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 PRACTICE BOOK» NOT FOR SALE
Contents

1 FOREST ECOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1 FOREST ECOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
 1. FOREST ECOLOGY
1.1 FOREST ECOLOGY
1. The graph to the right shows the interac-
tion of the wolf and moose populations on
Isle Pekie. If the moose population contin-
ues to increase, the wolves’ food supply
will increase. What will most likely hap-
pen to the wolf population as a result?
A. It will decrease.
B. It will increase.
C. It will remain the same.
D. none of above
2. What happens if a population grows past
its carrying capacity?
1. B 2. B
NARAYAN CHANGDER
A. The population keeps growing
B. The population starts to die off
C. The entire species will go extinct
D. The carrying capacity just increases
Explanation:If a population grows past its
carrying capacity, the population starts to
die off.
3. What point on the graph represents the
carrying capacity?
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Explanation:The point D on the graph rep-
resents the carrying capacity. It is the
maximum population size that an environ-
ment can sustain.
3. D 4. B
1.1 FOREST ECOLOGY 3

4. Parasites and diseases will the size of B. reached carrying capacity

a population, so the are examples of limit- C. mutated into a different species
ing factors.

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D. run out of food and all died
A. Increase
B. Decrease 8. What type of growth is represented be-
hind?
C. Stay the same
Explanation:Parasites and diseases de-
crease population size, making them lim-
iting factors.
D. none of above

5. What type of growth is this graph repre-

senting

A. Logistical Growth
B. Exponential Growth
Explanation:The graph represents logistic
growth, as it shows an initial exponential
growth followed by a leveling off due to
limited resources.
6. Which type of trees dominate coniferous
forests?
A. Coniferous trees
B. Fruit trees
C. Palm trees
D. Deciduous trees
7. A scientist was studying a population of
fish in a pond over a period of 10 years.
10. the science that deals with the relation of
He observed thatthe population increased
each year for 3 years, and then remained
nearly constant for the rest ofthe study.
The best explanation for this observation
is that the population had
A. stopped reproducing
A. exponential
B. logistics
C. a good kind
D. representative
Explanation:The growth represented be-
hind is exponential because it shows rapid
and continuous increase over time.
9. Which of the following are examples of a
density independent factors?
A. forest fire
B. seasonal cycles
C. storms
D. disease
Explanation:Density independent factors
include forest fire, seasonal cycles, and
storms. These factors are not influenced
by population density and can affect pop-
ulations regardless of their size.
plants and animals to their environment
and to the site factors that operate in con-
trolling their distribution
A. complex ecosystems
B. stratification

5. A 6. A 7. B 8. A 9. A 9. B 9. C 10. D 11. A
1.1 FOREST ECOLOGY 4

C. forest ecosystems B. overstory

D. ecology C. forest floor
D. forbes and microorganisms
11. Food, water, sunlight, shelter, and space
are resources that are 15. Combustion is another word for
A. limiting factors A. Transportation
B. wet B. Respiration

NARAYAN CHANGDER
C. messy C. Fossil Fuels
D. found in rocks D. Burning
Explanation:Food, water, sunlight, shel- Explanation:Combustion is another word
ter, and space are limiting factors, which for burning. It refers to the process of
are essential resources for survival. a substance reacting with oxygen to pro-
duce heat and light.
12. the study of forest ecosystems
A. ecology 16. Biotic or Abiotic factor that restricts the
growth of the population
B. forest ecology
A. carrying capacity
C. anthropology
B. limiting factor
D. diversity
C. abiotic factor
13. In the diagram, the original source of en- D. biotic factor
ergy is the Explanation:The limiting factor is a biotic
or abiotic factor that restricts the growth
of a population. It determines the maxi-
mum number of individuals that can sur-
vive in an ecosystem.
17. Gas that makes up 78% of our atmo-
sphere.
A. Oxygen
B. Nitrogen
C. Hydrogen
D. Carbon Dioxide
Explanation:Nitrogen is the gas that
makes up 78% of our atmosphere. It is
the correct choice because it is the most
A. grass abundant gas in the Earth’s atmosphere.
B. hawk
18. What type of growth model is shown in
C. sun image A?
D. none of the above

