PHILOSOPHY

Term 3 A.Y. 2022 - 2023

Grade 11 - Cafasso (STEM/HUMSS) | Sir Pio

LESSON 1: An Introduction to Philosophy universal and never changing. (ex.

💡“ The aim of argument or of discussion should

not be victory, but progress.”(Accepting Reality) 💡
assumptions)

“Philosophia est scientia rationals omnium

– Joseph Joubert rerum per supremas causas” | Translation:
“Philosophy is the Rational Science of all things
through their ultimate causes.” (finding answers to
its fundamental questions)

SOME QUOTES TO
REMEMBER

“I think therefore I am” - A philosophical proof of

existence based on the fact that someone capable
⭐ Philosophy is both SCIENCE and ART.

of any form of thought necessarily exists.

“Knowledge is power” Science Art
“If you can think of it, it exists.”
“We are finite because there is someone - because it is - deals with tangible
infinite.” governed by certain reality and facts
rules and principle
- scientific approach

PHILOSOPHY
THE AIM OF PHILOSOPHY

● Aims to find the ultimate cause

WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? ● Final “why” man asks in everyday
questions
● This final why is answerable through
“Phylos/Philos” - love human reason
“Sophia” - wisdom ● Only answerable through human alone
=
Love of Wisdom

Definitions
● Study of knowledge, reality, and existence,
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
especially when considered as an
academic discipline.
META PHYSICS
Terms
● Platoic Notion
Perfection - beyond everything
● We are meta and physics
Relative Truth - conditional, subjective,
● Beyond physical things
varying and contradictory, so it's capable of
● “Everything existed first in our mind.”
changing over time. In contrast, absolute
truth is consistent and eternal; its meaning
Plato
is
- Nothing in this world is real
- What we think is real
- Representation of thoughts
PHILOSOPHY
Term 3 A.Y. 2022 - 2023
Grade 11 - Cafasso (STEM/HUMSS) | Sir Pio

ETHICS ● Depends on the circumstances

● Moral principles ● it can be true for one person and not for
● Governs a person’s behavior or conducting another
an activity
● What you do or what you not do
● Morality
● “What is good?”
FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY
Socrates
- “To be happy, a person has to live a
virtuous life.”

EPISTEMOLOGY LOOB
● Study of knowledge
● “What is knowledge?”
● “How do we know what we know?” Fr. Leonardo Mercado
● Uses induction and deduction ● Kristiyanong Pananaw
● Conscience
Empiricism - the theory that all knowledge ● “Interiority manifests itself in freedom”
is derived from sense experience. (ex. how ● Doing what is good
do we know if a pot is hot if we don’t touch ● Purpose
it?) ● Taking out what’s inside (kindness)
Rationalism - the philosophical view that
knowledge is acquired through reason,
without the aid of the senses. (ex. the pot is
hot because there is smoke.” Kagandahang Kabutihang Kalooban
-Loob Loob
PRAGMATISM
Respect Outward Innermost
● Both empirical and rational
● The meaning of and truth of an idea Outer Inner Essence
● Practical consequences

LOGIC
● Strict principles of validity
● What constitutes “good” or “bad”
● Does not provide knowledge, it is a way of FILIPINO TIME
knowledge
● Toolbox of Philosophy
Dr. Florentine Mercado
AESTHETICS - “Ang buhay ay parang gulong, minsan
● Beauty and art nasa ibabaw, minsan nasa baba.”
● Concept of beauty
● Intellectual and physically
Gulong ng Pakikisama Filipino Time
Palad
LESSON 2
Life has ups & Tell me who Advance time
downs your friends
Universal Truth
are and I’ll tell
● Basis of truth
you who you
● Non-debatable
are.
Relative Truth
PHILOSOPHY
Term 3 A.Y. 2022 - 2023
Grade 11 - Cafasso (STEM/HUMSS) | Sir Pio

There is a 1 hour earlier

time for
everything

Cycle of Life

BAHALA NA

Florentino Timbreza
● 100% Trust in God or any Higher Being To know the idea of love and wisdom is not
● “Bathala Na” - You’ve done your part enough if one denies doing it
already, let God do his
● God will take care of the rest
● “Bathala o baula is the pre-Hispanic
Filipino Notion of Supreme Being”
● “Filipino put their entire trust in this Bathala
who has evolved into the Christian God” - WESTERN TRADITION
Fr. Leonardo Mercado

