hydrulic design of tunnel and optimization

design discharge(Qd) 2.616 m3/s

assume permissible velocity(v) 2.5 m/s
for D shape tunnel
area(A)=.892*D^2 A=Q/V 1.0464
D 1.08309471904 <2m
diameter should be greater than 2m

plain shotcrete 10 cm
Invert RCC 20 cm
PCC 10 cm
fiber shotcrete 10 cm
items rate unit
tunnel excavation 4000 NRS/m3
rock bolt+shotcrete 3500 NRS/m2
invert rcc 1950 NRS/m2
levelling pcc 1300 NRS/m2

tunnel lenth 3500 m

tunnel diameter inside area(m2) wetted perimeter(m)
1.9 3.2 7.1
2 3.6 7.5
2.1 3.9 7.9
2.2 4.3 8.3
2.3 4.7 8.6
2.4 5.1 9.0
2.5 5.6 9.4
2.6 6.0 9.8
2.7 6.5 10.1
2.8 7.0 10.5
2.9 7.5 10.9
3 8.0 11.3
3.1 8.6 11.6

calculation for energy lost

month flow(m3/s) design flow(m3/s) days

jan 0.760 0.705 31
feb 0.6200 0.565 28
march 0.560 0.505 31
april 0.5500 0.495 30
may 1.0000 0.945 31
 jun 3.0800 2.16 30
july 8.5700 2.16 31
august 10.8900 2.16 31
sep 8.0300 2.16 30
oct 3.2200 2.16 31
nov 1.5800 1.525 30
dec 1.0300 0.975 31

mannings constant(n) 0.02

M(1/n) 50 Q45% 2.16
dry season outage 3% 0.03
wet season outage 5% 0.05
tunnel diameter area hydraulic radius efficiency C
1.5 4.0 0.5 0.85 2.060442
2 4.4 0.5 0.9 1.695489
2.1 4.8 0.5 0.9 1.332785
2.2 5.3 0.5 0.9 1.058642
2.3 5.7 0.5 0.9 0.848959
2.4 6.2 0.6 0.9 0.686817
2.5 6.6 0.6 0.9 0.56017
2.6 7.1 0.6 0.9 0.460323
2.7 7.7 0.6 0.9 0.380922
2.8 8.2 0.7 0.9 0.317273
2.9 8.7 0.7 0.9 0.265867
3 9.3 0.7 0.9 0.224059
3.1 9.9 0.7 0.9 0.189833
IROR
energy lost cost capital recovery factor(i*(1+i)
dry energy rate 8.4 kwhr life of project(n)
wet energy rate 4.8 kwhr

tunnel diameter annual dry energy lost(kwannual wet energy lost(kwhr) dry enery lost cost
1.9 245391 101747.8 2061283
2 201926 83725.82 1696180
2.1 158730 65814.94 1333328
2.2 126080 52277.38 1059074
2.3 101108 41922.89 849305.4
2.4 81797 33916.09 687097.4
2.5 66714 27662.05 560398.5
2.6 54823 22731.44 460510.4
2.7 45366 18810.52 381077.5
2.8 37786 15667.42 317402.3
2.9 31664 13128.93 265975.7
3 26685 11064.38 224150.5
3.1 22608 9374.258 189910.7
 ASSUMED VALUE
FIXED VAlUE
OUTPUT

