĞƌŝƚďĞƩĞƌ͘Z ZĞƉĞƟƟŽŶĂůƐŽĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞƐƚŚĂĂƚƚŚŝƐƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ
po
oint is important.

TEEMPO
Yo
ou can use changes in tempo to o emphasise certain points. Chaanging the tempo
ŝƐĂůƐŽĂǁĂLJŽĨŵĂŬŝŶŐLJŽƵƌƉ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŵŽƌĞŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƟŶŐĂŶĚĞdžƉƌĞƐƐŝǀĞ͘
Usse a slightly faster tempo to sh
how excitement, humour or su urprise. A slightly
slo
ower pace can be used to indiccate emphasis and gravity.

USING INCLUSIVE/EXCLUS SIVE PRONOUNS

tŚĞŶ ƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐ LJŽƵƌ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂĂƟŽŶ ŝƚ ŝƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƚŽ ĐŽŶƐƐŝĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ
ƉƌƌŽŶŽƵŶƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐ͚/͕͚͛LJŽƵ͕͚͛ǁĞ͕͚͚͛ƚŚĞLJ͕͚͛ŚĞ͕͚͛ƐŚĞ͛ĂŶĚ͚ŝƚ͛͘/ŶĐůƵƐŝŝǀĞǁŽƌĚƐƐƵĐŚĂƐ
͚ǁ
ǁĞ͛ĂŶĚ͚ŽƵƌ͛ĐĂŶŚĞůƉƚŚĞƐƉĞĂŬŬĞƌĐŽŶŶĞĐƚƚŽƚŚĞĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞĂŶ ŶĚĐƌĞĂƚĞĂďŽŶĚ͘
54

U SI N G
LEARNING
RESOURCES
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĂŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂƚLJŽƵ ƵƌĚŝƐƉŽƐĂů
Ăƚ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͘ zŽƵ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ůĞĂƌŶ ŚŽǁ ƚŽ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ
ƚŚ
ŚĞƐĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚ ĚŚŽǁƚŽƉŝĐŬƚŚĞĐŽ ŽƌƌĞĐƚĂŶĚ
ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟ ƟŽŶĨŽƌĂƐƐŝŐŶŵĞŶƚƐƐ͕ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ
ĂŶĚ ƌĞƉŽƌƚƐ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ŝŵ
ŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƚŚĂƚ LJŽƵ ĂƌĞ ĂďůĞ ƚŽ
ŝĚ
ĚĞŶƟĨLJĐƌĞĚŝďůĞƌĞƐŽ ŽƵƌĐĞƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞƌĞůĞǀĂĂŶƚƚŽLJŽƵƌ
ƐƵ
ƵďũĞĐƚĂŶĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŽ ŽƉŝĐƚŚĂƚLJŽƵĂƌĞƌĞƐĞĞĂƌĐŚŝŶŐ͘
dždžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞĞƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƚŽLJŽƵ͗

Ėĺ BOOKS
Ėĺ PRINTED ACADEMIC
JOURNALS
Ėĺ ONLINE JOURNALS
Ėĺ NEWSPAPERS
Ėĺ THE INTERNET
USING THE INTER
RNET AS A RESO
OURCE

hŶůŝŬĞ ƚŚĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƌĞĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ƚŚĞ /ŶƚĞƌŶŶĞƚ ĐĂŶ ďĞ

ĂŶ ƵŶƌĞůŝĂďůĞ ƐŽƵƌĐĞĞ ŽĨ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͘ ŶLJŽŶĞ ĐĂŶ
ĐƌƌĞĂƚĞĂǁĞďƐŝƚĞĂŶĚ ĚĂĚĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁ ǁŚŝĐŚŵĂLJ
ďĞŝŶĐŽƌƌĞĐƚŽƌďŝĂƐĞĚĚ͘dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞŝƚŝƐŝŵƉŽ
ŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŚĂƚ
LJŽŽƵĂƌĞĂďůĞƚŽĚŝƐƟŶŐŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐƌĞĚŝď ďůĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ
ĂŶĚƵŶƌĞůŝĂďůĞŽŶĞƐ͘
 55