14. trees growing beneath the canopies of the

tallest trees is
A. understory

12. B 13. C 14. A 15. D 16. B 17. B 18. B

1.1 FOREST ECOLOGY 5

A. Exponential
B. Logistic

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Explanation:The growth model shown in
image A is logistic, as it exhibits an initial
exponential growth followed by a leveling
off.
A. a desert
19. PREDATION is a form of interaction where B. a stream
C. a rice field
A. the organism that benefits is the
D. tropical rain forest
predator
Explanation:The tropical rainforest is the
B. the organism that benefits is the prey most biodiverse ecosystem due to its high
species richness and complex ecological
C. both organisms benefit interactions.
D. neither organism benefits
23. Which of the following is an abiotic factor?
Explanation:In predation, the predator
benefits by preying on the prey organism. A. algae because it grows on rocks
B. plants because they grow in soil
20. When resources are not available a popu- C. water because it has never been alive
lation will in size.
D. a dead deer because bacteria feeds on
A. Increase it
B. Decrease 24. which statement sounds accurate based on
the graph data.
C. Stay the same
Explanation:When resources are scarce,
the population will decrease in size.
D. none of above

21. What are the main characteristics of man-

grove forests?
A. Salt-tolerant trees, unique root sys- A. The zebra and lions do not affect each
tems, coastal saline or brackish water other

B. Coniferous trees, aerial roots, moun- B. when lions population increases, so

tainous regions does the zebra population
C. When the zebra population increases,
C. Evergreen trees, shallow root sys- it causes the lion population to also in-
tems, desert environments crease
D. Deciduous trees, deep taproots, fresh- D. when zebra populations go down, the
water habitats zebra population goes up.
Explanation:When the zebra population in-
22. Which of the following ecosystem is the creases, it causes the lion population to
most biodiverse? also increase.

19. A 20. B 21. A 22. D 23. C 24. C 25. A

1.1 FOREST ECOLOGY 6

25. Bacteria fix nitrogen from the atmosphere 29. a trees ability to resist heat, cold,
into a form plants can use. droughts, insect infestations, disease at-
A. True tacks, and other elements limiting survival
and growth.
B. False
Explanation:Bacteria fix atmospheric ni- A. stratification
trogen for plants. True is the correct B. succession
choice. C. photoperiod

NARAYAN CHANGDER
26. A condition that occurs when two or more D. hardiness
organisms compete for the same resources
30. one main stem or trunk is known as a
A. competition
A. log
B. predation
B. mole
C. parasitism
C. bole
D. mutualism
Explanation:Competition is a condition D. cord
where organisms compete for the same
31. the more complex an ecosystem, the
resources. It is the correct choice as it
resistant it is to either change or damage
accurately describes the given scenario.
by insects, diseases, ice storms, fire and
27. What are the human activities that pose a other disasters
threat to mangrove forests? A. less
A. Hunting, deforestation, and industrial- B. more
ization.
B. Mining, agriculture, and logging. 32. How nitrogen is “fixed” into useable form
for plants
C. Urbanization, overfishing, and
tourism. A. through action of bacteria only
D. Deforestation, pollution, aquaculture, B. through lightning only
and climate change. C. through action of bacteria & lightning
28. If the carrying capacity of a predator de- D. through photosynthesis
creases, what will happen to the carrying Explanation:Nitrogen is fixed into a us-
capacity of the prey? able form for plants through the action
of bacteria and lightning. This process
converts atmospheric nitrogen into com-
pounds that plants can absorb and utilize
for growth.
33. TRUE or FALSE? All of the carbon in exis-
tence is continually recycled in the carbon
cycle.
A. True
A. Will Increase
B. False
B. Will Decrease
Explanation:True. The carbon cycle en-
C. Will stay the same sures that all carbon in existence is con-
D. none of above tinually recycled.

