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Contents
1 GEOMORPHOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1 GEOMORPHOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1. GEOMORPHOLOGY
NARAYAN CHANGDER
1.1 GEOMORPHOLOGY
1. What is mechanical weathering? 3. In our Lake Nyos Carbon Dioxide Experi-
ment the lowest candle went out first be-
cause?
A. Carbon Dioxide floats

A. Process through which rocks are phys-
ically broken into smaller pieces. B. Fire needs oxygen
B. Rocks are broken down through chem- C. Carbon Dioxide sinks

ical changes. D. Carbon dioxide is denser than air and
C. Rocks are worn away from acid in sinks to the bottom of the container and
plant roots. replaces the oxygen that is less dense and
extinguishes the flame.
D. Rocks broken down by machinery.
4. Which of the following terms describes the
2. As lava cools and crystallizes, what type area of land drained by a river and its trib-
of rock will form? utaries?
A. Sedimentary A. Drainage basin
B. Metamorphic B. Aquifer
C. Extrusive Igneous C. Watershed
D. Intrusive Igneous D. Delta
1. A 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. A
1.1 GEOMORPHOLOGY 3
5. Earth’s plates are constantly moving. 9. What is the importance of rivers in the
Sometimes plates try to move and become ecosystem?
stuck. Pressure builds up as the plates

A. Rivers only support the growth of
try to move. When the pressure is re- aquatic plants
leased, the huge amounts of energy cause
the Earth’s surface to shake violently. B. Rivers have no impact on the ecosys-
tem
A. Earthquake
C. Rivers support the ecosystem by pro-
B. Volcano viding habitats for various species, trans-
C. Tsunami porting nutrients, and supporting plant
D. none of above growth.
D. Rivers are not important for transport-
6. Which of the following landforms is
ing nutrients in the ecosystem
formed by the deposition of sediment on
the inside of a meander bend? 10. A huge hole that is left behind when a vol-
A. Point bar cano collapses is called a
B. Cut bank
C. River cliff
D. Levee
7. Geomorphological maps have supporting
elements to provide the required informa-
tion. The difference between geomorpho-
logical maps and RBI maps is A. Batholith
A. Geomorphological maps provide infor- B. Caldera
mation about landforms while RBI maps
C. Geyser
show information about buildings and
roads D. none of above
B. RBI maps are more complete than ge- 11. Which volcano is a wide, gently sloping
omorphological maps mountains made of layers of lava and is
C. Geomorphological maps show the ele- formed by quiet eruptions?
ments that make up the earth, while RBI A. Composite
maps show the elements that make up the
B. Cinder-Cone
earth
C. Shield
D. Geomorphological maps provide infor-
mation about landforms in an area, while D. Stratovolcano
RBI maps provide information about an
12. How much bigger is a magnitude 8 earth-
area in detail
quake compared to magnitude 7 one on the
8. SIAL Means Richter Scale?
A. Silica+Magnesium A. 1 time bigger
B. Silica+Iron B. 10 times bigger
C. Silica + Aluminum C. 100 times bigger
D. None of these D. 1000 times bigger
6. A 7. D 8. C 9. C 10. B 11. C 12. B

1.1 GEOMORPHOLOGY 4
13. Strange animal behavior, such as toads 17. What is the difference between a mean-
fleeing an area, could be an indicator that dering river and a straight river?
is about to occur. A. The meandering river flows in the op-
A. a volcanic eruption posite direction of a straight river.
B. A tsunami B. The meandering river has a winding
and curving path.
C. a hurricane
C. The meandering river has a steeper
D. an earthquake
NARAYAN CHANGDER
gradient than a straight river.
14. Which of the following IS NOT true about D. The meandering river has a wider
groundwater? channel than a straight river.
A. Groundwater is the largest freshwater 18. In the figure provided, the line marked 1
source on Earth. shows
B. Groundwater is freshwater beneath
Earth’s surface.
C. Groundwater is the largest liquid
freshwater source for humans.
D. Groundwater can maintain streamflow
during times of drought.
15. Earthquakes are caused by all of the fol-

lowing EXCEPT
A. movement of tectonic plates. A. A drainage basin
B. tsunamis. B. The area surrounding the river
C. volcanic activity. C. The river mouth
D. underground collapses. D. The headwaters
16. Which statement is the best description of 19. What drainage pattern is shown in the pic-
what happens in the rock cycle? ture below?
A. Rocks on old mountains are gradually
weathered away, while mountain building
and volcanism form new mountains.
B. Once formed, rocks stay in place un-
til rocks above them are weathered away
and they reach the surface.
C. As sedimentary rocks are buried deep
below other rocks, they are changed by
heat and pressure, eventually return to
A. Radial
the surface, and are weathered again.
B. Dendritic
D. Younger sedimentary rocks are always
deposited on top of older metamorphic or C. Trellised
igneous rocks. D. none of above
13. D 14. A 15. B 16. C 17. B 18. A 19. C

1.1 GEOMORPHOLOGY 5
20. A river channel that intersect the water

table in both the dry and wet season is
known as an

A. Exotic river
B. Episodic river
A. magma chamber
C. Permanent river
B. side vent
D. Periodic river
C. main vent
21. This rock was formed when magma cooled D. lava chamber
very slowly inside the Earth. What specific
24. father of geography
type of rock is it?
A. herodotus
B. hecatus
C. aristotle
D. plato
25. The place where the river end in the sea or
large lake is called the
A. source
A. Intrusive Igneous Rock B. tributaries
C. mouth
B. Extrusive Igneous Rock
D. drainage basin
C. Foliated Metamorphic Rock
26. Which of the following results in high run-
D. Clastic Sedimentary Rock
off rates
22. What type of fault is the San Andreas in A. High soil moisture content
California? B. Sparse vegetation cover
C. Steep gradient
D. All answers are correct
27. Geomorphology deals with
A. Earth landforms
B. Earth surface processes
C. natural processes that impact earth
A. Convergent landforms
B. Transform D. human impact on earth landforms
C. Optimus Prime
D. Divergent
23. As magma rises towards the surface it col-

lects in a ‘room’ called a
20. C 21. A 22. B 23. A 24. B 25. C 26. D 27. A 27. B 27. C 27. D 28. C
1.1 GEOMORPHOLOGY 6
28. A tsunami is caused by underwater 32. The cooled and hardened lava from volca-
A. Fish noes forms what rock type?
B. Explosions
C. Earthquakes
D. Exploration
29. In Seafloor Spreading, molten material
rises from the mantle and erupts or flows
NARAYAN CHANGDER
out
A. along the edges of all the continents
A. extrusive igneous
B. along mid-ocean ridges
B. sedimentary
C. in the deep ocean trenches
C. metamorphic
D. in the north and south poles
D. intrusive igneous
30. What is letter B in the picture?
33. All things are made out of carbon or need
carbon to live.
A. Magma Chamber
B. Crater
A. True
C. Vent
B. False
D. Conduit
34. Which of the following is not a character-
31. Which of the following best illustrates a
istic of the upper course of a river?
fault-block mountain?
A. Waterfalls
A. B. Meanders
C. Rapids
D. Vertical erosion
B.
35. The rolling of heavy rocks down the river
bed is known as
C. A. traction
B. saltation
C. suspension
D.
D. drifting
29. B 30. A 31. C 32. A 33. A 34. B 35. A 36. B

1.1 GEOMORPHOLOGY 7
36. What is the process called where sediment A. Sedimentation

is deposited due to a decrease in the en- B. mechanical weathering
ergy of the transporting agent?

C. Chemical weathering
A. Traction
D. Erosion
B. Solution
C. Saltation 41. Dormant volcanoes might erupt in the fu-
ture.
D. Suspension
37. is the difference between the highest
and lowest points on a map.
A. relief
B. slope
C. elevation
D. none of above
38. Hot, molten rock inside the earth is called
A. True
B. False
42. Which of the following is NOT an erosional

process?
A. Attrition
B. Abrasion
A. lava
C. Saltation
B. magma
D. Hydraulic action
C. igneous rock
D. minerals 43. How are Fold Mountains Formed?
A. Upward pressure when two tectonic
39. What is directly above the focus?
plates collide.
A. Epicenter
B. Cracks in the crust pushes it upwards.
B. Fault
C. Magma pushes its way from beneath
C. Seismograph Station the crust.
D. none of above D. Earthquakes taken place at fault lines.
40. What influence does the glacier have on 44. When two continental plates converge
the valley? (collide) what type of crustal feature is
formed?
A. Mid Ocean Ridge
B. Subduction Zone
C. Rift Valley
D. Folded Mountains
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1.1 GEOMORPHOLOGY 8
45. Heat and pressure may change an igneous

rock to form a
A. Sedimentary rock
B. Conglomerate
C. Igneous rock
D. Metamorphic rock A. divergent
NARAYAN CHANGDER
46. Which one of these does not add CO2 to B. convergent
the atmosphere?
C. transform
A. cooking with gas
D. optional
B. planting trees
C. burning wood 50. What is weathering?
D. riding in a bus A. The process of erosion by wind and wa-
ter
47. Which does not impact the infiltration of
water? B. The process of rock formation through
A. porosity/permeability of water deposition
B. rate of precipitation C. The process of sediment transporta-
tion by rivers
C. water table level
D. amount of pollution in a nearby stream D. The process of physical and chemical
breakdown of rocks
48. The graph shows us that
51. The process by which water enters the soil
and rock strata. Is known as
A. Infiltration
B. Insolation
C. saturation
D. base flow
A. the earth temperature is always in-
creasing 52. Man increases the chance of landslides in
all of the follwing ways EXCEPT:
B. the earth’s temperature has steadily
increased since 1900 A. building on unstable slopes
C. the earth’s temperature is steadily ris- B. undercutting the base of slopes to
ing since the 1960s build roads
D. the earth’s temperature decreased C. removing vegetation from steep
during the 19th and 20th centuries slopes
49. Which type of boundary produces rift val- D. planting trees on unstable slopes
leys and ridges as a result of tension
pulling two plates apart 53. Basalt is a(n)

1.1 GEOMORPHOLOGY 9
56. The point on the surface directly above the

focus:

A. igneous rock.
B. metamorphic rock.
A. earthquake
C. sedimentary rock.
B. seismic waves
D. none of above
C. seismographic station
54. What is letter D in the picture? D. epicenter
57. This is a picture of a
A. Crater A. slump
B. Vent B. creep
C. windstorm
C. Conduit
D. mudflow
D. Tephra
58. Folded rock of alternating layers of hard
55. The above diagram indicates and soft rock results in a
A. trellis pattern
B. centripetal pattern
C. rectangular
D. radial
59. What river feature does this image show?
A. U Shaped Valley
B. Canyons
C. Pot holes
D. V Shaped valley

1.1 GEOMORPHOLOGY 10
A. Meander C. monocline
B. Oxbow Lake D. none of above
C. Tributary
63. The dolerite rock layer over which the Um-
D. Headwaters geni River flows at the Howick falls is an
example of a
60. What drainage pattern is shown in the pic-
ture? A. knick point
NARAYAN CHANGDER
B. a start of a new upper section of the
river
C. temporary base level
D. all answers are correct
64. Which of the following type of weather-

ing is generally dominant in Greater Hi-
malays?
A. Scree formation
B. Block disintegration
C. Granular disintegration
A. Radial D. Exfoliation
B. Dendritic 65. Maya wrote the following characteristics
C. Trellised of two landforms.Landform A:Has sink-
D. none of above holesLandform B:Is a long narrow strip of
landWhich statement is most likely cor-
61. Which of the following features is formed rect?
due to tectonic forces?
A. Blind valley
B. Hanging valley
C. U-shaped valley
D. Rift valley
62. When the rocks arch downward we call

this
A. Landform A is a ridge and Landform B
is a plateau.
B. Landform A is a coastline and Land-
form B is a plateau.
C. Landform A is a karst landform and
Landform B is a lake.
A. anticline D. Landform A is a karst landform and
B. syncline Landform B is a ridge.