i
H E R E A R E A F E W T I P S TO
H E L P YO U ACC E S S R E L I A B L E
I N F O R M AT I O N :
ͻ ǀŽŝĚƵƐŝŶŐtŝŬŝƉĞĚŝĂĂƐĂƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ͘/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶtŝŬŝƉĞĚŝĂ
ŝƐŶŽƚĂůǁĂLJƐĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞ͘zŽƵĐĂŶƵƐĞŝƚĂƐĂƐƚĂƌƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƚŽĮŶĚ
ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƌĞůŝĂďůĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐŽƌƚŽĮƌƐƚŐĞƚĂďĂƐŝĐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ
ŽĨĂƚŽƉŝĐ͘
ͻ sĞƌŝĨLJƚŚĂƚLJŽƵƌƐŽƵƌĐĞŝƐǀĂůŝĚďLJĐŚĞĐŬŝŶŐƚŽƐĞĞǁŚŽǁƌŽƚĞ
ƚŚĞĂƌƟĐůĞŽƌďůŽŐƉŽƐƚƚŚĂƚLJŽƵǁĂŶƚƚŽƵƐĞŝŶLJŽƵƌƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͘
zŽƵƐŚŽƵůĚĐŚĞĐŬ;ďLJƵƐŝŶŐ'ŽŽŐůĞ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞͿŝĨƚŚĞƉĞƌƐŽŶ
ǁŚŽǁƌŽƚĞƚŚĞĂƌƟĐůĞŝƐƋƵĂůŝĮĞĚĂŶĚĂŶĞdžƉĞƌƚŽŶƚŚĞƐƵďũĞĐƚ͘
ͻ /ĨƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶLJŽƵĮŶĚŝƐŶŽƚǁƌŝƩĞŶďLJĂĐƌĞĚŝďůĞĂƵƚŚŽƌ
ŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶŝƚŝƐďĞƐƚŶŽƚƚŽƵƐĞŝƚŝŶLJŽƵƌƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽƌ
ĂƐƐŝŐŶŵĞŶƚ͘
56
SELECTING RELEVANT INFORMATION

tŚĞŶLJŽƵĮƌƐƚďĞŐŝŶƚŽƌĞƐĞĂƌĐĐŚĂƚŽƉŝĐLJŽƵƵƐƵĂůůLJƐƚĂƌƚǁŝƚƚŚLJŽƵƌĂƐƐŝŐŶĞĚ
ƚĞĞdžƚŬŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƌĞĂĚŝŶŐŵĂƚĞĞƌŝĂůƚŚĂƚƚŚĞůĞĐƚƵƌĞƌŚĂƐƉƌŽ ŽǀŝĚĞĚ͘zŽƵƌĞĂĚ
ƚŚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƚŽƉŝĐŝŶLJŽƵƌŝŶŝƟ ƟĂůŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĂŶĚƉŝĐŬŽƵƚŬĞLJLJǁŽƌĚƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞ
ƌĞĞůĞǀĂŶƚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƚŽƉŝĐ Žƌ ƋƵĞƐƐƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ LJŽƵ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ƌĞƐĞĂĂƌĐŚ͘ hƐĞ ƚŚĞƐĞ
ŬĞĞLJǁŽƌĚƐƚŽĮŶĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶ ŶŽƚŚĞƌƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘>ŽŽŬŽƵƚĨĨŽƌƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ
ŬĞĞLJǁŽƌĚƐŝŶLJŽƵƌŝŶŝƟĂůŵĂƚĞƌŝĂĂů͗

ͻ /ŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŶĂŵĞƐ
ͻ dŚĞŽƌŝĞƐ
ͻ ŽŶĐĞƉƚŚĞĂĚŝŶŐƐ
ͻ ĐƌŽŶLJŵƐ
ͻ KƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐ

TIP -
dŚĞĂďŽǀĞŬĞLJǁŽƌĚƐĂƌĞĂƐƚĂƌƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽŶůLJ͘zŽƵƐŚŽƵůĚ
ůŽŽŬĨŽƌŵŽƌĞŬĞLJǁŽƌĚƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞƌĞůĂƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ
ƚŽƉŝĐLJŽƵĂƌĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶŐ͘

TIP -
ůƐŽůŽŽŬĨŽƌĐŝƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƚŽƉŝĐŝŶLJŽƵƌ
ƚĞdžƚŬ͘dŚĞƐĞŽŌĞŶůĞĂĚƚŽǀĂůƵĂďůĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĨŽƌLJŽƵƌ
ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͘
 57
TECHNIQUES TO USE WHEN SEEKING RELEVANT
INFORMATION

/ĨLJŽƵŚĂǀĞĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽĂŶŽŶůŝŶ
ŶĞůŝďƌĂƌLJƐLJƐƚĞŵLJŽƵĐĂŶƵƐƐĞŬĞLJǁŽƌĚƐŝŶ
ĂƐĞĂƌĐŚƚŽĮŶĚƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŬƐ͕ũŽƵƌŶĂůĂƌƟĐůĞƐĂŶĚƉĂĂƉĞƌƐ͘dŚŝƐŝƐĂ
ƋƵƵŝĐŬǁĂLJŽĨĮŶĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘tŚĞŶƌĞĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ
ƚŚ
ŚĞƐĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐLJŽƵƵǁŝůůŶĞĞĚƚŽĚŽĂĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶĂƐƚŚĞ
ŝŶ
ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚĐĂŶďĞǀĂƐƚĂŶĚŽǀĞƌǁŚĞůŵŝŶŐ͘

dŚ
ŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƚǁŽƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞĞƐĐĂŶďĞƵƐĞĨƵů͗
ͻ ^ĐĂŶŶŝŶŐ
ͻ ^ŬŝŵŵŝŶŐ

SCANNING
^ĐĐĂŶŶŝŶŐŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐŵŽǀŝŶŐLJŽƵ ƵƌĞLJĞƐƐǁŝŌůLJƵƉĂŶĚĚŽǁŶĂĂŶĚƐŝĚĞƚŽƐŝĚĞ
ĂĐĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞƉĂŐĞ͕ǁŚŝůĞůŽŽŬŝŶ ŶŐĨŽƌƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŬĞLJǁŽƌĚƐ͘ŽŶŽƚƌĞĂĚƚŚĞ
ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŽƌĂƩĞŵƉƚƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƐƚĂŶĚŝƚ͕ďƵƚƐŝŵƉůLJƐĐĂŶĨŽƌŬĞLJǁŽƌĚƐ͘ůƐŽ
ůŽŽŽŬĨŽƌƚŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌ͛ƐƵƐĞŽĨ͚ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞƌƐ͛͘KƌŐĂŶŝƐĞƌƐŝŶĐĐůƵĚĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐ͕
ůĞĞƩĞƌƐ͕ƐƚĞƉƐ͕ŽƌǁŽƌĚƐƐƵĐŚĂĂƐ͚ĮƌƐƚ͕͚͛ƐĞĐŽŶĚ͕͛Žƌ͛ŶĞdžƚ͛͘E
EŽƚĞǁŽƌĚƐƚŚĂƚ
ĂƌƌĞŝŶďŽůĚŽƌŝƚĂůŝĐ͘KŶĐĞLJŽƵ
ƵŚĂǀĞĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚǁŚĞƚŚĞƌƌƚŚĞĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚ
ŽƌƌƐĞĐƟŽŶŝƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚƚŽLJŽƵƌƌƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕LJŽƵĐĂŶƐŬŝŵƚŚƌƌŽƵŐŚŝƚ͘

SKIMMING
^ŬŬŝŵŵŝŶŐŝƐƵƐĞĚŽŶĐĞLJŽƵŚĂǀĞĚĞĐŝĚĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĚŽĐĐƵŵĞŶƚǁŝůůďĞ
ƌĞĞůĞǀĂŶƚƚŽLJŽƵƌƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͘zzŽƵǁŝůůƚŚĞŶƐŬŝŵƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŚƐĞĐƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚ
ĐŽŽŶƚĂŝŶĐĞƌƚĂŝŶƉŚƌĂƐĞƐ͕ŝĚĞĂƐƐŽƌĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƚŚĂƚLJŽƵŚĂǀĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚǁŝƚŚ
LJŽŽƵƌŬĞLJǁŽƌĚƐĞĂƌĐŚ͘^Ŭŝŵŵ ŵŝŶŐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĚŽŶĞĨĂƐƚĞƌƚƚŚĂŶǁŚĞŶLJŽƵ
ƌĞĞĂĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂŶĞŶƟƌĞĚŽĐƵŵ ŵĞŶƚ͘
58
10 REASONS WHY
your essays are not getting
distinctions #WriteLikeAChamp

? You did not

understand the
question
q / topic.
You did not read the
question thoroughly.
It is important to identify what
the question is asking of you.