26. A 27. D 28. A 29. D 30. C 31. B 32. C 33. A

1.1 FOREST ECOLOGY 7

34. As you move from level to level in an en- 37. In the graph to the right, what is the pop-
ergy pyramid, energy availability ulation of deer at the carrying capacity of
the environment?

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A. increases
B. decreases
C. stays the same A. 3
D. is destroyed
B. 7
35. What is the carrying capacity for this
C. 70
sheep population?
D. 40
Explanation:The population of deer at the
carrying capacity of the environment is 70.
This is the correct choice as it represents
the maximum number of deer the environ-
ment can sustain.

38. Based on the food web, the herbivores pro-

A. 1.8 million vide energy for which consumers?
B. 1.25 million
C. 1.6 million
D. 1.o million
Explanation:The carrying capacity for this
sheep population is 1.6 million. It is the
correct choice as it can support the max-
imum number of sheep without causing
negative impacts on the ecosystem.
A. mountain lion, insect-eating bird,
36. Any thing or organism that regulates the snake, shrew, and hawk
size of a population of another organism
is known as B. grasshopper, squirrel, rabbit, and
deer
A. a limiting measure
B. a limiting factor C. shrub, tree, grass, fungi, and bacteria
C. factorization D. mountain lion, snake, insect-eating
D. materialization of precipitation bird, and deer
Explanation:A limiting factor is any thing
or organism that regulates the size of a 39. What describes how varied living things
population of another organism. are in a specific area?

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1.1 FOREST ECOLOGY
A. stability
B. biodiversity
C. equilibrium
Explanation:Biodiversity describes the va-
riety of living things in a specific area. It
highlights the correct choice.
D. none of above
40. What will happen if all of the frogs in a
population die?
A. The frogs’ predators will decrease and
the frogs’ prey will increase
B. The frogs’ predators will increase and
the frogs’ prey will decrease
C. We better all pray because there isn’t
anymore frogs.
Explanation:If all frogs in a population die,
their predators will decrease and their
prey will increase.
D. none of above
41. When otters are removed from an ecosys-
tem
A. The urchin population rises
B. The kelp population drops
C. The kelp gets eaten more quickly than
it can regrow
D. All of the answers occur
42. Mussels, sea urchins, and crabs are eaten
by sea otters. Kelp is eaten by sea urchins
and mussels. Mussels and small fish are
eaten by crab. Which graphical represen-
tation would be used to display this infor-
mation?
A. food web
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8
B. food pyramid
C. energy pyramid
D. food chain
43. What is a keystone species?
A. species that serve as symbols of gen-
eral ideas about conservation
NARAYAN CHANGDER
B. an organism that is very sensitive to
environmental changes in its ecosystem
C. a species whose behavior is depen-
dent on migration
D. an organism that helps maintain an en-
tire ecosystem
44. What are the main characteristics of conif-
erous forests?
A. The main characteristics of coniferous
forests are the predominance of cone-
bearing trees, needle-like leaves, acidic
soil, and biodiversity.
B. The main characteristics of coniferous
forests are the predominance of decidu-
ous trees, broad leaves, alkaline soil, and
low biodiversity.
C. The main characteristics of coniferous
forests are the predominance of palm
trees, fern-like leaves, sandy soil, and
high biodiversity.
D. The main characteristics of coniferous
forests are the predominance of grasses,
flat leaves, clay soil, and moderate biodi-
versity.
45. What are the threats to mangrove
forests?
A. Urbanization, erosion, and invasive
species
B. Wildfires, earthquakes, and volcanic
eruptions
C. Deforestation, pollution, climate
change, and overharvesting
D. Hunting, deforestation, and climate
change
1.1 FOREST ECOLOGY 9