66. Scientists can predict exactly when a vol- 72. What is Peneplain?
canic eruption will occur.

A. True
B. False
67. A drainage pattern which resembles the

branches of a tree is known as a A. High relief plain
A. trellis pattern B. Relief plain
B. parallel pattern C. Planetary plain
C. dendritic pattern D. Low relief plain
D. radial pattern
73. The amount of water passing a point in a
68. Deposition is a process that river in a certain period of time is called
A. Dissolves sediment
A. base flow
B. Breaks down rock to form sediment
B. discharge
C. Removes sediment from land forms
C. permanent flow
D. Drops sediment to form landforms
D. none of above
69. The area of land drained by a river system
including the ground water is known as a 74. Which of the following best describes lam-
inar flow.
A. Watershed A. flows in layers over uneven river bed
B. Catchment area B. the type of flow associated with rapids
C. Drainage basin C. flows in layers over an smooth river
bed
D. Escarpment
D. the type of flow associated with the up-
70. What type of rock can turn into a meta- per course of a river
morphic rock?
75. This image is of
A. Igneous only
B. Sedimentary only
C. Metamorphic only
D. Any type of rock
71. Which of the following implies the same

thing as the word “aquifer”?
A. zone of saturation A. Convergent Boundary
B. zone of aeration B. Transform Boundary
C. zone of soil moisture C. Divergent Boundary
D. zone of twilight D. none of above

76. The greenhouse effect is a natural process 80. Trees, walls, and fence posts leaning
downhill are a sign of
A. Rockfalls
B. Mud Flow Mud Flows
C. Creep
D. Slump
81. Without the Greenhouse Effect the Earth
NARAYAN CHANGDER
would be
A. true A. warm
B. false B. cold
C. dead
77. The molten rock after a volcano erupts is
called D. none of above
A. sediment 82. ‘Mohorovicic discontinuity’ marks the

boundary between:
B. gold
A. Continental Shelf and Ocean crust
C. lava
B. Asthenosphere and lithosphere
D. magma C. Crust and the upper mantle
78. In Seafloor Spreading, molten material D. Core and the mantle
rises from the mantle and erupts or flows 83. What is the rapid downhill movement of a
out large mass of mud and debris?
A. Earthflow
B. Mudflow
C. Landslide
D. Soil Creep
84. What type of volcano is Kilauea, which is
located in Hawaii?
A. Caldera
A. along the edges of all the continents
B. Cinder Cone
B. in the deep ocean trenches
C. Composite Volcano
C. along mid-ocean ridges D. Shield Volcano
D. in the north and south poles
85. THIS HORIZON IS MADE OF DECAY-
79. Lateral erosion results in the ING LEAVES, TWIGS AND ANIMAL
REMAINS/WASTES
A. deepening of a rivers channel
A. A
B. shortening of a rivers channel B. B
C. widening of a rivers channel C. C
D. thinning of a rivers channel D. O

86. What kind of rock is “Limestone”?

A. igneous rock formation
B. sedimentary rock formation
A. Sedimentary C. igneous rocks changing into metamor-
B. Igneous phic rocks
D. sedimentary rocks changing into meta-
C. Metamorphic
morphic rocks
D. none of above
91. “Light house of Mediterranean Sea” is
87. What is the name of the armchair shaped
hollow created by glacial erosion on a A. Mt. Etna
mountain side?
B. Mt. Elbrus
A. corry
C. Mt. Stromboli
B. arete
D. Mt. Vesuvius
C. corrie
92. Choose the number where the following
D. pyramidal peak description best fits:Hot lava cools.
88. Sedimentary rocks are often found near
A. lakes, river, and oceans
B. volcanoes
C. plates colliding
D. none of above
89. Which of the following is not directly asso- A. 1

ciated with groundwater B. 3
A. Water that occurs below the earth’s C. 4
surface
D. 5
B. Water that occupies spaces in the rock
pores and soil 93. This city was destroyed in 79 A.D. by the
eruption of Mt. Vesuvius.
C. A source of water not usually affected
by seasonal droughts
D. Water which flows on the surface after
a thunderstorm
90. Which process is best illustrated by the di-

agram?

A. Rome 97. Sandstone is a(n)

B. Munich
C. Pompeii
D. Naples
94. What causes earthquakes?
NARAYAN CHANGDER
A. igneous rock.
C. sedimentary rock.
D. none of above
A. Millions of people jumping at once 98. Which river has a steep slope?
A. Young
B. The earth rotating
B. Old
C. The movement of plate tectonics
C. Mature
D. Gravity
D. none of above
95. These volcanoes form in long cracks where
99. is landform caused by wind erosion. It
plates are pulled apart.
has a narrow trunk and a broad umbrella
shaped top.
A. Mushroom rock
B. Igneous rocks
C. Sedimentary rocks
D. None of the above
100. What do ‘plants’ do with the carbon they

A. Shield volcano receive?
B. Composite / Stratovolcano
C. Cinder cone
D. Fissure volcano
96. What are exogenous forces?

A. Wind and temperature
A. They turn it into water
B. Precipitation, rivers, ice and glaciers
B. They don’t need carbon
C. volcanic eruptions
C. They turn it into food by photosynthe-
D. Sedimentation sis
E. Tectonics D. They keep it forever

101. Which of the following means “Land”? 106. The Hydraulic Slope Theory was given by
A. ology A. C. Darwin

B. morph B. A. Goudie
C. geo C. R.E Horton
D. none of above D. C.A Cotton
102. An angle at which sediment will not slide 107. A 9.1-magnitude quake struck off the
down a slope is called: northern tip of Sumatra in Indonesia. The
third-biggest earthquake ever recorded,
A. Angle of Reuse lasting up to 10 minutes and causing the
B. Angle of Repose Earth to vibrate up to one centimetre. It
C. Slope Angle displaced an estimated 30 cubic kilometres
of water, unleashing a massive tsunami
D. Reposing across the Indian Ocean. Waves of up to
103. Which type of meltwater channel creates 30 metres were recorded. More than 230
eskers? 000 people were killed.
A. 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami
B. 2018 Kilauea Eruption
C. 2018 Lombok Earthquakes
D. none of above
108. Formed by cooling solidification of
magma
A. Englacial
B. Supraglacial
C. Subglacial
D. Marginal
104. The water table can be best described as

A. Sedimentary
A. Water that occurs below the surface B. Metamorphic
B. The upper level of the saturated zone C. Extrusive Igneous
C. The source of water in dry areas D. Intrusive Igneous
D. The area from which a river system 109. What is the scale used to measure the
gets its water strengths of earthquakes?
105. Wind moves from a region of
A. High pressure to low pressure
B. Low pressure to high pressure
C. Colder to warmer region
D. Warmer to colder region

A. Fujita scale 114. What kinds of shapes can arise in areas

B. Richter scale with such subsoil?
C. Damage scale
D. NASA scale
110. In a fold if both limbs are parallel as well

as horizontal to each other, it would be
a case of which of the following types of
NARAYAN CHANGDER
fold?
A. Isocline
B. Recumbent
A.
C. Open
D. Closed
111. What are the three processes that occur

as a river flows from its source to the
mouth? B.
A. erosion, attrition and abrasion

B. erosion, transportation and deposition
C. erosion, transportation and solution
D. erosion, attrition and corrosion C.
112. Which of the following is not true of an
exotic river
A. flows all year round
B. intersects the water table in the wet
season D.
C. does not intersect the water table.
D. initially flows through a high rainfall
area.
113. Which of the following is evidence that E.

supports continental drift?
A. the presence of penguins at both the
equator and Antarctica 115. “The present is the key to the past.” This
B. fossils of the same plant have been phase is related to the concept of:
found on several continents A. Isostasy
C. the presence of glacial features in B. Plate tectonics
Antarctica
C. Uniformitarianism
D. the presence of volcanic rock in Antarc-
tica D. Diastrophism

116. Identify the type of rock that forms from 121. Select a plateau?
molten material
A.

A. Igneous
B. Sedimentary
C. Metamorphic
B.
D. none of above
117. This is the name for the chain of volcanos

around the edge of the Pacific Plate. C.
D.
A. Circle of Fire
B. Ring of Lava E.
C. Ring of Fire
D. Circle of Magma 122. If the Umgeni River begins a new upper
course below the Howick falls then the
118. Where do volcanoes come from? Hilton Nature Reserve would form part of
A. Places where plates move apart the middle course because
B. Places where plates are moving to- A. The valley is in an open V shape
gether B. The rivers meanders in places
C. Hot Spots C. All answers are correct
D. All of these options D. The gradient is gentler
119. Which seismic wave does a seismograph 123. What is the correct layers of the earth
detect first? starting with the surface?
A. P Wave A. crust, outer core, inner core, mantle
B. S Wave B. mantle, outer core, inner core, crust
C. Surface Wave C. crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
D. none of above D. outer core, inner core, crust, mantle
120. Sedimentary rocks are formed by 124. How does folding affect Earth’s surface?
A. the cooling of molten material A. Folding causes the crust to buckle, and
B. increased temperature and pressure over time, to rise up and form mountains.
C. the addition of loss of fluids B. Folding causes the crust to sink.
D. the compaction and cementation of C. Folding causes the crust to bend in
sediments half.

D. Folding has no effect on Earth’s sur- 130. Wind deposits materials under the fol-
face. lowing circumstances:
125. The ‘Doctrine of Uniformitarianism’ was A. When their velocity decreases

postulated by B. When they encounter an obstruction
A. Cotton C. When it begins to rain
B. Dutton D. All of the above
C. Dalton
NARAYAN CHANGDER
131. The rigid masses surrounding the geosyn-
D. Hutton cline were termed by Kober as-
126. Intrusive igneous rocks A. Kratogen
A. are baked B. Primarumph
B. cool quickly C. Monadnock
C. cool slowly D. Endrumph
D. are cemented particles 132. Which section of a river do you think this
127. Which of the choices below is NOT one of is a picture of?
the three types of rocks?
A. Metamorphic
B. Indigenous
C. Sedimentary
D. Igneous
128. Which type of crust is more dense? A. Upper course

A. oceanic B. Middle course
B. continental C. Lower course
C. divergent D. none of above
D. pizza 133. Select the images that belong together.
129. What type of mass wasting is this?
A.
B.
A. Creep
B. Rock Slide C.
C. Rock Fall
D. Slumping

137. A knife-edged ridge is known as

D.
A. a pyramidal peak

B. a corrie
E. C. an erratic
D. an arete
134. Observe this diagram of a plate bound-
ary. One statement BEST describes what 138. Waves move out through the ground
is happening. It is that from the
A. the oceanic crust is melting.

B. the denser ceanic crust is subducting A. rift
under the less dense oceanic crust B. hypocenter
C. volcanic islands are forming. C. epicenter
D. the tectonic plates are moving away D. fault line
from each other.
139. This type of weathering occurs in areas
135. This is an image demonstrating where the temperature fluctuates around
zero degrees Celsius.
A. oxidation
B. frost action
C. pressure release
D. solution
A. Tornado Formation
140. What type of river is displayed in the im-
B. The Greenhouse Effect age?
C. Hurricane Formation
D. none of above
136. Which of these BEST describes how an ig-

neous rock forms?
A. cooling of magma A. Permanent
B. weathering of other rocks B. Periodic
C. colliding of tectonic plates C. Exotic
D. pressing together of smaller rocks D. Episodic

141. On May 4, a 6.9 magnitude earthquake 144. Magma (molten rock from beneath
hit Puna. By May 27, 2018, 24 fissures the Earth’s crust) reaches the surface.
had erupted lava in or near the Leilani Es- The magma erupts to form lava.Usually
tates. Lava rivers buried parts of Hawaii formed along plate margins, where crustal
Route 137 and Hawaii Route 132 and it plates are either moving towards or away
entered the Kapoho Crater and evaporated from one another.
Green Lake, the largest natural freshwa- A. Earthquake
ter lake in Hawai’i. Over 700 houses have
been destroyed. B. Volcano
NARAYAN CHANGDER
A. 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami C. Tsunami
B. 2018 Kilauea Eruption D. none of above
C. 2018 Lombok Earthquakes 145. The dendretic drainage pattern looks like
D. none of above the spokes of a bicycle wheel.
142. Shield volcanoes have: A. TRUE

B. FALSE
146. Water on the inner bend is slower, caus-

ing the water to slow down and mate-
rial
A. Erode
B. Deposit
C. make
A. gently sloping sides D. destroy
B. a steep cone shape 147. “Where the water filters into the ground
C. moderately sized sides and into the tiny pores in the soil” What
D. long cracks along plate boundaries am I?
A. Infiltration
143. How does erosion happen?
B. Percolation
C. Precipitation
D. Interception
148. Coal is a(n)
A. wind, water, and glacier, move sedi-

ment
B. a rock gets pushed, pushing another
downhill
C. somebody pushes a boulder down a
hill
D. all of the above A. igneous rock.

