Lecture 2

13 September 2022
Introduction
Marco vs Micro
熱力學導論
Introduction of Thermodynamics 3
Particle WORLD
• 質子Pｒｏｔｏｎ
• 中子Ｎｅｕｔｒｏｎ
• 電子Ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎ
• 原子Ａｔｏｍ
• 分子Ｍｏｌｅｃｕｌｅ
熱力學導論
Introduction of Thermodynamics 4
熱力學定義
• The branch of physical science that deals with the relations
between heat and other forms of energy.
• 巨觀尺度上研究物質狀態與能量轉換的學問（Macro scale）
熱力學導論
Introduction of Thermodynamics 5
何謂能量(What is Energy)?
• 波動 or 粒子? Wave vs particle theory
• 反物質與反能量? Antimatter vs antienergy
• 與其他作用場的關係 (大統㇐理論) Unified field theory

Albert Einstein (1879~1955)

熱力學導論
Introduction of Thermodynamics 6
關於能量目前已知的資訊
• E = 𝑀𝐶
• 有許多種不同的存在形式，可相互轉換 Different energy forms
 動能 Potential energy
 位能 Kinetic energy
 內能…等 Internal energy
熱力學導論
巨觀vs微觀 Macro vs micro 7

2
1
3
巨觀 Macro 微觀 Micro
Oracle Center現場有一群球迷(多支持勇士隊) 1 John Doe 勇士隊球迷 warriors fan
Warriors fan body 2 Batman 暴龍隊球迷 raptors fan
3 Spider Man 勇士隊球迷 warriors fan
… ….. …..
熱力學導論
巨觀vs微觀 Macro vs micro 8

2
1
3
巨觀 Macro 微觀 Micro
Oracle Center現場有一群球迷(多支持勇士隊) 1 John Doe 勇士隊球迷 warriors fan
Warriors fan body 2 Batman 暴龍隊球迷 raptors fan
3 Spider Man 勇士隊球迷 warriors fan
… ….. …..

資料量級上的差異(Huge difference in data size)

熱力學導論
巨觀vs微觀 MACRO vs MICRO 9
現在有一個5x5x3米的會議室空間…
assuming a 5x3x3 METER CONFERENCE ROOM..
• 假設1莫耳標準空氣體積為22.4公升
If a mole of standard air occupies 22.4 liters of space
• 請問這個會議室中有多少個分子?
how many air molecules are there in this room?
熱力學導論
巨觀vs微觀 MACRO vs MICRO 10
Calculations

1 mole of air occupies 22.4 liters of space

1 mole=6x1023 molecules

5x5x3x1000=75,000 liters

75,000/22.4=3348 moles

Around 2x1027 molecules in the room

(The world population is around 7.5x109)
熱力學導論
巨觀vs微觀 MACRO vs MICRO 11
現在有一個5x5x3米的會議室空間…
• 假設1莫耳標準空氣體積為22.4公升
If a mole of standard air occupies 22.4 liters of space
• 請問這個會議室中有多少個分子?
How many air molecules are there in this room?
• 需要多少資料容量，才能微觀描述此會議室內部空氣狀態的某種
二元資訊?
How much disk space is required to describe the room in
MICRO scale?
熱力學導論
巨觀vs微觀 MACRO vs MICRO 12
Simple Calculation

Around 2x1027 molecules in the room

(The world population is around 7.5x109)

如果想儲存全球人口的性別資料，約需要1GB的儲存容
量 (成本1元)
You need 1GB of disk space to store the gender data
of the whole world population (0.03 USD cost)

如果要儲存該會議室所有氣體分子的二元資訊，需要的
儲存成本為250兆元NTD
You need a lot of disk space to store the binary data of
the molecules in the room (8 trillion USD cost)
熱力學導論
巨觀vs微觀 MACRO vs MICRO 13

3,650,000 km

384,000 km

10TB硬碟排起來的總⾧度達365萬公里

(地球距離月球38.4萬公里)
The total length of required hard drives can
exceed 3.65 million km
熱力學導論
巨觀vs微觀 MACRO vs MICRO 14
處理信息的速度需求 In terms of processing speed
• 三十年前，科學家意識到當時的信息技術無法處理微觀世界所需的資料量
30 years ago, it was not possible to view the world in micro scale
• 那麼三十年後的今天呢?
How about today, 30 years later?