46. All of the following are biotic factors in an A. the level of organization within an
ecosystem EXCEPT ecosystem

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A. a fish because it can swim B. how much energy each organism re-
B. sunlight because it has never been ceives
alive C. the type of consumer the organism is
C. sea grass because it makes its own D. who eats what or whom
food
D. an alligator because it eats smaller an- 50. Once inorganic phosphate has been re-
imals leased by weather of rocks, which of the
following might be it’s next step in the
47. What does NOT produce carbon dioxide? phosphorus cycle?
A. Photosynthesis A. it can become part of surface water
B. Burning Fossil Fuels and runoff into the ocean, and eventually
become new rock at the bottom of the
C. Animal respiration ocean through the process of sedimenta-
D. Plants decaying tion
Explanation:Photosynthesis is the pro- B. it can become part of the soil and be
cess that does NOT produce carbon diox- taken up by plant roots and used to make
ide. It is the opposite process, where lipids, ATP, nucleic acids and other cellu-
plants use carbon dioxide to produce oxy- lar molecules
gen.
C. it can become part of groundwater and
48. What is the carrying capacity for this leech into the ocean, and eventually be-
sheep population? come new rock through the process of
sedimentation
D. all of the answers are possible path-
ways for phosphorus
Explanation:Inorganic phosphate re-
leased from rocks can follow various path-
ways in the phosphorus cycle, including
becoming part of surface water and runoff
into the ocean, being taken up by plant
A. 1.8 million roots and used for cellular molecules, or
leeching into groundwater and eventually
B. 1.25 million becoming new rock. All of these pathways
C. 1.6 million are possible for phosphorus.
D. 1.o million 51. Which kind of growth does the human pop-
Explanation:The carrying capacity for this ulation follow? It is described as a J-
sheep population is 1.6 million. This is the shaped curve.
correct choice as it matches the given cor-
rect answer. A. Exponential Growth
B. Logistic Growth
49. What do the arrows in a food web repre-
sent? C. Outstanding Growth

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1.1 FOREST ECOLOGY 10

D. Minimal Growth 56. Which of the following removes carbon

Explanation:The human population fol- from the atmosphere?
lows exponential growth, which is de- A. Combustion
scribed as a J-shaped curve.
B. Respiration
52. In a forest, a fox eats a deer which feeds C. Photosynthesis
on the grass. The fox is a and the deer
is a D. Death
Explanation:Photosynthesis is the pro-

NARAYAN CHANGDER
A. primary consumer, producer cess that removes carbon from the atmo-
B. herbivore, producer sphere by converting it into oxygen and
glucose.
C. secondary consumer, primary con-
sumer 57. Which of these nitrogen cycle processes
D. secondary consumer, producer converts atmospheric nitrogen to a soil
form of nitrogen that is usable by plants?
53. the process where by forest ecosystems
A. nitrogen fixation
are constantly changing through a very
slow process B. nitrification
A. competition C. denitrification
B. succession D. ammonification
Explanation:Nitrogen fixation is the pro-
C. material cycle
cess that converts atmospheric nitrogen
D. energy flow to a soil form usable by plants. It is the
correct choice.
54. Which of the following are density depen-
dent factors? 58. What is missing from the diagram?
A. competition for resources
B. predation
C. disease
D. natural disasters
Explanation:Density dependent factors in-
clude competition for resources, preda-
tion, and disease.

55. Organisms that do not decompose can be

buried and become what?
A. water
B. nutrients
C. air A. a decomposer
D. fossil fuels B. a producer
Explanation:Organisms that do not decom-
pose can be buried and become fossil fu- C. a scavenger
els. D. none of the above

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1.1 FOREST ECOLOGY 11

59. How do coniferous trees conserve water

in their leaves?

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A. By having thin leaves that allow for
rapid water loss
B. By having leaves with large surface
area for water absorption
C. By having needle-like leaves covered
in a waxy cuticle
D. By having broad leaves that can store
water

60. Nitrogen and carbon are cycled on a global

scale. Why does phosphorus cycling tend
to occur more locally?
A. it primarily involves the weather of
rocks, which are mostly stationary
B. it only involves land animals that can-
not swim across oceans to transport the
nutrient
C. it occurs in areas where cloud forma-
tion is low, so it rarely gets trapped in wa-
ter vapors
D. all of the answers are correct
Explanation:Phosphorus cycling occurs lo-
cally because it primarily involves the
weather of stationary rocks.
61. Which adaptations do coniferous trees
have to survive in their environment?
A. the hawk population would increase
B. the snake population would increase
C. the mouse population would decrease
D. the grass population would decrease
63. The largest number of individuals that an
area can support is called its
A. limiting factor
B. abiotic factor
C. resource availability
D. carrying capacity
64. If a disease destroying barley plants in a
field swept through an ecosystem, what
would happen to the barley eating bird
population in the the field?