You started too late

Y
with
w i the assignment You are being too
and/or
and/ research on the vague and/or deviating
topic. too far from the topic/
question.
Always do exactly what they
question asks of you. i.e. When
asked to write an opinion on
circumcision as a religious right
Not
No concise enough. in the Muslim community,
Don’t say something in
Do don’t write about initiation that
14 wwords if you can say includes circumcision in African
it in 7. culture.

Sloppy spelling and

abc
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nt and
grammar!
c on
conclusion are not
With all the online tools available
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to check spelling and grammar
i.e. your
y introduction can
there is no excuse to have a poorly
cont
contain a brief history or
spelled essay.
statistics on the questions but
stat
it means nothing if it does
not relate to your question.
Similarly, in your conclusion Structure?
you should ensure that you Essay structure does not
answer the question posed in support the logical flow of the
your introduction. argument.

IIncorrect
nc referencing. You used secondary
e. your introduction can contain
i.i.e. references.
a brief
br history or statistics on the Instead of looking up the
questions but it means nothing if
qu original = plagiarism!
it d does not relate to your question.
Similarly, in your conclusion you
Sim
should ensure that you answer the
question posed in your introduction.
P R OJ EC T F 2A 59

WHO ARE WE?

W ƌŽũĞĐƚ &Ϯ ŝƐ Ă ŶĞǁ ŵŽǀĞŵĞĞ Ŷƚ ƚŚĂƚ
ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞƐ LJŽƵŶŐŐ ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůƐ ĂŶ ŶĚ ŚŝŐŚĞƌ
ĞĚƵĐĂƚŝŽŶ ůĞĂƌŶĞƌƌƐ ƚŽ ŝŶǀĞƐƚ ŝŶ ƚŚ ŚĞŝƌ ŽǁŶ
ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂů ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ĂŶĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ŵŽƌĞĞ ĞdžĐŝƚĞĚ
ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƉĞƌƐŽ ŽŶĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƚ ƐŽ ĂƐ ƚŽ
ŝŶŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƉƌŽŽĚƵĐƚŝǀŝƚLJ ŝŶ ƚŚĞŝŝƌ ĨŝĞůĚ ŽĨ
ǁŽƌŬŽƌƐƚƵĚLJ͘dŚŝŝƐŵĞĂŶƐďĞƩĞƌƌƌĞƐƵůƚƐĨŽƌ
ƚŚŚĞůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐĂŶĚŐƌĞĞĂƚĞƌŽƵƚƉƵƚĂƚǁŽ ŽƌŬĨŽƌƚŚĞ
LJŽƵŶŐƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂĂůƐĂŶĚĂŶŽǀĞƌĂůůŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ
ŽƵƚůŽŽŬŽŶůŝĨĞ͘tĞĞĂŝŵƚŽƐŚŝŌŵŝŶĚͲͲƐĞƚƐĨƌŽŵ
ĂĐĐĞƉƟŶŐ͞&Ɛ͟ƚŽĚ ĚĞŵĂŶĚŝŶŐ͞Ɛ͟ʹʹǁŚĂƚǁĞ
ĐĂůůƐƵĐĐĞƐƐƚŚŝŶŬŝŶ ŶŐ͘
dŚĞŶĂŵĞǁĂƐŝŶƐƐƉŝƌĞĚďLJƚŚĞƌĞǁ ǁƐƚĞƌ&Ϯ
ƵĨĨĂůŽ ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁĂĂƐ Ă ĨŝŐŚƚĞƌ ĂŝƌĐƌƌĂĨƚ  ƚŚĂƚ
ĨŽŽƵŐŚƚĂŶĚĞĂƌŶĞĚ ĚŝƚƐƐƚƌŝƉĞƐŝŶtŽƌƌůĚtĂƌ//͘
dŚĞŵĂŝŶŝĚĞĂŝƐƚŽ ŽŝŶƐƉŝƌĞƉĞŽƉůĞƚŽŽĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌ
ƚŚŚĞŝƌĚƌĞĂŵƐ͕ĮŐŚƚƚĨŽƌƚŚĞŵĂŶĚŐŽƚŽǁĂƌŽĨ
ůŝŝĨĞǁŝƚŚďĞůŝĞĨƐƚŚĂĂƚǁŝůůĞŶĂďůĞƚŚĞŵ ŵƚŽƚĂŬĞ
ŽīůŝŬĞĮŐŚƚĞƌũĞƚƐ͘͘