reference :" fundaments of hydropower engineering",Er.sanjeeb Baral,chapter1

hydraulic radius(m) total tunnel area(m2excavation cost(Nrs) cost of shotcrete(Nrs) cost of rcc
0.5 4.0 56584526.25 59816750 12967500
0.5 4.4 62028505 62965000 13650000
0.5 4.8 67722436.25 66113250 14332500
0.5 5.3 73666320 69261500 15015000
0.5 5.7 79860156.25 72409750 15697500
0.6 6.2 86303945 75558000 16380000
0.6 6.6 92997686.25 78706250 17062500
0.6 7.1 99941380 81854500 17745000
0.6 7.7 107135026.25 85002750 18427500
0.7 8.2 114578625 88151000 19110000
0.7 8.7 122272176.25 91299250 19792500
0.7 9.3 130215680 94447500 20475000
0.7 9.9 138409136.25 97595750.0000001 21157500
 jan feb march april
discharge 0.705 0.565 0.505 0.495
plost(kw) Elost(kwhrplost elost Plost Elost Plost Elost dry Elost wet
59.259 42766.04 115.1268 75044 161.23062623 116356.918 8.99102021127044 3139.664 3074.92891
48.76282 35191.15 94.73507 61752 132.67283372 95747.3306 7.39849591439956 2583.555 2530.2856
38.33133 27662.95 74.46906 48542 104.29106162 75264.7734 5.81578738997142 2030.873 1988.99929
30.44691 21972.93 59.15143 38557 82.839302951 59783.4682 4.61953082079011 1613.14 1579.87954
24.41634 17620.79 47.43541 30920 66.431470856 47942.2639 3.70454864006227 1293.628 1266.95563
19.75309 14255.41 38.37577 25015 53.743796551 38785.8231 2.99702092783535 1046.56 1024.98116
16.11068 11626.75 31.29938 20402 43.83358538 31633.8219 2.44437834979927 853.5769 835.977396
13.23903 9554.345 25.72043 16766 36.020478655 25995.259 2.00868072759409 701.4313 686.968809
10.95545 7906.327 21.28394 13874 29.807346388 21511.3657 1.66220562484146 580.4422 568.474324
9.124873 6585.238 17.72755 11556 24.826759655 17916.9759 1.38446338055743 483.4546 473.486476
7.646431 5518.277 14.85528 9683.26 20.804247551 15014.0094 1.16014813431378 405.1237 396.770662
6.444014 4650.516 12.51926 8160.55 17.532737127 12653.0257 0.977712470360711 341.4172 334.377665
5.459669 3940.134 10.6069 6914 14.854550646 10720.2321 0.828363495250503 289.2645 283.300315
0.12
capital recovery factor(i*(1+i)^n)/((1+i)^n)-1 0.1204166635
life of project(n) 50

total construction annual constuction

dry enery lost cost wet energy lost cost total energy lost cost(Nrs) cost cost
488389.3 2.5496719147 138 16.61916
401883.9 2.0980641574 148 17.79078
315911.7 1.6492399552 158 18.9925
250931.4 1.3100057297 168 20.22432
201229.9 1.0505352454 178 21.48624
162797.2 0.8498946624 189 22.77825
132777.8 0.6931763783 200 24.10036
109110.9 0.569621324 211 25.45258
90290.48 0.4713679759 223 26.83489
75203.61 0.3926058796 235 28.2473
63018.87 0.3289946019 247 29.6898
53109.03 0.2772595287 259 31.16241
44996.44 0.2349071729 271 32.66511
r.sanjeeb Baral,chapter11,tunnel

cost of pcc(Nrs) total cost(million)

8645000 138
9100000 148
9555000 158
10010000 168
10465000 178
10920000 189
11375000 200
11830000 211
12285000 223
12740000 235
13195000 247
13650000 259
14105000 271
may june july august sep
0.945 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.16
plost elost plost Elost Plost elost plost elost plost
24.6051631826 17390.92934 20.76451 14202.92 20.76451 14676.36 20.76451 14676.36 20.76451
20.2470014528 14310.58063 17.08662 11687.25 17.08662 12076.82 17.08662 12076.82 17.08662
15.9157019341 11249.21813 13.4314 9187.076 13.4314 9493.312 13.4314 9493.312 13.4314
12.6419813327 8935.352406 10.66868 7297.375 10.66868 7540.621 10.66868 7540.621 10.66868
10.138006774 7165.543188 8.555551 5851.997 8.555551 6047.064 8.555551 6047.064 8.555551
8.20175989581 5797.003894 6.921536 4734.331 6.921536 4892.142 6.921536 4892.142 6.921536
6.68937748594 4728.052007 5.645223 3861.333 5.645223 3990.044 5.645223 3990.044 5.645223
5.49703102906 3885.301531 4.638992 3173.07 4.638992 3278.839 4.638992 3278.839 4.638992
4.54885426584 3215.130195 3.838817 2625.751 3.838817 2713.276 3.838817 2713.276 3.838817
3.78877442143 2677.905761 3.197379 2187.008 3.197379 2259.908 3.197379 2259.908 3.197379
3.17490490401 2244.022786 2.67933 1832.661 2.67933 1893.75 2.67933 1893.75 2.67933
2.67564462248 1891.145619 2.258 1544.472 2.258 1595.954 2.258 1595.954 2.258
2.2669306148 1602.266559 1.913082 1308.548 1.913082 1352.167 1.913082 1352.167 1.913082