● An analytic approach
- Introduced intricate ideas concerning the
rational capacities of man and how these
capacities of man can be used and
LESSON 3: Western & Eastern Traditions developed

Any attempt to coin an all-encompassing definition

of Philosophy would fail because humanity never
shared a universal idea of what it is. SOCRATES

(470 B.C. | Athens, Greece)

PHILOSOPHY ● Short, thick-set, and ugly, wears old clothes
and is poor, which showed that he cared
little or nothing for external appearances.
● Intimately connected with “praxis” ● One’s intellectual activity is far more
● An idea is useless if it is devoid of any important for him
practice ● His way of doing philosophy was by
making dialogues with various people
(focused on getting at the answers to the
questions that are important and relevant in
everyone’s life.
● “An unexamined life is not worth living”
PHILOSOPHY
Term 3 A.Y. 2022 - 2023
Grade 11 - Cafasso (STEM/HUMSS) | Sir Pio

PLATO

(428 B.C. | Athens, Greece)

⭐ Your mind/thinking
something exists.
comes first before

● He was of the highest degree, an original

thinker
● Appropriations of Thoughts (or his ● Empirical Evidence - things that can be
stepping stones) achieved & proven by using the senses
- Socrates ● “Nothing is in the intellect that was not first
- Heraclitus in the senses.” Thus by using one’s senses
- Parmenides one can gain knowledge.
● Thoughts of the past have become
ostensible and vibrant in his new and
original principles
● Allegory of the Cave SUMMARY
Real World = World of Idea
Unreal World = Physical World
● Philosophy sought to solve the question of ● “Human beings are endowed with reason.”
the real & unreal (IT SEEKS THE TRUTH)
● “The truth is often forgotten at birth,
however, a recollection of such happens
when we encounter actual objects.”
EASTERN TRADITION
● A way of life
ARISTOTLE ● “Who and what am I?” It focuses on
searching for the meaning of being
human.
(384 B.C. | Athens, Greece)
● To practice how to truly live as a human
⭐ Seeing the physical thing comes first
before something exists.
●
person
Eastern = Religion
● Philosophy and Religion are intimately
connected - Buddhism
● Lyceum (his school)
● Forms can be achieved through the senses
thus, things can be known and proven
using the senses the faculty of reason
● “Category of Forms” (Substance & CONFUCIANISM
Accidents)
Substance = on its own
Accidents = need another (141 - 87 B.C.) | China)

● Confucianism = Social Philosophy

● Attempts to craft a philosophy of peace that
could reach every corner of the world
PHILOSOPHY
Term 3 A.Y. 2022 - 2023
Grade 11 - Cafasso (STEM/HUMSS) | Sir Pio
● Aims to restore peace among men and
nations
● Wide Scope of Study
- Morality (is first learned at home)
- Society
- Philosophy
- Religion
- Practices and Values
Kongzi Confucius (551 - 479 B.C. | China, Tuo)
● If a leader sets a good example to his
followers, to his family and people with
whom he would have a relationship, they
will do the same in return
● A leader has perfect virtue
● Being a Sage Internally means it will
manifest Externally
Three Principles of a Ruler
1. Manifesting a clear Character
2. Concern for the People
3. Aim for Highest Good
⭐ Therefore, Morality & Politics are
Inseparable
Notable Confucian Virtues
Jen (ren) - human heartedness
Yi - righteousness
Chung Tzu or Junzi
- should possess the virtue of Jen
and Yi. A Virtuous human person.
BUDDHISM
(Late 6th Century B.C. | India)
● “All phenomena are conditioned,
transitory, devoid of any ‘essence’ or
‘self’ that remains unchanged over
time.” our existence cannot be reduced to
a single “essence”
● Human person lives in suffering and that
he should overcome this
● Suffering = thirst for endless desires
● “Let Go” of our attachments in life
● Good and Bad Karma
Four Noble Truths
1. Human Life is pervaded by suffering.
2. Suffering is a result of desire.
3. There is a state of freedom from suffering
called “Nirvana”
4. Anyone can attain nirvana by following the
Eightfold Path
● It is said that on the night of his
enlightenment, buddha had attained the
three kinds of “True knowledge”
1. Knowledge of Past Lives
2. The Cycle of Rebirth (Governed by
Karma)
3. The Four Noble Truths
Reincarnation
- A chance to redeem ourselves and attain
nirvana
Karma
- Good and bad actions bear fruits in the
future
Indian Philosophy
- Respond to the question “Who Am I?”
- Associated with practice in Everyday Life
- The realization of the highest truth is
beyond intellectualization because truth is
a deep and very personal one.
(Frauwallner, 1973)
- Everyone has something in their mind they
want to pursue (enables the person to
direct themselves to a certain goal.)
- Making it an essential enterprise is
fundamentally centered on the notion of the
PHILOSOPHY
Term 3 A.Y. 2022 - 2023
Grade 11 - Cafasso (STEM/HUMSS) | Sir Pio