WHAT WE DO? /ƚƚŝƐŽƵƌŚŽƉĞƚŚĂƚƚƚŚŝƐǁŝůůŝŶƚƵƌŶƐŚŝŌƚŚĞ

ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞ^Ž ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶ^ŽĐŝĂůůƫƚƵĚĞƐ ĚLJŶĂŵŝĐƐ ŽĨ ŽƵƌƌ ƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ ŝŶƚŽ Ă ĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶ
^ƵƌǀĞLJ͕ŵĂŶLJƐƚƵĚŝĞƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĐŽ ŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚ ƚŚĂƚƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƐŽǁ ǁŶĞƌƐŚŝƉŽĨŽŶĞ͛ƐƉĞƌƐŽŶĂů
ƚŚŚĂƚĨŽĐƵƐŽŶŝŵƉƌŽ ŽǀĞĚǁŽƌŬŝŶŐĐŽŶĚ ĚŝƟŽŶƐĨŽƌ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ.
ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐŝŶƚŚĞ^ŽƵ ƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶůĂďŽƵƵƌŵĂƌŬĞƚ͘
KŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌĂƌLJ͕ůŝƩ ƩůĞǁŽƌŬŽŶǁŽƌŬĞĞƌƐ͛ǀĂůƵĞƐ HOW WE DO WHAT WE DO?
ĂŶĚŽŶƚŚĞŝƌĂƫƚƵĚ ĚĞƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐǁŽƌŬŚĂĚďĞĞŶ /Ŷ
Ŷ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ůĞŐ ŽĨ Ă ƐĞƌŝĞƐ ŽĨ ĐĂŵ
ŵƉĂŝŐŶƐ͕
ĚŽŶĞ͘ŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĂƫ ƫƚƵĚĞĂŶĚǀĂůƵĞƐŚ ŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶ WƌŽũĞĐƚ &Ϯ͕ ŝŶ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚŝŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ :ƵƚĂ͕
ƉƌŽǀĞŶƚŽďĞůŝŶŬĞĚ ĚƚŽƚƵƌŶŽǀĞƌ͕ĂďƐĞĞŶƚĞĞŝƐŵ͕ ǁŝůůƐĞĞŝ&ĂŶŝǀŝƐŝƚǀĂƌŝŽƵƐŚŝŐŚĞƌůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ ĂƐ ǁĞĞůů ƚŽ ŽŶĞ͛Ɛ ŽǀĞƌĂĂůů ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŝŶ
ŶƐƚŝƚƵƚŝŽŶƐ ĂĐƌŽ ŽƐƐ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ ƚŽ ƐŚĂƌĞ
Ž Ĩ ůŝĨĞ ͘ WƌŽũĞĐƚ &Ϯ ĂŝŵƐ ƚŽ ŚĞůƉ LJŽƵŶŐ ǁŝƚŚůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐŚŽǁ ǁŚĞǁĂƐĂďůĞƚŽŽ ŽǀĞƌĐŽŵĞ
ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůƐĂŶĚŚŝŐŚĞƌĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ŶůĞĂƌŶĞƌƐ ŵĂŶLJĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐŝŶŚŝƐůŝĨĞƚŽŐĞƚƚƚŽǁŚĞƌĞ
ƵŶůŽĐŬƚŚĞŝƌƚƌƵĞǁ ǁŽƌƚŚĂŶĚƉƵƌƉŽƐĞĞ͘tĞƐĞĞ ŚĞ ŝƐ ƚŽĚĂLJ ďLJ ƚĂŬŝŶŐ ŽǁŶĞƌƐŚŝŝƉ ŽĨ ŚŝƐ
ƚŚŚŝƐĂƐƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƐƚĞĞƉƚŽĐƌĞĂƟŶŐĂĐƵƵůƚƵƌĞƚŚĂƚ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŐƌŽǁƚŚ͘>ŽŽŬŽƵƚĨŽƌŚŝŵ ŵĂƚLJŽƵƌ
ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞƐĞĸĐŝĞŶ ŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƚƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƌ ĐĂŵƉƵƐƚŽŚĞĂƌŵ ŵŽƌĞĂďŽƵƚŚŝƐŝŶƐƉŝƌŝŶŐ
ůĞĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ ŶƐĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞǁŽƌŬŬƉůĂĐĞ͘ ƐƚŽƌLJ͘

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