B. metamorphic rock. 153. Water on the inner bend is

C. sedimentary rock. A. Faster

D. none of above B. Wetter
149. The water table C. Dryer
A. is the crust water in the rainy season D. Slower
B. is the ground water 154. SOIL LAYERS ARE CALLED
C. is the upper-most level of the ground A. MATERIALS
water
B. ORGANIC
D. is the ability of the ground to hold wa-
ter C. HUMUS
D. HORIZONS
150. occurs when other chemicals combine
with oxygen in the air. 155. Metamorphic rocks are formed from (se-
lect all that apply)
A. compaction and cementation
B. increased pressure
C. increased temperature
D. the addition or loss of fluids
E. the cooling of molten material
A. Oxidation 156. Which plate boundary is characterised
B. Iron Oxide by plates sliding past each other horizon-
tally?
C. Erosion
D. Abrasion
151. The length of river compared to or
divided by the area of the respective
drainage basin is known as the
A. Drainage ratio
B. Drainage density
C. Drainage number A. Divergent
D. Drainage factor B. Convergent
152. The process that breaks down rock at the C. Transform
Earth’s surface through disintegration of
D. Emergent
rocks into mineral particles or dissolving
it into water is known as 157. An open symmetrical fold is the result of
A. weathering. A. The earth being pulled apart gently
B. erosion. B. the earth twisting slowly
C. mass movement. C. the crust being compressed by a com-
D. deposition. pressive stress of unequal magnitudes

D. the crust being compressed lightly by a 162. What is the rapid downhill movement of
compressive stress of equal magnitudes. a large amount of rock and soil?
158. This rock formed when lava cooled very A. Deposition

quickly on Earth’s surface. What specific B. Transport
type of rock is it? C. Earthflow
D. Landslide
NARAYAN CHANGDER
163. What is aeolian erosion?
A. Extrusive Igneous Rock

B. Intrusive Igneous Rock
C. Non-Foliated Metamorphic Rock
A. erosion by wave
D. Biochemical Sedimentary Rock B. erosion by tides
159. Which of the following is NOT a type of C. erosion by wind
erosion? D. erosion by life forms from another
A. Attrition galaxy
B. Solution 164. Water moving faster has more energy to
C. Abrasion This occurs on the outside of the bend
D. Hydraulic action and forms a river cliff.
A. Erode
160. The Richter scale is used to measure the
magnitude of a seismograph during the B. Deposit
event of an earthquake. Since the Richter C. Enhance
scale is logarithmic, each whole number in- D. Destroy
crease correlates to
A. 3 times greater magnitude 165. If a rock cools slowly, it may
B. 5 times greater magnitude A. preserve dinosaur bones
C. 10 times greater magnitude B. have chunks of pebbles
D. 12 times greater magnitude C. be smooth as glass

D. form crystals
161. A is a rocky hill with a tapering ridge
on its lee side. 166. Is the longitudinal profile of this river
A. Drumlin graded or ungraded?
B. Erratic
C. Drumlin
D. Crag and Tail

A. Graded 171. U shaped valleys are sometimes known

by a different name. What is this name?
B. Ungraded

A. V-shaped valleys
167. What landform can you see in the pic- B. galactic troughs
ture?
C. glacial troughs
D. O-shaped valleys
172. Process geomorphology refers to?
A. Meanders
B. Rapids A. The characteristics of a landform
C. Estuary B. How the landform was produced
D. V shaped valleys C. How the landform has been modified
D. How the landform impacts humans
168. What is an alternative name for an out-
wash plain? 173. Karst terrains form in areas that are un-
derlain by which type of rock?
A. sand
A. limestone
B. flat
B. travertine
C. sheet
C. dolistone
D. expanse
D. sandstone
169. The breaks down of rock material by a 174. Two cycle theory regarding the ‘origin of
chemically process in the river is known as Limestone caves’ was propounded by-
A. W.M Davis
A. pollution
B. Gardner
B. hydraulic action
C. Swinerton
C. solution
D. Malott
D. distillation
175. A series of destructive and shallow earth-
170. What is deposition? quakes measuring from Mw 6.4-Mw6.9
struck the island of Lombok, Indonesia in
A. Pieces of sediment come to rest on a July-August 2018. A total of 563 people
surface were killed. More than 417, 000 people
B. Movement of sediment were displaced. Lombok lies on the de-
structive plate boundary between the Aus-
C. Breaking down of sediment
tralian Plate and the Sunda Plate. The
D. none of above recent earthquakes have occurred along a

specific zone where the Australian tectonic 179. This is the continuous process of rock
plate is starting to move over the Indone- changing from one type to another.
sian island plate-and not slide underneath
it, as occurs further to the south of Lom- A. Igneous rocks
bok. B. Sedimentary rocks
A. 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami
C. Metamorphic rocks
B. 2018 Kilauea Eruptions
D. Rock Cycle
NARAYAN CHANGDER
C. 2018 Lombok Earthquakes
D. none of above 180. The concept of geosyncline was pro-
176. This is a picture of a pounded by:
A. Holmes
B. J.W. Powell
C. Hall and Dana
D. James Hutton
A. creep 181. What is the second name of William mor-

ris davis?
B. slump
C. mudflow
D. landslide
177. What is this a picture of?
A. Flood plain
B. Meander
C. Lifting
D. V-shaped valley A. Father of American Geography
178. a winding curve or bend of a river B. Father of Indian Geography

A. Meander C. Father of Egyptian Geography
B. Maender
D. Father of European Geography
C. girls
D. Meandur 182. The red line in the picture represents

B. time between the height of a storm and

the maximum flow of a river

C. maximum discharge of a river as a re-
sult of a storm
D. total precipitation on the ground sur-
face
187. What was the name given to all the conti-
A. the river mouth nents when they were joined as one super
continent?
B. the confluence
A. Supreme Continent
C. the watershed
B. Eurasia
D. none of above
C. Plate tectonics
183. When the rocks arch upward we call this D. Pangea
188. A normal fault forms from what kind of
forces?
A. Compression
B. Tension
C. Shear Stress
A. anticline D. Deformation
B. syncline 189. What element is usually used to date fos-

sils?
C. monocline
A. uranium-235
D. none of above
B. carbon-14
184. Exfoliation is an example for
C. mercury-203
A. Weathering D. thorium-234
B. Physical Weathering
190. Study the picture. What type of mass
C. Chemical Weathering wasting event is depicted in the image in
D. Biological Weathering terms of motion?
185. Streams generally erode

A. Along both banks in a stretch of
straight water
B. Along the inner banks of a meander
C. Along the outer banks of a meander
D. Along the stream bottom A. Debris Flow
186. Peak flow on a hydrograph is B. Earthflow
A. annual variation in the discharge of a C. Soil Creep
river D. Solifluction

191. a fault is formed when C. a sinkhole

A. the crust cracks D. a wetland
B. the crust cracks due to tectonic forces 196. What type of river is displayed in the im-
C. the crust breaks and cracks due to a age?
land slide
D. the earth shakes and cracks
NARAYAN CHANGDER
192. What glacial features are indicated by the
labels C and D on the figure?
A. Exotic
B. Permanent
C. Episodic
D. Periodic
A. moraines 197. Which type of volcano spills thick lava

which cools and piles up around the vent?
B. outwash plains
These fragments spill down the sides of
C. kettle lakes the volcano.
D. ice sheets A. Cinder Cone
193. Due to erosion on the outside of a bend B. Composite

and on the inside, the shape of a me- C. Lava Dome
ander will change over a period of time. D. Shield
A. Deposition
B. Erosion description best fits:Great pressure and
C. Solution heat.
D. Traction
194. Landforms caused by human activities

are called anthropogenic landforms. These
landforms can usually be constructive and?
A. deductive
B. dedicated
C. destructive A. 1
D. destrification B. 2
C. 3
195. Most cities in Florida depend on water
stored underground in a water-bearing D. 4
rock layer called 199. Which of the following is a common fea-
A. an aquifer ture of the middle section of a river.
B. a cavern A. Steep V shaped valley

B. Lateral erosion C. as a regulator of river sedimentation

C. Deposition D. as a tourist spot

D. Levees 204. How does carbon get from animals and
back into the atmosphere? (CHOOSE ALL
200. What is this landform?
THAT APPLY)
A. Respiration (breathing)
A. valley
B. After they die, they are broken down
B. hills by decomposers
C. river C. Photosynthesis
D. lake D. None of these
201. Where does the radial pattern form? 205. The built up movement of plates is re-
A. on the flat land leased as energy and is carried by these:
B. around a mountain
C. in the valley
D. none of above
202. What kind of plate movement can be seen
here?
A. earthquakes
B. seismic waves
C. focus
D. epicenter
A. orogenese 206. Identify the pattern

B. divergent
C. transversal conservative
D. subduction
203. Reservoirs are one of the anthropogenic
landforms. One of the benefits of reser-
voirs for humans is A. Dendritic
A. as rice irrigation/irrigation B. Radial
B. as a regulator of water discharge to C. Trellis
prevent flooding D. none of above

207. Areas of dunes which shift in this way 211. Where two plates move away from one
are called another. Magma rises up to fill the gaps
A. Dunes in between.
B. Storms A. Volcano-constructive margins

C. Sand seas B. Volcano-destructive margins
212. The temporary base levels along a rivers
NARAYAN CHANGDER
208. San Andreas Fault is a: longitudinal profile are know as
A. Spreading fault
A. knick points
B. Submergent fault
B. level points
C. Transform fault
C. rejuvenation points
D. Converging fault
D. Isostatic change points
209. What is plucking?
A. When rocks become frozen into the 213. How many types of deserts are there?
glacier and are ‘plucked’ out as the glacier
moves A. 1
B. When rocks scrape the bottom of the B. 4
corrie
C. 100
C. When cracks in rocks fill with water
and freeze when it is colder D. 2
Explanation:There are mainly 4 types of
D. none of above
deserts:1. The sandy deserts 2. The stony
210. Select a Valley? deserts 3. The rocky deserts 4. The ice
deserts
A.
214. What is a river system?
A. A collection of mountains and valleys
B.
B. A cluster of deserts and canyons
C. A network of interconnected rivers
and streams
C.
D. A group of lakes and ponds
215. is regions of the earth occupied by liv-

ing organisms.
D.
A. atmosphere
B. lithosphere
C. hydrosphere
E.
D. biosphere

216. This formation is an example of 220. What process is illustrated in the image?

A. River capture
B. Abstraction
A. Metamorphic rock C. River rejuvenation
B. Intrusive igneous rock D. Superimposed river
C. Sedimentary rock
221. Frost action and pressure release are
D. Extrusive igneous rock
types of:
217. Which scale rates earthquakes based on A. climatic weathering
the amount of damage done?
B. chemical weathering
A. Mercalli Scale
C. biotic weathering
B. Richter Scale
D. mechanical weathering
C. Seismogram Scale
D. Bernoulli Scale 222. The mass movement in the image is hap-
pening in a high mountain area. Which
218. What type of mass wasting is this? mass movement is pictured?
A. slide
A. Slumping B. slump
B. Debris Flow C. creep
C. Avalanche D. earthflow
D. Creep
223. Continental Drift Theory is not related to
219. SLIGHTLY BROKEN UP ROCK the following
A. C A. Wegener
B. D B. Radioactivity
C. O C. presence of glossopteris
D. A D. Sea floor spreading

224. The recycling of old rocks into new rocks A. 1

is an ongoing process called
B. 2
A. water cycle
C. 3
B. process cycle
C. rock cycle D. 4
D. energy cycle
228. Why does cutting down trees increase
Global Warming?
NARAYAN CHANGDER
225. What is a tsunami? a. A large storm
with very high speed winds b. A tropical
A. Trees absorb the Sun’s energy without
cyclone that occurs in the Pacific Ocean c. A
radiating back into the atmosphere.
large and powerful ocean wave d. A type
of tornado e. Any earthquake that causes B. Trees drain Greenhouse gases like
significant damage methane from soil.
A. a C. Trees provide shade which counter-
B. b acts Global Warming.
C. c D. Trees soak up Carbon dioxide.
D. d
E. e 229. The concept of ‘Panplain’ was pro-
pounded by
226. What can you see in this picture?
A. Johnson
B. Crickmay
C. Davis
D. Swinerton
230. The slowest type of mass movement is

A. Muldental
called a
B. Kerbtal
A. slump
C. Kerbsohlental
D. canyon B. creep
C. landslide
227. In the figure provided, the stream order
at point 2 is D. mudflow
231. Which of the following processes is re-

sponsible for the formation of meanders?
A. Abrasion
B. Hydraulic action
C. Attrition
D. Lateral erosion

232. This is a picture of D. glacial deposits of sediments carried

in ice.