Intel 80486 PC Intel Core i9 PC

Single core,25 MHz, Y1989 8 cores, 5000 MHz, Y2019
熱力學導論
巨觀vs微觀 MACRO vs MICRO 15
處理信息的速度需求 In terms of processing speed
• 三十年過後，所需要的運算時間也許由10000兆億年降到了1兆億年
• 30 years later, the required processing time might be down from 10000
trillion to 1 trillion years
• 依然是天文數字 Yet it is still impossible

Intel 80486 PC Intel Core i9 PC

Single core,25 MHz, Y1989 8 cores, 5000 MHz, Y2019
熱力學導論
巨觀vs微觀 MACRO vs MICRO 16
處理信息的速度需求 In terms of processing speed
• 因為信息技術的侷限性，微觀尺度的處理過去不可行、現在不可行、未來很可能依然不可行
Due to the technical limit, micro scale view was not, is not, and likely will not be feasible in the future
• 所以熱力學整門學問目前都還是建構在巨觀的尺度上(一定程度的訊息丟失)
The knowledge of thermodynamics is currently built on macro scale of view (incomplete information)

Intel 80486 PC Intel Core i9 PC

Single core,25 MHz, Y1989 8 cores, 5000 MHz, Y2019
熱力學導論
巨觀vs微觀 MACRO vs MICRO 17
物質的內涵性質(微觀) Intensive property
• Mass independent
• 壓力 Pressure
• 溫度 Temperature

系統的外延性質(巨觀) Extensive property

• Mass dependent
• 總重 Weight
• 體積 Volume
熱力學性質常用的單位
Unit Properties
熱力學的性質
Thermo Properties 19
性質名稱(中文) 性質名稱(英文) 常用縮寫 常用單位
⾧度 Length l m or cm
質量 Mass m kg or g
(Mole)
時間 Time t S
力 Force F N
能量 Energy E J
功 Work W J
溫度 Temperature T °K
°C=°K+273.15
°F=°C*(9/5) +32
速度 Velocity V 𝑚
𝑠
重量 Weight w kgf or N
比容 Specific Volume 𝜈 𝑚
𝑘𝑔
密度 Density ρ 𝑘𝑔
𝑚
壓力 Pressure P 𝑁
𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙 = ,
𝑚
1𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101,325 𝑃𝑎
熱力學的性質
Thermo Properties 20
性質名稱(中文) 性質名稱(英文) 常用縮寫 常用單位
等壓比熱 Specific Heat at Cp 𝑘𝐽
Constant Pressure 𝑘𝑔𝐾
等容比熱 Specific Heat at Cv 𝑘𝐽
Constant Volume 𝑘𝑔𝐾
質量流率 Mass flow rate 𝑚̇ 𝑘𝑔
𝑠
體積流率 Flow rate 𝑉̇ 𝑚
𝑠
比焓 Specific Enthalpy h 𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔
比熵 Specific Entropy s 𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔𝐾
熱量 Heat Q J
熱力學三大定律
The Three Laws of Thermodynamics
熱力學三大定律
微觀世界的巨觀結論 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 22
熱力學定律是由觀測得來 The observed laws
• 成因不明 Unknown cause
• 也許其他宇宙/平行時空不是這樣
might be different in other universes, who knows?
• 巨觀下的結論(也是為什麼奈米科學常有特別發現的原因)
Conclusions made in MACRO scale
熱力學三大定律
微觀世界的巨觀結論 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 23
先問一個問題 A simple question
• 在沒有外力的作用下，熱是否只會從高溫的地方往低溫傳?
Without external forces, is heat transfer an one way process?
熱力學三大定律
微觀世界的巨觀結論 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 24
想像一個世界只有兩座島嶼 Imaging a world with only two islands
• 島上的人每天可以自由地決定: on everyday, the islanders can choose freely to:
 待在原島 stay
 跑到另一個島 or migrate
熱力學三大定律
微觀世界的巨觀結論 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 25
想像一個世界只有兩座島嶼 Imaging a world with only two islands
• 島上的人每天可以自由地決定: on everyday, the islanders can choose freely to:
 待在原島 stay
 跑到另一個島 or migrate
熱力學三大定律
微觀世界的巨觀結論 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 26
幾天之後… Couple days later…

In balance
熱力學三大定律
微觀世界的巨觀結論 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 27
小世界的平衡 balance of the imaged world
• 這世界人口總數不變，且會一直趨向平衡的狀態發展
The population of the small world remains constant, and the two islands are prone to have the same occupants
• 巨觀上人只會從人多的島往人少的島移動(淨值)，但微觀上是雙向移動的
People moves only from crowded island to vacant island in MACRO scale, but in MICRO scale, it is actually bi-directional
熱力學三大定律
微觀世界的巨觀結論 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 28
再問一個問題 Another question
• 自由遷徙的情況下，有沒有可能出現長期無人島?
Is it possible to emerge an unoccupied island for a long time?
熱力學三大定律
微觀世界的巨觀結論 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 29
假設已經弄出一個一人島嶼 ASSUMING you already have an “ONE man island”
熱力學三大定律
微觀世界的巨觀結論 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 30
假設已經弄出一個一人島嶼 ASSUMING you already have an “ONE man island”
熱力學三大定律
微觀世界的巨觀結論 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 31
結果是兩個0.5人的島 IT results in two occupied islands

0.5 0.5
熱力學三大定律
微觀世界的巨觀結論 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 32
繼續下去… IF keep going….

0.5
熱力學三大定律
微觀世界的巨觀結論 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 33
結果是兩個0.25人的島 IT STILL results in two occupied islands

0.25 0.25
熱力學三大定律
微觀世界的巨觀結論 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 34
想做出無人島 If you would like to create an unoccupied island
• 必須有一個島上的人數為負數 (哲學領域?)
You need an island occupied by -1 person (Philosophically?)