total cost(million)
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
29
30
31
33
 oct nov dec
2.16 1.525 0.975 total dry energy
elost plost elost plost elost plost elost wet Elost dry
14202.92 20.76451 14676.36 5.854801 4004.684 22.40309 7917.25 8083.929 245390.783234875
11687.25 17.08662 12076.82 4.817776 3295.359 18.43496 6514.916 6652.072 201926.217996789
9187.076 13.4314 9493.312 3.787143 2590.406 14.4913 5121.226 5229.041 158729.553400808
7297.375 10.66868 7540.621 3.008161 2057.582 11.51057 4067.834 4153.473 126080.273389927
5851.997 8.555551 6047.064 2.41234 1650.04 9.23069 3262.126 3330.802 101107.779868746
4734.331 6.921536 4892.142 1.95161 1334.901 7.46773 2639.096 2694.656 81797.3150511815
3861.333 5.645223 3990.044 1.591738 1088.749 6.090701 2152.454 2197.769 66714.110711009
3173.07 4.638992 3278.839 1.308019 894.6851 5.005066 1768.79 1806.028 54822.6703344786
2625.751 3.838817 2713.276 1.0824 740.3618 4.141747 1463.694 1494.508 45366.3689539885
2187.008 3.197379 2259.908 0.901539 616.6529 3.449692 1219.121 1244.787 37785.9848306342
1832.661 2.67933 1893.75 0.755469 516.7408 2.890762 1021.595 1043.102 31663.7770417727
1544.472 2.258 1595.954 0.63667 435.4822 2.436184 860.9473 879.0725 26684.583422421
1308.548 1.913082 1352.167 0.539416 368.9608 2.064048 729.4346 744.7911 22608.4206381711
total wet energy total energy
e
101747.77823322 347138.5615
83725.817968248 285652.036
65814.938872518 224544.4923
52277.381926699 178357.6553
41922.894691164 143030.6746
33916.086668724 115713.4017
27662.051737097 94376.16245
22731.436078453 77554.10641
18810.515972633 64176.88493
15667.418124629 53453.40296
13128.932236174 44792.70928
11064.380823592 37748.96425
9374.25822996 31982.67887
tunnel diameter total cost(million)
1.9 19
2 20
2.1 21
2.2 22
2.3 23
2.4 24
2.5 25
2.6 26
2.7 27
2.8 29
2.9 30
3 31
3.1 33

FORMULA
Inside area(A) 0.892*D2
wetted perimeter(p) 3.57D
total area of excavation of tunnel (pi(D+fibre shotcrete+plain shotcrete)2/8)+((D+fibre shotcrete+pl
Shotcrete area (1+0.5pi)*DL
rcc area DL
pcc area DL
Constant © n9.81L/M2A2R4/3

power lost C*(Qd/Q)3

energy lost plost*no of day in month*24*(1-wet season outage)
plost*no of day in month*24*(1-dry season outage)
)+((D+fibre shotcrete+plain shotcrete)(D+invert RCC+level PCC)/2)
 FORCE CALCULATION

pipe diameter(d)
inside area(A)
pipe thickness(t)
upstream inclination(α)
downstream inclination (B)
distance to upstream support pier
lu1
distance to downstream support pier
ld1
distance to upstream expansion joint(l4u)
downstream joint is immediately after the anchor block(l4d)
8 support piers at 4 m centre to centre spacing (L2u )
L2d
L4d
gross head(Hgross)
surge head(Hsurge)
total head(Htotal)
Unit wt of concrete(ϒ concrete)
oute diameter of penstock
unit wt of steel(ϒ steel)

DIMENSION OF BLOCK
H
h
L
B
h1
h11
volume of block excluding pipe (Vb)
weight of the block(WB)
Weight of the pipe(Wp)
Weight of the water
Wt (Wp+Ww)

S.N DESCRIPTION
1 pependicular component of weight of pipe and water acting
perpendicular to the pipe alingnment
upstream side (F1u)
downstream side(F1d)
 f
2 Frictional forces per support pier(F2)

for 8 pier
3 Hydrostatic force at bend(F3)

4 the component of pipe weight

acting parallel to pipe.
F4u
F4d

5 the factional force in the

expansion joint. The F6 force is felt
because the joint will resist sliding.(F6)

6 the hydrostatic force on bends(F7)

7 the dynamic force at a bend due

to change in direction of moving
water. (F8)

the force due to reduction in

8 pipe diameter from dbig to d small
(F9)
9 the force due to soil pressure
upstream of the block.(F10)