A. Broad leaves, thin bark, fruit produc-

tion
B. Grass-like leaves, thin bark, flower
production
C. Thick leaves, smooth bark, sap produc-
tion
D. Needle-like leaves, thick bark, resin
production A. The bird population would stay the
same
62. What would happen to the mouse popula- B. The bird population would infinitely in-
tion if all the rabbits died? crease

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1.1 FOREST ECOLOGY
C. The bird population would decrease
Explanation:The bird population would de-
crease because the disease would de-
stroy the barley plants, which are their
food source.
D. none of above
65. What type of growth is this graph repre-
senting?
A. Logistical Growth
B. Exponential Growth
Explanation:The graph represents expo-
nential growth, as it shows a rapid in-
crease without any limiting factors.
66. This is NOT a part of the phosphorus cycle.
A. Phosphate is incorporated into sedi-
mentary rocks
B. Phosphate bound to soil
C. Atmospheric phosphate
D. Phosphate is absorbed from the soil by
plants
Explanation:Atmospheric phosphate is not
a part of the phosphorus cycle. It is the
only incorrect choice as phosphate is not
present in the atmosphere.
67. Plants and animals cannot use nitrogen di-
rectly from the air.
A. True
B. False
Explanation:Plants and animals cannot
use nitrogen directly from the air. This
statement is true.
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12
68. A sea otter feeds on sea urchins. With-
out sea otters, the sea urchin population
would eat all of the kelp which is the main
source of food for snails, crab, and geese.
Sea otters are an example of an
A. detritivore species
B. keystone species
NARAYAN CHANGDER
C. herbivore
D. producer
69. Carbon can be found in
A. The atmosphere
B. Soil
C. Fossil fuels
D. All of the above
Explanation:Carbon can be found in the at-
mosphere, soil, and fossil fuels. There-
fore, the correct choice is ‘All of the
above’.
70. Two arctic fox are fighting with a polar
bear for a sea lion carcass. One fox dis-
tracts the b ear while the other eats. What
type of limiting factor is the polar bear?
A. Predator-Prey Relationships
B. Competition
C. Herbivory Effect
D. Weather
Explanation:The polar bear is facing com-
petition from the arctic foxes for the sea
lion carcass.
71. What is the role of decomposers in an
Ecosystem?
1.1 FOREST ECOLOGY
A. They recycle matter and nutrients to
form fossil fuels
B. They are burn and release as carbon
dioxide
C. Decomposers are responsible to turn
oxygen into carbon dioxide
D. They recycle energy back to the sun
Explanation:Decomposers recycle matter
and nutrients to form fossil fuels, which
is the correct role in an ecosystem.
72. Which of the following is correct?
A. There is as much carbon on earth as
when it was formed
B. Carbon is being created whenever it is
recycled
C. Carbon is lost every time it is recycled
D. Carbon changes to different forms and
is never recovered
Explanation:The correct answer is ‘There
is as much carbon on earth as when it
was formed’. This choice states that the
amount of carbon on earth remains con-
stant over time.
73. What is the carrying capacity of the
graph?
A. around 500
B. more than 500
C. less than 500
D. around 600
Explanation:The carrying capacity of the
graph is around 500, which is the correct
choice.
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13
74. In many desert ecosystems, days are hot
and nights are cold. Water is scarce,
so animals seek water wherever possible.
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The spines of a cactus are actually leaves
adapted to conserve water. The cactus
plants have also adapted to live in thin,
sandy soil. Which of the following is a bi-
otic component of a desert ecosystem?
A. the thin, sandy soil
B. the wide temperature range
C. the scarcity of water
D. the spiny cactus leaves
Explanation:The spiny cactus leaves are a
biotic component of a desert ecosystem
because they are part of a living organism.
75. A group of elephants gets stuck in mud at
the edge of the river from a recent mud
slide. A lion waits for an elephant to get
tired before it attacks. What is the limit-
ing factor to the elephant population?
A. Predator-Prey Relationships
B. Natural Disaster
C. Herbivory Effect
D. Competition
Explanation:The limiting factor to the ele-
phant population is natural disasters,
such as mud slides.
76. What point on the graph represents the
carrying capacity?
1.1 FOREST ECOLOGY 14