-1(?)
熱力學三大定律
微觀世界的巨觀結論 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 35
結論 Conclusion
• 無人島不可能達成 It is impossible to achieve an unoccupied island
熱力學三大定律
微觀世界的巨觀結論 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics
這世界人口總數不變，且會一直趨向平衡的狀態發展
巨觀上人只會從人多的島往人少的島移動(淨值)，但微觀上是雙向移動的
無人島不可能達成
36
The population of the small world
remains constant, and the two islands
are prone to have the same occupants
People moves only from crowded island
to vacant island in MACRO scale, but in
MICRO scale, it is actually bi-directional
It is impossible to achieve an unoccupied
island
熱力學三大定律
微觀世界的巨觀結論 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 37
The population of the small world
這世界人口總數不變，且會一直趨向平衡的狀態發展 remains constant, and the two islands
are prone to have the same occupants
熱力學第㇐定律：孤立系統能量守恆
Law I: Energy conservation

巨觀上人只會從人多的島往人少的島移動(淨值)，但微觀上是雙向移動的
People moves only from crowded island
to vacant island in MACRO scale, but in
MICRO scale, it is actually bi-directional

無人島不可能達成
It is impossible to achieve an unoccupied
island
熱力學三大定律
微觀世界的巨觀結論 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 38
The population of the small world
這世界人口總數不變，且會一直趨向平衡的狀態發展 remains constant, and the two islands
are prone to have the same occupants
熱力學第㇐定律：孤立系統能量守恆
Law I: Energy conservation

巨觀上人只會從人多的島往人少的島移動(淨值)，但微觀上是雙向移動的
People moves only from crowded island
熱力學第二定律：熱總是自發地從高溫熱源流向低溫熱源 to vacant island in MACRO scale, but in
Law II: Entropy always increases (heat transfer is an one- MICRO scale, it is actually bi-directional
way process)

無人島不可能達成
It is impossible to achieve an unoccupied
island
熱力學三大定律
微觀世界的巨觀結論 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 39
The population of the small world
這世界人口總數不變，且會一直趨向平衡的狀態發展 remains constant, and the two islands
are prone to have the same occupants
熱力學第㇐定律：孤立系統能量守恆
Law I: Energy conservation

巨觀上人只會從人多的島往人少的島移動(淨值)，但微觀上是雙向移動的
People moves only from crowded island
熱力學第二定律：熱總是自發地從高溫熱源流向低溫熱源 to vacant island in MACRO scale, but in
Law II: Entropy always increases (heat transfer is an one- MICRO scale, it is actually bi-directional
way process)

無人島不可能達成
It is impossible to achieve an unoccupied
island
熱力學第三定律：絕對零度不可能達到
Law III: Absolute zero is not achievable
熱力學三大定律
微觀世界的巨觀結論 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 40
第一定律的常見表達方式 COMMON EXPRESSION OF the 1st law
• ∆E = Q + W
• E = 𝑃𝐸 + 𝐾𝐸 + 𝐼𝐸 + ⋯
• PE: 位能 Potential energy
• KE: 動能 Kinetic energy
• IE: 內能 Internal energy
熱力學三大定律
微觀世界的巨觀結論 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 41
第二定律的常見表達方式 COMMON EXPRESSION OF the 2nd law

Clausius Hypothesis Kelvin-Planck Hypothesis

熱力學三大定律
微觀世界的巨觀結論 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 42
第三定律的常見表達方式 COMMON EXPRESSION OF the 3rd law
• 0 K物質內能與熵為零 matter at absolute zero has zero entropy
• 熵是亂度的指標 Entropy is an indicator of randomness
∆
• ∆S =
• 熵增加定理 Entropy increase theroem
熱力學的應用
Applications
應用熱力學的系統範例
Application Examples 44
應用熱力學的系統範例
Application Examples 45
應用熱力學的系統範例
Application Examples 46
應用熱力學的系統範例
Application Examples 47
應用熱力學的系統範例
Application Examples 48
應用熱力學的系統範例
Application Examples 49
應用熱力學的系統範例
Application Examples 50
應用熱力學的系統範例
Application Examples 51
應用熱力學的系統範例
Application Examples 52
應用熱力學的系統範例
Application Examples 53
應用熱力學的系統範例
Application Examples 54
永動機 Perpetual machine
騙局 or 前沿科技? Scam or frontier technology? 55

Magic Wheel
本日小結
Summary 56
了解我們的宇宙基本樣貌 knowing our universe
• 微觀與巨觀 MICRO vs MACRO

了解熱力學三大定律 Knowing the three laws

• 能量守恆 Energy conservation
• 熱傳流向 Unidirectional heat transfer
• 無法達到絕對零度 Absolute zero is not achievable

了解熱力學的一些實際應用 knowing the applications

• 與生活息息相關 Relevant to your life