10 weight of the block(Wb)

ref:civil guidelince for micro hydropower,page115

0.45 mm
0.16
4 mm
13 degree
25 degree
4m
2m
4m
2m
30 m
0m
4m
0m
0
68 m
40 m
108 m
22 kN/m3
0.458
77 kN/m3

1m
3m
2.25 m
3m
2m
1.8 m 7.875
2.15
15.2362304531678
335.197069969691 KN
0.439212312 KN/m
1.55991875625
2.00 KN/m

FORMULA VALUE REMARKS

Wt*L1u*cos(α) 3.90
Wt*L1d*cos(B) 3.62
 0.25 for steel
f*Wt*L2u*cos(α) 1.81410505358
f*Wt*L2d*cos(B) 0
14.5128404286
ϒ*h total*A*Wt*sin(B-α)/2 35.2047747278

Wp*L4u*sin(a) 2.96403817996
Wp*L4d*sin(B) 0

100*d 45

31 htotal*(d+t)*t 6.079968 for ds

31*(htotal-30*sin(a))*(d+t)*t 5.70005266334 for us

2.5 (Q2 / d2) sin (β - α)/2 6.02083948422 design discharge

7.7 htotal(dbig2-dsmall2) 0
γsoil 20
2
(ϒsoil *h1 /2 )cos i x Ka x w 21.8062683861 Ø 30
Ka=.371 0.371

Vb*ϒb 335.19706997

FORCE VAlUE X-COMPONET Y-COMPONENT

Fu1 3.90 Fu1*SIN(a) (-ve) Fu1*cos(a) (+ve)
-0.876361378970426 3.79593817016479

Fd1 3.62 Fd1*SIN(B) (-ve) Fd1*COS(B) (+ve)

-1.53142324589942 3.28414774906052
Fu2 14.5128404286 Fu2*cos(a) Fu2*sin(a)
14.1408772686761 3.26467875594784
-14.1408772686761 -3.26467875594784
F3 35.2047747278 F3 sin[( β + α ) /2] F3 cos[( β + α ) / 2](-Ve)
 11.4615535362204 -33.2867684549551

F4u 2.96403817996 F4u cosα F4u sinα

2.88807007342983 0.666763513696617
F4d 0 F4u cosB F4usinB
0 0

F6 45 ± F6 ( cosα - cosβ ) ± F6 ( sinα - sinβ )

3.06280249868634
-3.06280249868634
Fu7 6.079968 F7u cosα
5.92413881405216
Fd7 5.70005266334 F7u cosB(-Ve)
-5.1660021153038
-8.89502433285755
8.89502433285755
F7u sinα
1.36769521197696
F7u sinB(-ve)
-2.40894634841108

F8 6.02083948422 F8 sin [( β + α ) /2] F8 cos [( β + α ) /2]

1.96019359915926 5.69281557302883

F9 0 Diameter of pipe does no

F10 21.8062683861 F10 cos i F10 SIN i

21.2473751400492 4.90534306474942

Wb 335.197069969691

total expansion 53.1112241900996 331.373761537807

contraction 18.7038646553748 307.054355360196

centre of gravity of the block from the upstream face of the block 1.42842857142857
 2.16

KN/m3
for stiff clay

Positive during expansion 1

Negative during contraction 2 Negative during contraction 2
Diameter of pipe does not change
sum of the horizontal force that act at the bend
expansion case 31.86385
contraction case -2.54351

sum of the vertical forces that act the bend

expansion case -8.728651
contraction c ase -33.04806

Safety against overturning

take sum of moments about point 0 with clockwise moments as
positive:
1.expansion case 551.3321
d(M/V) 1.663777
e -0.163777 0.163777
e allowable (L/6) 0.5
stable

2.contraction case
moment 453.0369
d 1.475429
e -0.024571 0.024571
e allowable 0.5 stable

Check if the structure is safe on bearing capacity:

Abase 6
for stiff clay allowable bearing pressure 200 KN/m2

1. expansion case
ZV/AbaseI1-6e/L) 37.13847 stable

2. contraction case 48.66085 stable

Check if the block is safe against sliding

1. expansion case
μ for concrete/masonary on oil 0.5
ZV 331.3738
ZH 53.11122
Uzv 165.6869
Uzv/Zh 3.119621 stable

2.contraction case
ZV 307.0544
ZH 18.70386
Uzv 153.5272
Uzv/Zh 8.208313 stable