A P P E N D I X

A
Conversion Factors

Entries in the same row are equivalent. For example, in Table A.1, 1 m 5 3.281 ft, 1 mile 5 1.609 3 103 m,
etc. Exact numerical values are printed in bold type; others are given to four significant figures.

TABLE A.1 Length (L)

Micrometre (µm)
Metre (m) Inch (in.) Foot (ft) Mile (formerly micron) Angstrom (Å)

1 3.937 3 101 3.281 6.214 3 1024 106 1010

2.54 3 1022 1 8.333 3 1022 1.578 3 1025 2.54 3 104 2.54 3 108
3.048 3 1021 1.2 3 101 1 1.894 3 1024 3.048 3 105 3.048 3 109

1.609 3 10 3
6.336 3 10 4
5.28 3 10 3
1 1.609 3 10 9
1.609 3 1013
1026 3.937 3 1025 3.281 3 1026 6.214 3 10210 1 104
10210 3.937 3 1029 3.281 3 10210 6.214 3 10214 1024 1

TABLE A.2 Volume (L3)

Litre (l or L) or
Cubic metre cubic decimeter* Cubic foot Cubic inch Imperial gallon U.S. gallon
(m3) (dm3) (ft3) (in.3) (UKgal) (USgal)

1 103 3.531 3 101 6.102 3 104 2.200 3 102 2.642 3 102

1023 1 3.531 3 1022 6.102 3 101 2.200 3 1021 2.642 3 1021

2.832 3 1022 2.832 3 101 1 1.728 3 103 6.229 7.481
25 22 24 23
1.639 3 10 1.639 3 10 5.787 3 10 1 3.605 3 10 4.329 3 1023
4.546 3 1023 4.546 1.605 3 1021 2.774 3 102 1 1.201
23 21 21
3.785 3 10 3.785 1.337 3 10 2.31 3 102
8.327 3 10 1
* 3
The litre was defined in 1964 as 1 dm exactly.

Bioprocess Engineering Principles, Second Edition 855 © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
856 APPENDIX A. CONVERSION FACTORS

TABLE A.3 Mass (M)

Kilogram Tonne Imperial ton Atomic mass
(kg) Gram (g) Pound (lb) Ounce (oz) (t) (UK ton) unit* (u)

1 103 2.205 3.527 3 101 1023 9.842 3 1024 6.022 3 1026

1023 1 2.205 3 1023 3.527 3 1022 1026 9.842 3 1027 6.022 3 1023
4.536 3 1021 4.536 3 102 1 1.6 3 101 4.536 3 1024 4.464 3 1024 2.732 3 1026
2.835 3 1022 2.835 3 101 6.25 3 1022 1 2.835 3 1025 2.790 3 1025 1.707 3 1025
103 106 2.205 3 103 3.527 3 104 1 9.842 3 1021 6.022 3 1029
1.016 3 103 1.016 3 106 2.240 3 103 3.584 3 104 1.016 1 6.119 3 1029
1.661 3 10227 1.661 3 10224 3.661 3 10227 5.857 3 10226 1.661 3 10230 1.634 3 10230 1
*
Atomic mass unit (unified); 1 u 5 1/12 of the rest mass of a neutral atom of the nuclide 12
C in the ground state.

TABLE A.4 Force (LMT22)

Newton Kilogram-force Pound-force Dyne Poundal

(N, kg m s22) (kgf) (lbf) (dyn, g cm s22) (pdl, lb ft s22)

1 1.020 3 1021 2.248 3 1021 105 7.233

9.807 1 2.205 9.807 3 10 5
7.093 3 101
4.448 4.536 3 1021 1 4.448 3 105 3.217 3 101

1025 1.020 3 1026 2.248 3 1026 1 7.233 3 1025

1.383 3 1021 1.410 3 1022 3.108 3 1022 1.383 3 104 1

TABLE A.5 Pressure and Stress (L21MT22)

Pascal
(Pa, N m22, Pound-force Kilogram-force Standard Dyne Torr Inches
J m23, per inch2 per metre2 atmosphere per cm2 (Torr, of water**
kg m21 s22) (psi, lbf in.22) (kgf m22) (atm) (dyn cm22) mmHg)* (in. H2O) Bar

1 1.450 3 1024 1.020 3 1021 9.869 3 1026 101 7.501 3 1023 4.015 3 1023 1025
6.895 3 103 1 7.031 3 102 6.805 3 1022 6.895 3 104 5.171 3 101 2.768 3 101 6.895 3 1022
9.807 1.422 3 1023 1 9.678 3 1025 9.807 3 101 7.356 3 1022 3.937 3 1022 9.807 3 1025

1.013 3 105 1.470 3 101 1.033 3 104 1 1.013 3 106 7.6 3 102 4.068 3 102 1.013
21 25 22 27 24 24
10 1.450 3 10 1.020 3 10 9.869 3 10 1 7.501 3 10 4.015 3 10 1026
1.333 3 102 1.934 3 1022 1.360 3 101 1.316 3 1023 1.333 3 103 1 5.352 3 1021 1.333 3 1023
2.491 3 102 3.613 3 1022 2.540 3 101 2.458 3 1023 2.491 3 103 1.868 1 2.491 3 1023
105 1.450 3 101 1.020 3 104 9.869 3 1021 106 7.501 3 102 4.015 3 102 1
*
mmHg refers to Hg at 0
C; 1 Torr 5 1.00000 mmHg.
**
in. H2O refers to water at 4
C.