self. The Value of the self is the paramount - Founder of Phenomenology

priority.

⭐ Unlike western philosophy which focuses

much on knowing the materialistic cause of EXISTENTIALISM
the universe, Indian Philosophy is more
concerned with the importance of the cause.
Ex·is·ten·tial·ism
- existentia/exsistentia means existence
- Expressing or stating the fact of existence
LESSON 4: Methods of Philosophizing
● Not primarily a philosophical method
● Search for the truth might be based on
one;s attitude or outlook
● Questions the basis and purpose of man’s
PHILOSOPHIZING existence
Soren Kierkegaard
● First existentialist
- Is to think or express oneself in a ● “The authentic self was the
logical or philosophical standpoint. personally-chosen self”

Jean Paul Sartre

Philosophy
● French Philosopher
- Phenomenology ● Our search for truth by means of critical
- Existentialism thinking is a rational choice. Everyone is
- Postmodernism free to choose for one;s self regardless of
the power of other people’s influence
● "Consciousness is always free to choose
and free to negate the given features of the
PHENOMENOLOGY world”

Phe·nom·e·nol·o·gy
- “ that which appears” LOGIC AND CRITICAL
- Logos “study” THINKING
- Truth based on a person’s
consciousness
● Serves as paths towards freedom against
Phenomenology half-truths and deceptions
- A philosophical method
- Focuses on careful inspection and LOGIC: Deductive Reasoning
description phenomenon ● Validity and Soundness of Argument
- Reality and the structures of ● If two premises are conducted logically,
then the conclusion must follow logically:
consciousness
meaning the deductive argument is valid
- Continuously revised our perceptions of
reality LOGIC: Inductive Reasoning
- Removes the non-essentials - naturally ● Strength Argument
happens in our body ● Two patterns of inductive reasoning:
○ Statistical Argument
Edmund Husserl ○ Predictive Argument
PHILOSOPHY
Term 3 A.Y. 2022 - 2023
Grade 11 - Cafasso (STEM/HUMSS) | Sir Pio
FALLACIES
● Is a defect in argument other than
having false promises.
Kinds of Fallacies:
1. Argumentum ad Misericordiam -
Appeal to Pity
● Exploiting his/her opponents’ feelings of
pity or guilt
2. Argumentum ad Ignorantiam - Appeal
to Ignorance
● What has not been proven false must
be true, and vice versa
3. Equivocation
● Using words or statements to confuse
4. Composition
● A single entity represents the whole
population
● Single → Whole
5. Division
● The whole or majority of the population
represents every single entity
● Whole/Majority → Single
6. Argumentum ad Hominem - Against
the Person
● Uses personal information, or
non-relevant info as an attack
7. Argumentum Baculum - Appeal to
force/power
● Threat of force is given as justification
for a conclusion
8. Argumentum Populum - Appeal to the
People
● Argument that appeals or exploits
people’s vanities, desire for esteem,
and anchors on popularity
● Follows the trends
9. Post Hoc - False Cause
● A prior event must be the cause for the
current event
● “Coincidental Correlation”
10. Hasty Generalization
● One commits errors if one reaches an
inductive generalization based on
insufficient evidence
● A portion or small part represents the
whole
● Portion → Whole
11. Petitio Principii - Begging the question
● Assumes the truth of the conclusion
quickly, doesn’t question
POSTMODERNISM
HOW TO DETERMINE
TRUTH FROM OPINION
Truth
● universal, undisputed, verified through
facts and even transcendent, beyond a
reasonable doubt
● Grasped when there is conformity
between the mind and the thing outside
the mind
Opinion
● A personal claim, a belief, or a personal
stance on a particular subject matter
● One whose content is either subjective
or not well supported by the available
evidence
SOCRATIC METHOD
(DIALECT)
● Refers to the process of asking
open-ended questions that are
committed to finding the truth
● Strategy of teaching any subject matter
between a teacher and student
PHILOSOPHY
Term 3 A.Y. 2022 - 2023
Grade 11 - Cafasso (STEM/HUMSS) | Sir Pio
● Socrates would ask questions based