236. This is the slowest wave picked up by the
seismograph
A. P Wave
B. S Wave
C. Surface Wave
A. slumps D. none of above
B. creeps
237. Where two plates move towards one an-
C. mudflows other. The oceanic crust sinks beneath con-
D. landslides tinental crust at a subduction zone-where
one crustal plate is forced beneath another.
233. What does not produce carbon dioxide? As the oceanic crust sinks into the mantle
A. Photosynthesis it creates magma, which rises to form a
B. Burning Fossil Fuels volcano.
C. Animal respiration A. Volcano-constructive margins

D. Plants decaying B. Volcano-destructive margins
234. is a smooth rounded hill composed of 238. The type of plate boundary where two
till deposited by a glacier. plates come together is a
A. Convergent Boundary
B. Divergent Boundary
C. Transform Boundary
D. Plate Boundary
239. A destructive border forms where
A. Drumlin A. An oceanic plate moves under a conti-

nental plate
B. Cirque
B. Two plates pull apart
C. thank you
C. Two plates move past each other
D. Erratic
D. when a continent hits a continent
235. Glacial striations are
A. fine windblown sediments rich in min- 240. A pyramidal peak is formed from ?
erals. A. 3 or more corries forming
B. when a surface becomes shiny/smooth
B. glacial meltwater
due to abrasion.
C. 2 corries back-to-back
C. marks or gouges left behind by abra-
sion. D. deposition of plucked material

241. Which type of rock would you expect to 246. Igneous rocks that form underground are
find by a volcano? called
A. Ingenious A. intrusive
B. Igneous B. extrusive
C. Indigenous 247. Seif dunes are also known as longitudinal
D. Indigo dunes.
A. True
NARAYAN CHANGDER
242. Which of the following factors affects the
amount of water that enters a river sys- B. False
tem? Explanation:Seif dunes are also called lon-
A. The amount of rainfall in the area gitudinal dunes as they are long ridges of
sand that generally form parallel to the
B. The amount of vegetation in the area prevailing wind.
C. The type of soil in the area
248. What material is used to form igneous
D. All of the answers rocks?
243. the downslope movement of loose sedi- A. magma
ments and rock that has been weathered B. sand
A. weathering C. gravel
B. mass wasting D. fossils
C. earthquake
249. Which human activity increases beach
D. deposition erosion?
244. Which are the two types of process in-
volved in wind erosion?
A. Weathering and erosion
B. Deflation and abrasion
C. Transportation and deposition A. large storm waves
D. Weathering and gradation B. removing beach plants
245. What process is illustrated in the image? C. over protecting sand dunes
D. swimming near the shoreline
250. What landform can you see in the middle

of the picture?
A. Rejuvenated river
B. Superimposed river
C. River capture
D. Antecedent river

A. Estuary A. Wind
B. Meander B. Humans

C. Levee C. Acid Rain
D. Ox-bow Lake
D. Animals
251. How do humans impact river systems and
geomorphology? 254. Which fault forms from compression
forces?
A. Through activities such as dam con-
struction, deforestation, urbanization, A. Normal Faults
and pollution. B. Reverse Faults
B. By reducing industrial activities near
C. Strike Slip Faults
rivers
C. By planting more trees and increasing D. Transform Fault
vegetation
255. How to prepare for an earthquake
D. By building more dams and reservoirs
A. Have a first aid kit
252. Which theory helped scientists under-
B. Have canned foods
stand how and where volcanoes erupt?
A. Theory of Plate Tectonics C. Have enough water for everyone
B. Theory or Relativity D. Flashlights
C. Theory of the Rock Cycle
D. Big Bang Theory
253. Carbon dioxide (CO2) combines with wa-
ter as raindrops fall through the atmo-
sphere. This makes a weak acid, called
carbonic acid. Carbonic acid is a very com-
mon in nature, where it works to dissolve
rock. Pollutants, such as sulfur and nitro-
gen from fossil fuel burning, create sulfu-
ric and nitric acid. Sulfuric and nitric acids
are the two main components ofacid rain, 256. The picture illustrates a
which speeds up chemical weathering.This
statue was probably destroyed by
A. watershed
B. river source
C. main channel of a river
D. wetland

257. This experiment demonstrated the tragic B. only absolute dating finds the age in
event at Lake Nyos because years
C. only relative dating finds the age in
years
D. none of above
261. The location marked by the black rectan-

gle is characterized by high temperature
NARAYAN CHANGDER
A. People need fire to survive and without and pressure. What rock type would most
it the people starved. likely be formed in this location?
B. The air was replaced with carbon diox-

ide and people suffocated in their sleep.
C. Carbon dioxide is poisonous
D. Carbon dioxide caused warming and
people couldn’t survive the rise in temper-
ature at Lake Nyos.
258. What is the name of his 1989 article?
A. Igneous
B. Metamorphic
C. Sedimentary
262. Beneath itself, a waterfall forms a
A. The Valleys of Pennsylvania

B. The Rivers and Valleys of Pennsylvania
C. The Rivers of Pennsylvania
D. Pennsylvanian Rivers and Valleys A. Swimming pool
259. A graded stream occurs when B. Shower pool
A. Velocity and discharge are balanced C. Plunge pool
B. The river is saturated and deposits ma- D. Dead pool
terial on its bed
263. Which is an example of a carbon sink?
C. There is neither erosion nor deposition
D. The river has been rejuvenated A.
260. How does absolute age differ from rela-
tive age?
B.
A. only absolute dating indicates which
rock is older than another

C. A. running away water

B. minerals from dissolved rock

C. a ordinary lake
D. D. bends in a river that was cut off
267. What landform can you see in this pic-

264. What karst landform is pictured? ture?
A. Waterfall
A. stalagmites B. V Shaped Valley
B. stalactites C. Meander
C. the stands D. Ox-bow lake
D. carbonation
268. Scientists base the classification of rocks
265. Sediment where a stream empties onto on the way they are
dry land
A. formed
B. based
C. selected
D. piled
269. When a volcano erupts, empties the

magma chamber, and collapses the top
leaving a huge hole.
A. Oxbow lake
B. Undermining
C. Delta
D. Alluvial fan
266. What is an oxbow lake
A. Dike
B. Caldera
C. Silica
D. Geyser

270. How do animals get carbon? 275. What made this homeowner unhappy?
NARAYAN CHANGDER
A. Photosynthesis
B. They absorb it from the atmosphere A. Hurricanes
C. The sun B. Permafrost melt
D. They eat other plants and animals C. flooding
271. A confluence D. avalanche
A. is another name for a levee 276. Rocks that form from molten rock are
B. is the land between two rivers called rocks.
C. is the meeting of two rivers A. metamorphic
D. is the source of a river B. sedimentary
C. underground
272. What is a smaller earthquake that fol-
lows a larger earthquake? D. igneous
A. Aftershock 277. What type of glacier covers huge areas
B. Liquefaction of land?
C. Seismic Gap
D. Tsunami
273. Two plates come together or collide at

what boundary?
A. Convergent A. alpine
B. Divergent B. continental
C. Transform C. till
D. none of above D. moraine
274. The process which sediments are laid 278. Which type of stress occurs at convergent
down in new locations, building new land- boundaries where plates push into each
forms. other?
A. Erosion A. tension
B. Weathering B. compression
C. Deposition C. shear
D. Melting D. none of above

279. Wind, water, ice and gravity carry sedi- B. Dendritic

ments away C. Trellised

D. Rectangular
282. What type of river is displayed in the im-

age?
A. weathering*
B. deposition
A. Periodic
C. erosion
B. Exotic
D. cementation
C. Permanent
280. Which letter has a higher velocity? D. Episodic
283. Tall, cone-shaped mountains in which lay-

ers of lava alternate with layers of ash are
called
A. shield volcanoes
B. cinder cone volcanoes
C. composite volcanoes
D. lava plateaus
284. What is Magma when it reaches the sur-

face of Earth?
A. A
B. B
281. What drainage pattern is shown in the

picture?
A. Lava
B. Mafic Magma
C. Felsic Magma
D. None of these
285. The San Andreas Fault is an example of

this fault line.
A. Radial A. Reverse

B. Tear B. earthquake
C. Normal C. focus
D. Overthrust D. epicenter
286. Which body waves cause particles of rock 290. Which processes form sedimentary
material to move at right angles to the di- rocks?
rection in which the waves are traveling?
A. Lava cools and hardens to form a rock.
A. Body Waves
NARAYAN CHANGDER
B. Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, Com-
B. P Waves paction, Cementation
C. S Waves C. Extreme heat and pressure from in-
D. Surface Waves side the Earth turn rocks into new rocks.
287. Longest longitude on the globe is/are D. Magma trapped under the Earth’s sur-
face cools and solidifies.
A. Of deg
B. 10 deg 291. What is permeable?
C. 180 deg
D. all longitudes
288. The study of the origin, characteristics,

and development of landforms is known
as:
A. a material that is soft

B. a material that is full of tiny air spaces
that allow water to seep through it
C. a material that is able to be broken and
A. Cartography re-attached
B. Limnology D. a material that is able to be created
C. Demography into a different substance
D. Geomorphology 292. Sedimentary rocks are formed by
289. A sudden release of energy from plate A. Cooling of lava or magma

movement creating shaking and trembling B. Heat and pressure
is known as:
C. Compacting and cementing
D. none of above
293. What are beaches?

A. Rocky formations formed by erosion
B. Shallow, waterlogged areas with
A. seismic wave emergent vegetation

C. Sandy or pebbly shores along the C. Seismic Gap

coastline D. Tsunami

D. Hills or ridges of sand shaped by wind
298. Deposition is when
294. How does folding affect Earth’s surface?
A. Folding causes the crust to buckle, and

over time, to rise up and form mountains.
B. Folding causes the crust to sink.
C. Folding causes the crust to bend in
half.
D. Folding has no effect on Earth’s sur-
face. A. Sediments and materials are moved
along the river.
295. If you examine a rock sample and ob- B. Sediments and materials are dropped
serve fossils in it, what type of rock does along the river.
the sample represent?
C. Sediments and materials are sus-
A. Igneous pended in the water.
B. Metamorphic D. Sediments and materials are move
C. Sedimentary into the ocean.
D. Fossils are found in several of the 299. “This is where plants, trees, or buildings
types listed above. collect the precipitation” What am I?
296. Which of the following is not a measure A. Interception
to educate the public to reduce water con- B. Infiltration
sumption?
C. Percolation
A. Water Efficiency Labelling Scheme
D. Surface runoff
B. Water Saving Kit
300. Which one of the following groups of
C. Water conservation campaign
landforms are erosional features?
D. Active, Beautiful, Clean Water pro- A. Stalagmites, Natural levees, Stacks,
gramme Talus
297. What is a large ocean wave that results B. Corrie, Yardang, Gorge, Sinkholes
from an underwater earthquake, landslide, C. Natural Bridges, Beaches, Eskers,
or volcanic eruption? Star dunes
A. Aftershock D. Flood plain, Moraina, Calderas, ‘U’
B. Liquefaction shaped Valley

301. Water that flows in layers in a river chan- 306. A group of students found metamorphic
nel is known as rocks near a campsite. The presence of
A. rapid flow metamorphic rocks is most likely evidence
of
B. laminar flow
A. dinosaur activity
C. turbulent flow
D. layer flow B. sediment deposition
C. high pressure
NARAYAN CHANGDER
302. In eutrophication, what directly causes
the death of fish?
D. wind-borne sand
A. The plants use up oxygen in respiration
B. The fish are poisoned by high CO2 lev- 307. Drainage Basin can best be described as
els
C. Bacteria use up oxygen in respiration A. The headwaters of a river near the
D. The fish use up oxygen in respiration source
303. The Sharp, steep slopes on the side of a B. The total area drained by a river and
mountain are its tributaries.
A. Faults C. The area that separates two drainage
B. Scarp basins
C. Cliffs D. The segment of a tributary that flows
D. none of above into a river
304. What exogenous force shaped this land- 308. Which wave has the highest amplitude on
scape? a seismograph?
A. P Wave
B. S Wave
C. Surface Wave
A. Wind D. none of above
B. Snow
C. Precipitation 309. glaciers are sometimes called Ice
Sheet glaciers.
D. Rivers
A. Continental Glacier
305. Atolls or coral rings are formed because?
B. Alpine Glacier
A. occurs due to the deposition of sand
sediments C. Iceberg
B. an eruption from Mount Merapi
D. Crevasse
C. the presence of circular marine life
D. there are volcanoes under the sea 310. How are earthquakes recorded?

313. What is the movement of wet soil down

a slope?