A. A B. 10 %
B. B C. 35 %
C. C D. 100%
D. D 80. soil fungi that enable trees to more fully
Explanation:The point on the graph that utilize water, minerals, and nitrogen in the
represents the carrying capacity is D. It soil
is the point where the population stabi- A. succession

NARAYAN CHANGDER
lizes and reaches its maximum sustain-
able level. B. stratification
C. penicillin
77. How do coniferous trees adapt to cold cli-
mates? D. mycorrhizae

A. Coniferous trees adapt to cold cli-
mates by hibernating during the winter.
B. Coniferous trees adapt to cold cli-
mates by growing larger leaves to retain
heat.
C. Coniferous trees adapt to cold cli-
mates by migrating to warmer regions
during the winter.
D. Coniferous trees adapt to cold cli-
mates by having needle-like leaves, pro-
ducing a waxy coating on their leaves and
bark, and having a conical shape.
78. Eating food from which level gives you the
most energy?
A. producer
B. primary consumer
C. tertiary consumer
D. apex predator
79. How much energy is transfered between
each trophic level?
A. 1 %
81. The cutting down of trees on a large scale
in Brazil is an example of
A. Carbon-oxygen cycle
B. Erosion
C. Deforrestation
D. Grazing
Explanation:The cutting down of trees on
a large scale in Brazil is an example of de-
forestation. This refers to the clearing of
forests for various purposes, such as agri-
culture or urbanization, leading to the loss
of forest cover and its ecological impact.
82. What does it mean that water communi-
ties are high in biodiversity?
A. That there are lots of different types of
life
B. That there are lots of changes
C. That there are many different types of
water
D. That there are lots of different types of
bacteria

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1.1 FOREST ECOLOGY 15

83. What are the unique features of mangrove

trees?

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A. Aerial roots, salt tolerance, ability to
thrive in coastal environments
B. Shallow roots, intolerance to salt, abil-
ity to thrive in arid environments
C. Deep taproots, ability to grow in A. 1000
high altitudes, ability to withstand strong B. 8000
winds
C. 800
D. Broad leaves, ability to grow in
deserts, ability to survive in freezing tem- D. 600
peratures Explanation:The carrying capacity of the
graph is 1000. It represents the maximum
84. Does deforestation contribute to global population size that can be sustained in
warming? the given environment.

86. Which of the following most accurately de-

scribes a producer?
A. bees because they make honey
B. herbivores because they eat plants
C. an oak tree because it produces
acorns
D. lily pads because they produce their
own food

87. Which of the following best describes the

relationship between biodiversity and sta-
bility of ecosystem?
A. No, trees aren’t that important
B. Sometimes because only the cutting
down of Maple trees contributes to global
warming
C. No, deforestation adds methane to
the atmosphere, which makes the Earth
cooler
D. Yes; less trees means less CO2 is
turned into oxygen. A. Increased biodiversity increases the
Explanation:Deforestation contributes to stability of an ecosystem.
global warming because less trees means B. As biodiversity increases, stability of
less CO2 is turned into oxygen. the ecosystem decreases.
85. What is the carrying capacity of the fol- C. A less diverse ecosystem keeps more
lowing graph? resources in the ecosytem.

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1.1 FOREST ECOLOGY 16

D. An ecosystem with low biodiversity is Explanation:Increased biodiversity in-

better able to recover from natural disas- creases ecosystem stability.
ters.

NARAYAN CHANGDER

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