APPENDICES
 APPENDIX A. CONVERSION FACTORS 857
TABLE A.6 Surface Tension (MT22)
Newton per metre Dyne per centimetre Kilogram-force per
(N m21, kg s22, J m22) (dyn cm21, g s22, erg cm22) metre (kgf m21)

1 103 1.020 3 1021

1023 1 1.020 3 1024

9.807 9.807 3 103 1

TABLE A.7 Energy, Work, and Heat (L2 MT22)

Joule (J, N m, Foot pound-
Pa m3, W s, Kilocalorie* British thermal force Litre atmosphere Kilowatt hour Erg
kg m2 s22) (kcal) unit (Btu) (ft lbf) (l atm) (kW h) (dyn cm)

1 2.388 3 1024 9.478 3 1024 7.376 3 1021 9.869 3 1023 2.778 3 1027 107
4.187 3 103 1 3.968 3.088 3 103 4.132 3 101 1.163 3 1023 4.187 3 1010

1.055 3 103 2.520 3 1021 1 7.782 3 102 1.041 3 101 2.931 3 1024 1.055 3 1010
1.356 3.238 3 1024 1.285 3 1023 1 1.338 3 1022 3.766 3 1027 1.356 3 107
1.013 3 102 2.420 3 1022 9.604 3 1022 7.473 3 101 1 2.815 3 1025 1.013 3 109
3.6 3 106 8.598 3 102 3.412 3 103 2.655 3 106 3.553 3 104 1 3.6 3 1013
1027 2.388 3 10211 9.478 3 10211 7.376 3 1028 9.869 3 10210 2.778 3 10214 1
*
International Table kilocalorie (kcalIT).

TABLE A.8 Power (L2MT23)

Kilogram-
Kilocalorie Foot pound- Horsepower British thermal force metre
Watt (W, J s21, per min force per second (British) Metric unit per minute per second
kg m2 s23) (kcal min21) (ft lbf s21) (hp) horsepower (Btu min21) (kgf m s21)

1 1.433 3 1022 7.376 3 1021 1.341 3 1023 1.360 3 1023 5.687 3 1022 1.020 3 1021
6.978 3 101 1 5.147 3 101 9.358 3 1022 9.487 3 1022 3.968 7.116
22 23 23 22
1.356 1.943 3 10 1 1.818 3 10 1.843 3 10 7.710 3 10 1.383 3 1021
7.457 3 102 1.069 3 101 5.5 3 102 1 1.014 4.241 3 101 7.604 3 101

7.355 3 102 1.054 3 101 5.425 3 102 9.863 3 1021 1 4.183 3 101 7.5 3 101
1.758 3 101 2.520 3 1021 1.297 3 101 2.358 3 1022 2.391 3 1022 1 1.793
21 22 22 21
9.807 1.405 3 10 7.233 1.315 3 10 1.333 3 10 5.577 3 10 1

APPENDICES
858 APPENDIX A. CONVERSION FACTORS

TABLE A.9 Dynamic Viscosity (L21MT21)

Pascal second
(Pa s, N s m22, Poise (g cm21 s21, Centipoise
kg m21 s21) dyn s cm22) (cP) kg m21 h21 lb ft21 h21

1 101 103 3.6 3 103 2.419 3 103

1021 1 102 3.6 3 102 2.419 3 102
1023 1022 1 3.6 2.419
24 23 21
2.778 3 10 2.778 3 10 2.778 3 10 1 6.720 3 1021
4.134 3 1024 4.134 3 1023 4.134 3 1021 1.488 1

TABLE A.10 Plane Angle (1)

Radian (rad) Revolution (rev) Degree (
) Minute (0 ) Second (00 )

1 1.592 3 1021 5.730 3 101 3.438 3 103 2.063 3 105

6.283 1 3.6 3 102 2.160 3 104 1.296 3 106
1.745 3 1022 2.778 3 1023 1 6 3 101 3.6 3 103

2.909 3 1024 4.630 3 1025 1.667 3 1022 1 6 3 101

4.848 3 1026 7.716 3 1027 2.778 3 1024 1.667 3 1022 1

TABLE A.11 Illuminance (L22 J)

Lux or lumen per metre2 Foot-candle

(lx or lm m22) (fc, lm ft22)

1 9.290 3 1022
1.076 3 101 1

APPENDICES