A. Earthflow
B. Landslide
C. Transport
D. Erosion
314. The constructive magrin of lithospheric

plates is presented by which of the follow-
A. Seismographs ing?
B. Human eyes A. Mid-Atlantic ridge
C. Data charts B. Indo-Gangetic plain

C. Mariana trench
D. Circle Graphs
D. Ural mountains
311. This image is of
315. What is the main geomorphological force
in desert landscapes?
A. Fluvial erosion
B. Wind erosion
C. Glacial erosion
D. Coastal erosion
A. Transform Boundary
B. Convergent Boundary 316. Where will there be the most erosion?
C. Divergent Boundary
D. none of above
312. Identity the drainage pattern
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
A. Trellis 317. What feature is being described here?

The inside bank of a meander on a river
B. Dendritic
where sedimentary material is deposited
C. Radial as a result of the slower flow rate
D. none of above A. Overhang

B. River cliff 322. The outer layer of the Earth that is bro-
C. Slip-off slope ken into plates. A thin layer between 0-60
km thick. The solid rock layer upon which
D. Meander we live. Either continental or oceanic.
318. Characteristic shape of valley eroded A. inner core
away by running water
B. outer core
C. mantle
NARAYAN CHANGDER
D. crust
323. Erosion occurs on the bend of mean-

ders.
A. outer
B. inner
A. Oxbow lake
B. V-shaped valley C. lateral
C. Delta D. vertical
D. Alluvial fan 324. How do plants weather rocks?
319. What type of river moves slow, has a
wide flood plain, oxbow lakes, and has a
broad U shape.
A. Young
B. Old
C. Mature
D. none of above
A. during photosynthesis
320. Erosion caused by the sheer force of wa-
ter is known as B. when roots grow into cracks of rocks
and expand the rock
A. attrition
B. corrosion C. when the plant moves water from the
roots to the leaves
C. hydraulic action
D. none of above
D. abrasion
321. After an ice-age a corrie often fills with 325. is where streams/rivers meet each
melt water. This is known as other.
A. a lake A. Confluence
B. a ribbon lake B. Tributary

C. a tarn C. Mouth
D. a drumlin D. Watershed

326. What drainage pattern is shown in the B. fault-block

picture?
C. volcanic

D. upwarped/dome
329. What created this landform?
A. Radial A. Wind and sand

B. Dendritic B. Water
C. Trellised C. glacier
D. none of above
D. Vulkan
327. What is the opening that extends from
the magma chamber to the top of the vol- 330. If tectonic plates plates get stuck, the
cano called? pressure builds up and they suddenly slam
into a new position. This causes an earth-
quake that may lift or drop part of the
ocean floor, the water above rises and
starts spreading across the ocean.
A. Earthquake
B. Volcano
C. Tsunami
A. magma
D. none of above
B. lava
C. vent 331. What kind of rock is “Marble”?
D. crater
328. What type of mountain is pictured? Look

at the sedimentary layers to help.
A. Sedimentary
B. Igneous
C. Metamorphic
A. folded D. none of above

332. Factors influencing the weathering pro- 336. Which of the following groups of scholars
cess include stressed on the role of lateral erosion by
A. the climate of an area only. streams in the formation of pediments?
A. Paige, Blackwelder, Johnson
B. rock composition and structure only.
B. Paige, Johnson, Lawson
C. organic processes only.
C. McGee, Paige, Blackwelder
D. rock composition and structure, cli-
mate, organic processes, and subsurface D. McGee, Blackwelder, Johnson
NARAYAN CHANGDER
water. 337. Why is it dangerous to live along a fault
line?
333. Swirling motion of pebbles trapped hol-
lows in the riverbed over-deepening them
to create pot holes, this is known as
A. Discharge
B. Abrasion
C. Eddying
A. It’s not dangerous at all!
B. The plates are sliding past each other
334. What is the measure of the amount of en- here and this can cause serious changes
ergy released in an earthquake? to the landscape, including a fracture in
A. Earthquake the crust.
B. Epicenter 338. The original element that undergoes ra-

dioactive decay is known as the
C. Magnitude
A. daughter element
D. Seismogram
B. half-life
335. What is the source of energy that drives C. parent element
plate movement?
D. carbon-14
339. A is a smaller stream/river that con-
tributes to the main river a drainage basin.
A. Tributary
B. Mouth
C. Watershed
D. Source
A. the subducton of the sea floor 340. A process where it creates and modify
landforms on the surface of the earth.
B. the different densities of the oceanic
and crustal plates
C. convection currents in the astheno-
sphere
D. the friction force between the plates
that move past each other

A. Hydromorphic Process 346. A glacier is

B. Geomorphic Process A. a solid block of ice that does not move.

C. Morphic Process B. Small mass of ice floating in the ocean.
D. Biomorphic Process C. super warm and can be found near the
equator
341. Volcano landform units are given the let-
D. a large mass of moving ice.
ter symbol on geomophological maps.
A. M 347. Sial means
B. S A. silicon and water
C. V B. silicon and aluminium
D. G C. silicon and nickel

D. silicon and magnesium
342. What is the area underground where
there is not any water? 348. What type of river is displayed in the im-
age?
A. Zone of Saturation
B. Zone of Aeration
C. Water
D. none of above
343. Which of the following is a process of A. Periodic

river erosion that is responsible for the for-
mation of potholes? B. Exotic
A. Lateral erosion C. Permanent
B. Vertical erosion D. Episodic
C. Hydraulic action 349. What are the convergent plate bound-

aries?
D. Attrition
A.
344. A substance has a low permeability
when:
A. Water can flow through easily B.
B. Water can’t flow through easily
C.
345. Which of the following is NOT true?
A. Interlocking spurs are formed by depo-
sition
D.
B. Vertical erosion occurs in the steep
parts of a river’s course
C. Rapids are a series of little waterfalls 350. A rock never stops changing.
D. Oxbow lakes are formed from wide me- A. True

ander loops B. False

351. What two landforms can you see in the A. in low areas
picture? B. when there is high levels of run off of
water
C. at the base of a river
D. all of these
355. Which of the following is a landform

formed by the deposition of sediment at
NARAYAN CHANGDER
the mouth of a river?
A. Meander and V shaped valley
A. Delta
B. Waterfall and gorge
B. Estuary
C. Meander and Ox-bow lake
C. Floodplain
D. Estuary and floodplain
D. Gorge
352. When magma keeps coming up below the
surface and eventually solidifies and cre- 356. Gutenberg discontinuity is found be-
ates igneous rock, what is formed? tween the:
A. Crust and mantle
B. Mantle and core
C. Upper Core and Lower Core
D. Upper Mantle and Lower Mantle
A. An earthquake. 357. Which of the following is an opening

through which molten rock and gas leave
B. A volcano. a volcano
C. A pile of rocks. A. pipe
D. Nothing, that doesn’t happen. B. magma chamber
353. In Earth Science, what is a fault? C. crater
A. It is who is to blame. D. vent
B. It is a fracture where pieces of earth 358. What shaped this landscape?
move up, down and sideways.
C. It is a break in Earth’s crust where
pieces don’t move.
D. none of above
354. A flood plain can be found
A. People
B. Eis
C. Erosion
D. none of above

359. Which of the following does not result in B. Deep and narrow
a high infiltration rate? C. Deep and wide

A. Steep gradient D. Narrow and flat
B. Porous rock
364. Which one of the following comprises the
C. Soft soaking rain largest reservoir of the earth’s oxygen?
D. Low soil moisture content A. Atmosphere
360. Which type of boundary produces strike- B. Biosphere
slip faults as a result of sideways motion C. Hydrosphere
between plates
D. Lithosphere
365. When a glacier is experiencing more melt-

ing than snow accumulation it is said to be
in a period of
A. glacial drift
B. ablation
A. divergent C. growing
B. convergent D. outburst
C. transform
366. Where did he study?
D. optional
A. Harvard University
361. Certain gases in the atmosphere-water B. University of Delaware
vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and ni-
trous oxide-help maintain the Earth’s tem- C. Stanford University
peratures and climate. These are called: D. Columbia University
367. The force that drags things towards the

A. ozone gases centre of the Earth
B. solar gases
C. greenhouse gases
D. stomach gases
362. “I am the movement of water sideways

through the soil” What am I?
A. Throughflow
B. Rock flow
C. Soil flow
D. Groundwater flow A. Gravity
363. Braided streams occur where the channel B. Erosion

floor is C. Exogenic
A. Wide and flat D. Transportation

368. What is volcanism? C. Rock pile

A. Wind shapes sand dunes and erodes D. Chipping
rock surfaces
372. A flood caused by geological phenomena
B. The process of molten rock erupting
is a
onto the Earth’s surface
A. man-made flood
C. The process of sediment deposition
B. natural flood
D. The process of weathering rocks
NARAYAN CHANGDER
through chemical reactions 373. When the crust is stretched by rock mov-
ing in opposite directions, compression oc-
369. What is letter C in the picture?
curs.
A. True
A. Vent B. False
B. Crater
374. Which of the following forces has the
C. Caldera
biggest impact on mass wasting?
D. Tephra
A. momentum
370. A chain of volcanic islands formed where B. sliding friction
two oceanic plates collide is called:
C. rolling friction
D. gravity
375. the downward movement of a block of

material on a curved surface is called
A. slide
B. slump
C. mudflow
A. island arc
D. creep
B. hot spot
376. What type of plate boundary is this?
C. Hawaii
D. geyser
371. What are the rocks that break off and fall
to the bottom of a mountain called?
A. Screech
B. Scree

A. Transform C. Relative Dating

B. Convergent D. Unconformity

C. Divergent 382. A sharp, pyramid shaped peak formed by
D. Plate glacial erosion
377. How are Block Mountains formed?

A. Upward pressure when two tectonic
plates collide.
B. Cracks in the crust pushes it upwards.
C. Magma pushes its way from beneath
the crust.
D. Earthquakes taken place at fault lines. A. Horn
B. Arete
378. Niagara Falls is an example for
C. Cirque
A. Step waterfalls
D. Erratic
B. Horse shoe type waterfalls
C. water falls 383. leave behind U-shaped valleys.
D. fault A. Alpine Glaciers
B. Continental Glaciers
379. Which was the first award that William
received? C. Sand Dunes
D. Loess
384. Which sand dune has a crescent shape in

the direction in which the wind blows?
A. Seif dunes
A. Penrose Medal B. Barchan dunes
B. Patron’s Gold Medal C. None of the above
C. Hayden Memorial Geological Award D. All of the above
D. Vega Medal 385. The layer surrounding the inner core. It
380. Which travels fastest, always being the is a liquid layer, also made up of iron and
first detected by seismic stations? nickel.
A. P waves A. inner core
B. S waves B. outer core

C. mantle
381. What law states that younger rocks lie
above older rocks if the layers have not D. crust
been disturbed 386. Two plates slide past each other at what
A. Law of crosscutting boundary?
B. Law of superposition A. Convergent

B. Divergent B. It depends upon the pH of the ground-

C. Transform water.
C. It depends upon the underground
D. none of above
depth of the storage system.
387. The top of an aquifer is known as: D. It depends upon the temperature of
A. the water table. the underground rock.
B. an artesian well. 392. Where do earthquakes occur near?
NARAYAN CHANGDER
C. the hydraulic gradient.
D. a geyser.
388. Which cycle is an essential part of the

rock cycle and the soil system?
A. Water
A. Edge of Continental Plates
B. Nutrient cycle
B. Edge of Oceanic Plates
C. CO2 cycle
C. Mid Ocean Ridges
D. I adore you D. Pangea
389. What is soil made of? 393. What is porosity?
A. air and water A. how the holes change in rocks without
B. Bedrock and minerals water
C. historical artifacts and plants B. how much time it takes water to run
through rocks
D. Water and rocks
C. how much water can be held in rocks
E. Living things and dead matter and other earth’s substances
390. What kind of valley can you see? D. none of above
394. which describes gully erosion
A. Trogtal
B. Canyon
A. occurs due to wind erosion, only af-
C. Kerbtal
fects surface
D. Muldental
B. results when thin layers of soil wear
391. What does the quantity of groundwater away
that can be stored depend upon? C. occurs when rills continue to wash
A. It depends upon the porosity of the un- away, become severe
derground rock. D. occurs on slopes in small channels

395. What is the process called where sed- 401. How are Volcanic Mountains formed?
iment is transported by rolling or drag- A. Upward pressure when two tectonic
ging? plates collide.

A. Solution B. Cracks in the crust pushes it upwards.
B. Suspension C. Magma pushes its way from beneath
C. Saltation the crust.
D. Earthquakes taken place at fault lines.
D. Traction
402. A volcano that is made from layers of
396. By what process are sediments moved? both runny lava and lava chunks is called
A. Erosion
B. Deposition
C. Weathering
D. none of above
397. Sheet flow can be described as

A. run off the occurs in layers A. a shield volcano
B. run off the occurs in streams B. a cinder cone volcano
C. a composite volcano
398. Which of the following is a factor that can
D. none of above
increase a river’s discharge?
A. Increased vegetation cover 403. The place where a tributary joins the
main stream is called the
B. Reduced urbanization
A. conference
C. Increased precipitation
B. confluence
D. Reduced gradient C. intersection
399. Which of the following rock types form D. watershed
from placing other rocks under heat and 404. Which of the following is a measure of
pressure? the variability in a river’s discharge over
A. Sedimentary rock time?
B. Metamorphic rock A. Specific discharge
C. Intrusive igneous rock B. Hydrograph
D. Extrusive igneous rock C. Baseflow
D. Sediment load
400. What are the two main types of erosion
that help form and shape a corrie. 405. These are the three main jobs of wet-
lands.
A. plucking & bulldozing
B. plucking & weathering
C. plucking & hydraulic action
D. plucking & abrasion

A. provide habitats, store flood waters, 411. What process formed these landforms?
purify water
B. provide habitats, store plant life, purify
water
C. purify water, store wildlife, provide
habitats
D. purify the land, store flood waters, pro-
NARAYAN CHANGDER
vide habitats
406. What are the two types of crust? A. Water

A. top crust, bottom crust B. Aeolian
B. oceanic crust, continental crust
C. Solution
C. water, land
D. Humans
D. none of the above
407. Rocks that form layers 412. Once magma reaches the earth’s surface,
it is called
A. Igneous
B. Metamorphic
C. Sedimentary
D. Warping
408. In the Youthful Stage of a river (in the

mountains), what shape valley does the
river cut into the hillside?
A. “S” shape
B. “U” shape
C. “L” shape A. a vent
D. “V” shape B. minerals
409. The dry season water table C. igneous rocks
A. will be above the wet season water ta- D. lava
ble
B. will be below the wet season water ta- 413. There are three main glacial processes
ble that help to wear away the landscape
around and under a glacier. What are
410. The process whereby the load carried by these?
a river is broken up is known as
A. attrition, abrasion and freeze-thaw
A. corrosion
B. dilution B. plucking, abrasion and freeze thaw.
C. abrasion C. picking, freeze-thaw and abrasion

D. attrition D. freeze-thaw, puckering and abrasion

414. What kind of rock is “Granite”? A. it is a thick layered, compact rock

B. it is formed from the dissolution of sol-

uble rocks
C. it is a water basin area
D. a heavily vegetated region
418. What can be a source of nitrates for eu-

trophication in rivers?
A. Sedimentary A. fertilisers
B. Igneous B. plastic bottles
C. Metamorphic C. paper
D. none of above D. sewage
415. What are these cave explorers into? 419. Drainage area of a river.
A. River basin
B. Groundwater
C. Estuary
D. Watershed
420. What is the name for this large glacial

boulder that does not match the surround-
A. rock ing sediments?
B. Crystals
C. Boden
D. Magma
416. MIXTURE OF ROCK, MINERAL PARTI-

CLES, AND ORGANIC MATTER
A. HORIZONS A. A drumlin
B. HUMUS B. An erratic
C. SOIL C. A moraine
D. CLAY D. A kettle lake
417. what is a karst landscape? 421. What are the slopes of this river?

A. B’ and C 426. An earthquake scored high on the Richter

B. B and C scale but low on the Mercalli scale. Why?
A. it probably happened in an area with
C. B and C’
no people
D. none of above
B. it was a fast earthquake
422. What are endogenic forces? C. because it damaged a lot
A. Forces that shape coastal landscapes D. impossible to tell
NARAYAN CHANGDER
B. Forces originating from outside the 427. Fold Mountains form when
Earth’s surface
A. There is lava
C. Forces that draw strength from the in-
terior of the Earth B. There is compression on the crust
D. Forces that shape desert landscapes C. There is a tensile stress on the crust
D. There is a transverse force on the
423. Two plates spread or move apart at what crust
boundary?
A. Convergent 428. Which of the following is a Kettle Lake?
B. Divergent
A.
C. Transform
D. none of above
424. Slate is a(n) B.
C.
A. igneous rock. D.
C. sedimentary rock. 429. Where is the point at which the first
movement occurs during an earthquake?
D. none of above
425. The Etosha pan in Northern Namibia is a

good example of a
A. trellis pattern
B. rectangular pattern
C. dendritic pattern
D. centripetal A. Epicenter

B. Focus 435. Where 2 corries develop side by side, the

glaciers eros the rock leaving a knife-like
C. Fault
edge. What is this called?

D. Plate
A. a pyramidal peak
430. The concept of ‘Panplain’ was pro- B. twin peaks
pounded by C. an arete
A. Swinerton D. a tarn
B. Johnson
436. What is molten rock that has reached the
C. Crickmay Earth’s surface?
D. Davis A. Aa
B. Lava
431. In a trellised drainage pattern, the tribu-
taries meet the main river at right angles. C. Magma
A. TRUE D. Boating
B. FALSE 437. Continuous erosion on the bank and
deposition on the inner bank forms a me-
432. Fluvial processes refers to ander in the river.
A. coastal processes A. Outer
B. river processes B. Inner
C. highland processes C. Front
D. lowland processes D. Back
433. The Umgeni River where is flows past the 438. New deposition seals off the ends and
Lapa at Hilton College is a good example the cut-off becomes an that will even-
of an tually dry up.
A. exotic river A. Oxbow Lake

B. Kidney scar
B. episodic river
C. Flood Plain
C. non-perennial river
D. Meander
D. perennial
439. In fluvial systems, the term ‘Base level’
434. Which one of the following groups of refers to what?
landforms are erosional features?
A. Natural Bridges, Beaches, Eskers, Star
dunes
B. Stalagmites, Natural levees, Stacks,
Talus
C. Corrie, Yardang, Gorge, Sinkholes
D. Flood plain, Moraina, Calderas, ‘U’
shaped Valley A. The lowest point a stream can erode to

B. How loud the water is 444. What are the processes of denudation
C. The source area of the stream A. Weathering, sun & rain
D. The gradient of the stream bed B. Erosion, Earthquakes & Mass Move-
ment
440. What are some ways to prevent land-
slides? C. Weathering, Mass Movement & Ero-
A. Vegetation, rock bolts, retaining walls, sion
controlling water, terracing D. none of above
NARAYAN CHANGDER
B. Vegetation, pile up cars, retaiing walls,
terracing 445. the continuation of the landform on the
side is
C. Tear down trees, rock bolts, reatiing
walls and controlling water.
D. none of above
441. Which type of stress occurs at divergent

boundaries where plates pull apart?
A. tension
B. compression
C. shear
D. none of above
442. What process is
A. sea arch
B. split
C. sea stack
D. norch
446. rocks form when layers of sediment

settle on top of one another and harden.
A. Stream piracy
A. Metamorphic
B. Superimposed river
B. Sedimentary
C. River rejuvenation
D. Antecedent river C. Volcanic
D. Igneous
443. This form of weathering is also known as
“rusting” 447. Earthquake epicenters (center of where
A. carbonation the earthquakes started) were mapped for
B. oxidation a 35 year period in the diagram above.
The black dots indicate these epicenters.
C. pressure release The black dots appear along what feature
D. frost action on Earth?

450. What gives the water cycle its energy

A. sun

B. moon
C. fire
A. hot spots D. ice

B. plate boundaries
451. Attrition occurs when
C. rift zones
A. the river flows over limestone or chalk
D. sea floor spreading
B. the river comes to an end
448. The earth is divided into a small number
of plates which float on and travel inde- C. stones carried by the river knock
pendently over the mantle and much of against each other
the earth’s seismic activity occurs at the D. when the load of the river repeatedly
boundaries of these plates. hits the bed dislodging particles into the
flow of a river
452. As a river goes around a bend, most of

the water is pushed towards the
A. Inside
B. Outside
A. Tectonic plate theory C. Bottom
B. Atmosphere theory D. Top
C. Landscapes landforms theory
D. none of above 453. Which rock cycle process causes many
sedimentary rocks to have visible layers?
449. This rock is formed in layers.
A. eruption
B. intrusion
C. crystallization
D. deposition
454. The thickest section of the Earth at ap-

proximately 2, 900 km. It is made up of
semi-molten rock called magma.
A. inner core
A. Sedimentary
B. outer core
B. Igneous
C. Metamorphic C. mantle
D. none of above D. crust

455. A rock formed from fragments of other A. chemical weathering

rocks is a(n) B. physical or mechanical weathering
A. Metamorphic Rock
C. erosion
B. Sedimentary Rock
D. none of above
C. Extrusive Rock
460. This is a photos of what depositional
D. Igneous Rock
landform?
NARAYAN CHANGDER
456. Volcanoes that have recently erupted are
known as:
A. Extinct Volcano
B. Dormant Volcano
C. Active Volcano
D. What’s a volcano?
A. sand dunes
457. The lower course of the river has
B. island
A. mostly erosion landforms
C. estuary
B. mostly erosion and deposition land-
D. spit
forms
C. no landforms 461. Earth’s surface is constantly changing
and new landforms are constantly taking
D. mostly deposition landforms
shape due to natural processes. Which
458. Run off is more likely to occur when landform is most likely caused by deposi-
tion?
A. the ground is unsaturated
A. caves
B. the gradient is gentle
B. deltas
C. the is sparse vegetation
C. lakes
D. the rainfall is gentle
D. valleys
459. What type of weathering is it when acid
rain breaks down and changes the rock. 462. The Ganges Delta is an example of-
A. Bird’s foot Delta
B. Arcuate Delta
C. Estuarine Delta
D. Cuspate Delta
463. In what layer does convection occur?

A. Crust
B. Mantle
C. Inner core
D. Shell

464. What kind of phenomenon often happens 468. What can you see in this picture?
with conservative plate boundaries?

A. strong volcanism
B. Mountain formation
C. earthquake
D. Deposition of weathering material
465. Identify which of the following are re-
quired to make a major cavern system.
CHOOSE ALL THAT ARE NECESSARY.
A. Groundwater is often mildly acidic as it
contains a weak solution of carbonic acid. A. A Delta
B. The acidic nature of groundwater will
dissolve the calcite in limestone. B. An estuary
C. Caverns are formed by dissolving rock C. The middle reaches of a river

beneath the Earth’s surface.
D. none of above
D. Plate subduction can create caverns
as one plate dives under another. 469. This is a fluid layer composed mostly of
466. Which of the following best describes iron & nickel.
laminar flow. A. crust
A. flows in layers over uneven river bed
B. mantle
B. the type of flow associated with rapids
C. outer core
C. flows in layers over an smooth river
bed D. inner core
D. the type of flow associated with the up-
per course of a river 470. Which type of volcano is built by alternat-
ing layers of lava flows and ash flows? It
467. The top layer of sediments in a sedimen- canbe very explosive.
tary rocks is
A. Cinder Cone
B. Composite
C. Lava Dome
D. Shield
471. Select landforms formed by rivers

A. The newest and youngest layer. A. Floodplain
B. The oldest layer.
B. Moraine
C. The only layer that is made from peb-
bles. C. Levee
D. The second layer of sediments. D. Terrace

472. What is causing global warming? 476. What causes coastal erosion?
(Choose All That Apply)
A. Wind and rain
B. Tectonic activity
C. Waves, tides, and currents
D. Fluvial processes
477. Which type of weathering involves the
NARAYAN CHANGDER
A. The earth is too close to the sun
breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces
B. There is too much carbon dioxide in the without changing their chemical composi-
atmosphere tion?
C. Because we’re running out of water A. Mechanical weathering
D. Because we’re cutting down all the B. Chemical weathering
trees and not planting more
C. Biological weathering
473. Exfoliation is a type of
D. Physical weathering
A. Chemical weathering
B. Mechanical weathering 478. Cracks in the glacier can also be referred
to as
C. Carbonation
A. Land drops
B. Crevasses
474. Which of the following is not an example
C. Gorges
of mass wasting?
D. Scoops
A. Landslide
B. Slump 479. What feature in the illustration is letter
C. Flood h?
D. Creep
475. Which statement is correct?

A. As rivers reach their lower course they
widen, the gradient decreases and the dis-
charge increases
B. As rivers reach their lower course they
widen, the gradient decreases and the dis-
charge decreases
C. As rivers reach their lower course they
get narrower, the gradient decreases and A. ribbon lake
the discharge increases
B. pencil lake
D. As rivers reach their lower course they
C. ruler lake
get narrower, the gradient decreases and
the discharge decreases D. string lake

480. Where is the finest material in an out-

wash plain found?

A. Nearest the glacial snout
B. Anywhere
C. Furthest distance from the glacial
snout
D. At the edges A. magma
B. sediments
481. The statement “The present is the key to
the past” was made by- C. sedimentary rock
A. James Hutton D. intrusive igneous
B. Walther Penck 485. Which of the following causes splash ero-

sion when it hits the ground?
C. W.M Davis
D. F. Von Ricthofen
482. In a region with drastic temperature vari-

ations, the most common weathering type
is:
A. Hydrolysis
B. Exfoliation A. rivers
C. Oxidation B. wind
D. Frost wedging C. rainfall

D. waves
483. What is this glacier doing?
486. When rock layers get warped or bent as
a result of compression we call this
A. Give birth A. tilting
B. from the heart B. folding
C. Melt 487. Which of the following is NOT one of the

three main types of rocks?
D. avalanche
A. igneous
484. Formed by melting B. crystalline

C. metamorphic B. Permeability
D. sedimentary C. Porosity
488. Which type of climate will have faster D. Transpiration

chemical weathering?
494. What are stalactites and stalagmites?
A. Hot and Wet
A. Hills or ridges of sand shaped by wind
B. Cold and Dry
B. Shallow, waterlogged areas with
NARAYAN CHANGDER
C. Hot and Cold emergent vegetation
D. Cold and Wet C. Flat areas adjacent to rivers subject to
periodic flooding
489. Where is the coarsest material in an out-
wash plain found? D. Formations within caves created by
mineral-rich water dripping from the ceil-
A. Nearest the glacial snout
ing
B. Anywhere
495. The main human activity that releases
C. Furthest distance from the glacial
greenhouse gases is
snout
A. using bottled water
D. At the edges
B. burning fossil fuels
490. Deposit of similar size, shape or density
C. texting on cellphones
A. Sorted sediments
D. eating meat
B. Delta
C. Suspension 496. What must happen to a metamorphic
rock before it becomes a sedimentary rock
D. Solution rock?
491. What are three things that rivers do nat- A. It must be broken down into sediment
urally?
B. It must be melted into magma
A. erode, transport, and deposit
C. Its minerals must dissolve in water
B. dissolve, precipitate, sublime
D. It must be exposed to high tempera-
C. evaporate, percolate, infiltrate ture and pressure
D. none of these
497. The dry valley which occurs as result of
492. The type of rock that contains fossils river capture is known as a
A. Sedimentary A. elbow of capture
B. Metamorphic B. misfit stream
C. Igneous C. wind gap
D. Folding D. captor stream
493. Which of the following terms describes 498. The is an area of land that separates
the process by which water seeps into the water flowing into different drainage
ground and becomes groundwater? basins.
A. Infiltration A. Watershed

B. Source 503. “When rocks scrape along the river bank

C. Confluence and bed” is what type of erosion?
A. Attrition

D. Tributary
B. Abrasion
499. Unlike water and ice, wind can move sed-
iments as well as C. Solution
A. Uphill, downhill D. Hydraulic Action
B. Dune, uphill 504. What is the extremely slow downhill

C. Deflation, abrasion slide of soil?
A. Soil Creep
B. Mudflow
500. Which of the following IS NOT a drip-
C. Mass Wasting
stone feature?
D. Landslide
A. sinkholes in Karst topography
B. stalactites hanging from the ceiling of 505. Magma is found above the earth surface?
caverns A. True
C. stalagmites growing upward from the B. False
floor of caverns
506. Name the fault line in the image
D. none of above
501. In the figure provided, the line at 3 indi-
cates
A. Reverse
B. Tear
C. Normal
D. Anticline
507. Fluvial landforms are caused by what?
A. A tributary
B. A confluence
C. A watershed
D. An interfluve
502. The direction of a horizontal line on an
inclined rock strata is termed as:
A. Anticline A. moving water
B. Free face B. chemical weathering
C. Strike C. wind
D. Dip D. glaciers

508. According to Wegener’s hypothesis of C. erosion

continental drift,
D. landforms
A. Earth’s surface is made up of seven
major landmasses 513. Large rocks are most likely to be de-
B. the continents DO NOT move posited in the
C. Earth is slowly cooling and shrinking A. upper course of the river

D. the continents were once joined to- B. middle course of the river
NARAYAN CHANGDER
gether in a single landmass C. lower course of the river
509. Where is the water in the river moving D. never
the slowest?
514. Two 2nd order stream joining together
form a
A. 3rd order stream
B. 1st order stream
C. 4th order stream
D. 5th order stream
515. A drainage pattern where a river keeps

A. A
its original pattern and course after the
B. B surface layer of rock is eroded away is
C. D known as
D. none of above A. antecedent drainage
510. When humans burn fossil fuels, most of B. parallel drainage

the carbon quickly enters the as carbon C. dendritic drainage
dioxide.
D. superimposed drainage
A. Water
B. Atmosphere 516. What river feature does this picture
show?
C. Sun
D. Air
511. What happens to the temperature if more

greenhouse gases are released into the at-
mosphere?
A. Temperature goes up
B. Temperature goes down
A. Oxbow Lake
512. Deposition occurs when there is a de-
crease in the rivers B. Meander
A. velocity C. Estuary
B. wildlife D. Tributary

517. What is the difference between the Ae- A. inner core

olin Barchan landform and the Parabolic B. outer core
Dune?

C. mantle
A. Parabolic crescent-shaped barchan is
perpendicular D. crust
B. The wind that comes from the barchan 521. Esker is a deposition feature of
form is from the back while the parabolic
A. River
comes from the front
B. Glacier
C. barchan requires a lot of sand material
while parabolic does not C. Underground
D. Parabolic dune is formed from D. Aeolian
southerly winds while barchan from
northerly winds 522. Where is the point at which the first
movement occurs during an earthquake?
518. What are earthquakes? A. Epicenter
B. Focus
C. Fault
D. Plate
523. What is the land next to the river called

and how would you describe it?
A. The shaking that results from the
movement of rock beneath Earth’s sur-
face
B. Masses of earth sliding down cliffs or
mountains
C. A rotating column of air causing mass
destruction
D. A gigantic wave
A. Floodplain, steep land next to the river.
519. The Orange River at Uppington in the B. Floodplain, flat land next to the river.
Northern Cape and the Nile River in Egypt
are good examples of a C. Floodplain, flat land away from the
river.
A. exotic river
D. Floodplain, flat land on top of the river.
B. periodic river
C. primary river 524. This type of river is characteristic of the
semi-arid areas of Southern Namibia
D. episodic river
A. periodic
520. The centre and the hottest part of the B. episodic
Earth. It is solid and made up of iron
and nickel with temperatures of up to 5, C. permanent
500◦ C. D. perennial

525. Which book did he write in 1893? 528. Porosity refers to

A. the shape of the particles
B. The sorting of the particles
C. % of pore space in a material
D. % of cement in a material
529. A long profile shows
NARAYAN CHANGDER
A. a cross-section of a river’s channel and
valley at a certain point along the river’s
course.
B. the river from its source (where it
A. Elementary Physical Geography starts) to its mouth (where it meets the
B. Geographical Essays sea). It shows how the river changes over
its course.
C. Harry Potter
C. Both of the above
D. Elementary Meteorology
526. What process is used to form metamor-
530. The rocky deserts are also known as
phic rocks?
Hamada in the Sahara.
A. Lava cools and hardens to form a rock. A. False
B. Bits of sand and gravel form layers B. True
that turn into rock from pressure.
531. What is the source of a river?
C. Extreme heat and pressure from in-
side the Earth turn rocks into new rocks. A. The middle of the river
B. The point where the river begins
D. none of above C. The ocean
D. The mouth of the river
527. Which type of boundary produces large
Mountain Ranges as a result of compres- 532. Volcanoes are found
sion between two plates
A. divergent A. on land
B. convergent B. under water
C. transform C. on islands
D. optional D. all of the above

533. How is the earth structured? C. the amount of wind in an area

A. Like a peach D. the amount of rain in an area

B. Like an iron ball 538. Name a depositional river feature
534. What geological forces might be respon-
sible for this range of mountains?
A. Levees
A. diverging tectonic plates
B. Meanders
B. erosion of the land by the ocean
C. Waterfalls
C. converging tectonic plates
D. V-shaped Valley
D. deposition of sediments by the ocean
539. The changes that form rocks produce
535. A constructive border forms when three main kinds of rocks:igneous, sedi-
A. Two plates colide mentary and rocks.
B. Two plates pull apart A. volcanic
C. Two plates slide past each other B. metamorphic
D. none of above C. cliff

D. underground
536. What feature is represented in the im-
age? 540. What is a superimposed stream?
A. A stream that has been captured and
then rejuvenated
B. A stream that exists on a elevated land-
scape
C. A stream that has been captured and
then takes it’s course along faulted or
folded mountains
D. A stream that takes its course from a
former overlying layer
A. Antecedent drainage pattern
541. Ice wedging will
B. Valley within a valley
C. Superimposed drainage pattern
D. Incised meander
537. What factor causes a mudslide?

A. the amount of CO2 in the area
B. the amount of pollution in an area

A. wear down rocks as they bounce to- 546. Which of these shapes were created by
gether glaciers?
B. break up rocks when the water in
cracks freezes and thaws A.
C. peel away loosend material from the
surface of rocks.
D. none of above
B.
NARAYAN CHANGDER
542. Which type of volcano has steep angled
sides, throws blobs of lava in the air that
fall as cinders, and is built over a short pe-
riod of time? C.
A. Cinder Cone
B. Composite
C. Lava Dome D.
D. Shield
543. What landform can you see in the pic- E.
ture?
547. The is where streams/rivers begin.

A. Source
B. Confluence
C. Tributary
A. Floodplain
B. Delta D. Mouth
C. Waterfall
548. This hydrograph represents a
D. Oxbow lake
544. the dropping of sediments in layers.
A. compaction
B. deposition
C. erosion
D. weathering
545. Ox-bow lakes are generally observed in A. periodic river in Gauteng
which part of the fluvial cycle? B. permanent river in south Western
A. The upper course Cape
B. The meddle course C. periodic river in a winter rainfall area
C. The lower course D. permanent river in a summer rainfall
D. In all the course area

549. An episodic river flows 554. What process is used to form sedimen-
A. all year round tary rocks?

B. only in the wet season A. Lava cools and hardens to form a rock.
C. only after heavy rain B. Bits of sand and gravel form layers
D. only in the winter season that turn into rock from pressure.
550. The ‘Doctrine of Uniformitarianism’ was C. Extreme heat and pressure from in-
postulated by side the Earth turn rocks into new rocks.
A. Cotton D. Magma trapped under the Earth’s sur-
B. Dutton face cools and solidifies.
C. Hutton 555. When particles are layered on top of each

D. Dalton other for 10s of Millenia, what rock type
forms?
551. Earth’s crust is broken up into several
large rocky pieces called A. Igneous
B. Sedimentary
C. Metamorphic
D. Lava
556. Tremendous pushing forces cause a

squeezing of rock layers in mountains.
A. plates A. fault-block
B. faults B. folded
C. fossils C. upwarped
D. puzzle pieces D. volcanic
552. Traction is
557. The stony deserts are also known as
A. the ‘bouncing’ of particles too heavy to
be suspended A. Erg
B. large particles rolled on the river bed B. Reg
C. small sediment held in the river
C. Hamada
D. the movement of tractors alongside
the channel D. None of the above
553. What is the mouth of a river? 558. Conrad discontinuity is found between
A. The place where the river flows into an- A. Upper mantle and Lower mantle
other body of water
B. Outer and Inner core
B. The source of the river
C. The middle of the river C. Sima and Nife
D. The top of the river D. Sial and Sima

559. Which of the following is NOT an ero- 564. determines how steep the line of the
sional form caused by mountain glaciers? land is.
A. relief
B. slope
C. elevation
D. none of above
NARAYAN CHANGDER
565. What is the breaking down of rocks?
A. Cirque
A. Weathering
B. Glacial trough
B. Clastic
C. Outwash plain
D. Tarn C. Vesicular
D. none of above
560. Principles of geology is associated with
one of the followings- 566. Turbulent flow occurs when a river flows
A. Play fair
B. Charles Lyell A. over a smooth river bed
C. W.M.Davis B. through a lake
D. Hutton C. through a meander
561. What is the process called where rock D. over an uneven rock surface
and soil move down a slope due to the
force of gravity? 567. What is his most influential scientific con-
tribution?
A. Erosion
B. Deposition
C. Sliding
D. Abrasion
562. The lowest level to which a river can

erode is known as the
A. ground water level
A. Geographical cycle
B. base level
B. Continental platform
C. water table level
C. Peneplains
D. confluence level.
D. Davisian Geomorphology
563. Sial makes up the continents
568. Study the picture. What type of mass
A. True
wasting event is depicted in the image in
B. False terms of motion?

C. goes up and down depending on the

layer

D. stays the same
572. Which of the following is a characteristic

of a river in the lower stage.
A. Deposition
B. Rapids
A. Debris Flow C. Steep V shaped valley
B. Earthflow D. Lateral erosion
C. Solifluction
573. River discharge provided by groundwa-
D. Soil Creep ter seeping into the bed of the river is
569. Which of the following is a geomorphic called
agent? A. surface run off
B. baseflow
C. throughflow
D. infiltration
574. Sandstone (Sedimentary rock) below the

basalt (Igneous rock) in the Drakensberg
tells us the are was once
A. Very steep
B. Very humid
A. Wind C. Covered in water
B. Glacial Ice D. Covered in ice
C. Bushfires
575. The number of streams in one order com-
D. Currents pared to the number of streams in the next
E. Gravity order is known as the
A. Coriolis effect
570. Where is mass wasting most likely to oc-
cur? B. Bifurcation ratio
A. Applacian mountains C. Wheel current curve
B. A corn field D. Density ratio
C. The beach 576. Water run-off flows from a higher level
D. Everglades swamp to a lower level due to
571. Temperature as you go deeper into A. friction

the earth. B. atmospheric pressure
A. increases C. gravity
B. decreases D. base level change

577. The principle of uniformitarianism was C. Acute angle

given by-
D. Straight angle
A. W.M.Davis
B. Penck 582. This rock was another type of rock that
experienced heat and pressure over time.
C. Hutton What type of rock is this?
NARAYAN CHANGDER
578. Which of the following is a factor that can
increase the amount of runoff in an urban
area?
A. Green roofs
B. Permeable pavement
C. Large areas of open space
D. Large amounts of impervious surfaces A. Sedimentary
579. Which landforms are of divergent origin? B. Igneous

C. Metamorphic
A.
D. none of above
583. Which statement is true of earthquakes?

B.
A. All of them can be prevented
B. Weak ones can be prevented
C. C. Some of them can be prevented
D. None of them can be prevented
D.
584. Volcanoes that are made of basalt lava
flows are called
580. Kame are found along the side of
A. shield volcanoes
a glacial valley and are the deposits of
marginal meltwater streams. B. composite volcanoes
A. Mounds C. stratovolcanoes
B. Terraces D. cone volcanoes
C. Ridges
585. In the process of erosion, the removal of
D. Hills
materials by solution is called
581. The direction of dip in reference of strike A. Attrition
is always at which of the following an-
gles? B. Corrosion
A. Right angle C. Sapping
B. Obtuse angle D. Corrasion

586. What are the factors that affect the flow 591. What are the different landforms created
of a river? by rivers?

A. Type of rocks in the riverbed A. Deltas, floodplains, meanders, oxbow
B. Number of fish in the river lakes, and alluvial fans
C. Color of the river water B. Canyons, valleys, glaciers
D. Slope of the land, amount of water, C. Mountains, plateaus, deserts

shape of the river channel, and obstacles D. Islands, peninsulas, atolls
587. What are the driving forces of the rock 592. What is CO2?
cycle?
A. Thermal energy of the earth’s interior
B. Tectonics
C. Gravity
D. weathering
E. Erosion
A. Air
588. The centre and the hottest part of the
B. Oxygen
Earth. It is solid and made up of iron
and nickel with temperatures of up to 5, C. Carbon Dioxide
500◦ C.
D. Dioxide
A. inner core
593. Which of the following is a factor that
B. outer core
can increase the lag time in a storm hydro-
C. mantle graph for a forested area?
D. crust A. Increased infiltration
589. When a stalagmite and stalactite join to- B. Reduced interception

gether it is known as a C. Decreased tree cove
A. Curtain D. Increased impermeable surface
B. Pole
594. Which of the following is a pathway for
C. Pillar precipitation in a rural area?
D. Fence A. Sewer systems
590. Which scale measures the intensity of the B. Storm drains
ground movement? C. Permeable surfaces
A. Mercalli Scale D. Impermeable surfaces
B. Richter Scale
595. When an explosive eruption forms a mix-
C. Seismogram Scale
ture of hot rock, ash, and gas, this mate-
D. Bernoulli Scale rial is called a ?

599. An aquifer
A. is a rock layer that cannot hold water
B. is a rock layer that can hold water
C. is impermeable
D. is a soil layer that is not porous
A. Landslide 600. What do you call this type of flow?
NARAYAN CHANGDER
B. Lava
C. Eruption trail
D. Pyroclastic flow
596. The length of time required for half of the

radioactive atoms in a sample to decay is
its
A. meander
A. era
B. Sturzbach
B. age C. Delta
C. half-life D. none of above
D. eon
601. Which of these images depict a Karst
597. What are the four layers of the Earth? landscape? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY!
A.
B.
A. crust, mantle, outer core, inner core C.

B. tectonic plates, landscapes, land-
forms, magma
C. clouds, air, water, earth D.
D. none of above
602. Which of the words below describe mud,
598. Which of the following is not a part of sand, and tiny bits of rocks that cement
Circum-Pacific Volcanic belt? together to form a type of rock?
A. Aleutian islands A. stalactites
B. Mindanao island B. magmas
C. Sakhalin Island C. metamorphs
D. Azores islands D. sediments

603. A volcano that has gentle sloping sides 608. Which type of river has fast waters that
and is formed from runny lava are cool with a V-shaped channel?

A. Old
B. Young
C. Mature
D. none of above

description best fits:Great heat from the
A. Shield volcano
center of the Earth causes melting.
B. Cinder cone
C. Composite
D. None of these
604. Which one of the following rocks is asso-
ciated with “Cratons”?
A. Conglomerate
B. Phyllite A. 1
C. Granite
B. 3
D. Slate
C. 4
605. What causes landslides? D. 5
A. The loosening and displacement of top-
610. What is the definition of dormant?
soil due to gravity
B. Wind erosion
C. Glacial erosion
D. Tectonic activity
606. A divergent boundary occurs when plates
A. Pull apart A. sleeping

B. Come together B. extinct
C. Slide past each other C. active
D. subducting D. invisible
607. Volcanoes that are NOT found at plate 611. What is this landform
boundaries occur in the middle of plates in
areas called
A. hot spots
B. mid-ocean ridges
C. fissure volcanoes
D. shield volcanoes

A. A cirque 616. The map in the picture shows tectonic

plate boundaries. This map would be use-
B. A crag and tail
ful in predicting the location of future
C. A whaleback
D. A drumlin
612. Infiltration will occur more quickly when
NARAYAN CHANGDER
A. the ground is saturated
B. the gradient is gentle A. droughts
C. the is sparse vegetation B. hurricanes
D. the rainfall is heavy C. earthquakes
D. tornadoes
613. What is the thinnest layer of the earth’s
composition? 617. What do you call the respective banks of
a meandering river?
A. mantle A. Gleithang
B. inner core B. Prallhang
C. crust C. Of
D. outer core D. hill
618. Two 2nd order streams joining together
614. The process by which igneous rocks are
form a
formed
A. 1st order stream
A. heat and pressure
B. 2nd order stream
B. melting and cooling
C. 3rd order stream
C. compaction and cementation D. 4th order stream
D. none of above
619. What is erosion?
615. What is a river mouth? A. The process of soil deposition
A. The place where a river starts B. The process of wearing down and
breaking up of rocks
B. Where the river flows into the sea
C. The process of rock formation through
C. Where two river channels meet sedimentation
D. The land next to the river channel D. The process of chemical weathering

620. What is a carbon sink? C. intersects the water table all year
A. Something that adds to the atmo- round

sphere. D. does not intersect the water table
B. Something that removes carbon from 626. What type of mass wasting is this?
the atmosphere.
C. Something that adds carbon to the
earth’s crust.
D. Something that removes carbon from
the earth’s crust.
621. Down-warping is produced on account of

which of the following actions?
A. Submergence A. Rock Fall
B. Emergence B. Debris Avalanche
C. Crustal fracture C. Solifluction
D. Crustal bending D. Rock Slide
622. Curve or bend in a river 627. What is the term for the maximum dis-
charge of a river at a particular point in
A. Oxbow lake time?
B. Meander A. Baseflow
C. Erosion B. Throughflow
D. Deposition
C. Peak flow
623. How many levels are there to the Mer- D. River flow
calli scale.
628. What type of a fold is this an example
A. 12
of?
B. 10
C. 8
D. 11
624. Sief is a landform related to

A. Aeolian
B. River
C. Glacier
D. underground
625. A permanent river flows all year round A. Bent

because it B. Verticle
A. flows only in wet areas C. Anticline
B. receives a lot of surface run-off D. Syncline

629. What’s the difference between extrusive 633. Which one of the following options best
and intrusive igneous rocks? describes the world distribution of ac-
A. Extrusive-Large crystals-slow tivevolcanoes?
coolingIntrusive-small crystals or glassy A. They are found in association with
with gas bubbles-fast cooling young folded mountain systems.
B. Extrusive-holes/vesicles, very small B. They lead to form chains around ocean
crystals, fast coolingIntrusive-large crys- basins
tals, slow cooling
NARAYAN CHANGDER
C. They are associated with old eroded
C. Extrusive-wavy bands/layers, mountain chains.
crystalsIntrusive-straight layers, no crys- D. They occur in river flood plains
tals
634. What kind of igneous rock usually con-
D. Extrusive-holes/vesicles, large
tains large crystals?
crystalsIntrusive-fossils, tiny grains
A. clastic
630. For what he is known for? B. extrusive
A. Cycle of erosion C. organic
B. invention of light D. intrusive
C. Peneplains
635. In the figure provided, the point marked
D. Dam 2 indicates
631. The upper part of the mantle upon which
the crust of the Earth floats is known as
A. Hydrosphere
B. Asthenosphere
C. Barysphere
D. Mesosphere
632. What is a caldera usually known for mak-

ing after a volcano?
A. A drainage basin
B. A confluence
C. A watershed
D. An interfluve
636. What causes the longitudinal profile of

this river to be ungraded?
A. rivers
B. ponds
C. lakes
D. grasslands

A. The waterfall C. drainage density

B. The rapids D. drainage pattern

C. The dam and lake
643. What is erosion in relation to rivers?
D. All of the above
A. Creating new land and increasing the
637. The volcanoes on the Hawaiian Islands river’s depth
form due to which of the following?
B. Wearing away the land and carrying
A. Divergent Boundary
sediment downstream
B. Hot Spot
C. Building up the land and preventing
C. Subduction Boundary sediment from moving
D. Transform Boundary
D. Causing the river to widen and slow
638. Sima makes up the sea floor down
A. True
644. Which body wave squeezes and stretches
B. False rock materials as they pass through the
Earth?
639. The high lying area separating two
drainage basins is known as a A. Body Waves
A. watershed B. P Waves
B. catchment C. S Waves
C. base level
D. Surface Waves
D. drainage basin
640. What are the 3 major types of rocks? 645. What are wetlands?
A. Igneous, Metamorphic, Sedimentary A. Hills or ridges of sand shaped by wind

B. Metamorphic, Igneous, Cementation B. Shallow, waterlogged areas with
C. magma, lava, crystals emergent vegetation
D. none of above C. Steep rock faces formed by coastal

erosion
641. Granite is durable which means it is a
good choice for D. Long, narrow islands parallel to the
coast
A. cutting tools
B. mirrors 646. Radiometric dating is possible because
C. jewelry the rates of decay of radioactive isotopes
D. buildings
A. change over time
642. The total length of streams divided by the
area of a river basin is known as the B. change from place to place
A. drainage order C. are constant

B. drainage frequency D. vary widely

647. A corrie has 3 distinct features. What are landscape?

these?
A. Rivers erode, transport, and deposit
A. A steep back wall, gentle sides and ice sediment to create and change the land-
in the hollow. scape.
B. A flat base, a snout and a steep back B. Rivers only create small, insignificant
wall. changes in the landscape
C. A snout, gentle sides and a lip.
C. Rivers play a role in shaping the land-
NARAYAN CHANGDER
D. A steep back wall, an over-deepened scape, but it is not significant
hollow and a lip.
D. Rivers have no impact on shaping the
648. What is the role of a river in shaping the landscape

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23. As magma rises towards the surface it col-

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104. The water table can be best described as

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