on what the person believes
● May disappoint us when we discover
something we did not intend to say (we
became uncertain of our beliefs once
we start questioning them)
“An unexamined Life is not worth living”
Socratic Method (Peter Kreeft)
● How to apply the socratic method
especially with difficult people
(subjectivists, or those who refuse to
believe they lack the truth and the other
has it)
1. Establish a Socratic method, especially
with difficult people
2. Get the person’s belief, contention &
conclusion
3. Understand how the person uses the
terms that he uses to avoid ambiguity
4. Ask for reasons or supporting evidence
5. Once the person has given his claims,
make sure to show your understanding
towards them
6. When they see that you are on its side,
you can start the next level: exploration
7. Use options to give the person a choice
8. You may also match your style with the
personalities of the person
DIALECTICAL METHOD
● Can be traced back to Socrates or
Plato’s method
● The term “DIALEGO” means debate or
discuss
Thesis
● May be a hypothesis, speculation,
declaration, belief, conclusion, or a
certain reality
Antithesis
● Refers to a thesis that negates or
opposes the given thesis
Synthesis
● Result of the conflict of the thesis and
antithesis. Once the clash happens,
another thesis will arise.
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
METHOD
● Philosophers may have differences in
using the dialectical method. However,
they all agree on the relevance of this
method in searching for the truth or
discovering a new idea.
● Investigates the essence or nature of
the things that appear to a person
Edmund Husserl (Founder of
Phenomenology)
● “The science of the essence of
consciousness”
● Person’s lived experience to get the
true meaning of reality
A. BRACKETING
● Also called EPOCHÉ, which
means to abstain the person’s
experience, beliefs, and
learnings are bracketed or ‘set
aside’ to see the things in itself
B. EIDETIC REDUCTION
● Fact to essence, a
transcendental reality that refers
to the immateriality of things,
such as thoughts, feelings,
memories, etc.
HERMENEUTICS
PHILOSOPHY
Term 3 A.Y. 2022 - 2023
Grade 11 - Cafasso (STEM/HUMSS) | Sir Pio

● Usually associated with the Greek God,

Hermes who was the messenger
between Gods and Humans
● Derived from ERMÉNEUEIN or
HERMÉNEUSAI & HERMÉNIA which
means interpreting or interpretation
● “To capture the truth of the text” the
truth is taken from how the author
originally meant something
● The reader should check the author’s
historical background and the period
when the author said/wrote something.
Hence, considering those factors will
make the reader/interpreter dig out the
truth of the text.
DUALITY OF BODY AND SOUL
● The duality of body and soul is the view
held by those who believe that our body
is separate and distinct from our soul
● The soul - aspect of our being that is
not material
● Our body shows our corporeality but we
are more than our body because we
have a soul or spirit

“The search for truth is like a vocation - a PLATO ON HUMAN PERSON

calling - there may be only one call, but there
can be different ways of answering the call.”
● The nature of Human person is seen in
the metaphysical dichotomy between
LESSON 5: body & soul

“ there is a contradiction between body & soul”

HUMAN PERSON AS AN
Body Soul
EMBODIED SPIRIT - Matable & - Immutable &
destructible indestructible
- Matter - Form
Embodied = Embodied Spirit =
It is being A spiral being “Nothing in the physical world is real”
materialized or incarnated
incarnated MATTER is just a representation of the FORM

“Body’s existence is dependent to the soul,

Human Person Does not necessarily but the soul’s independent to the body”
refer to the
Embodied Spirit = incarnation or “The soul existed prior to the body”
materialization of - Timaeus
spirit as an
immaterial entity “The Gods made the soul prior to the body
and more venerable in birth excellence to the
Accounts and Takes on Human Person: body’s mistress and governor”

Person = a soul using a body

PHILOSOPHY
Term 3 A.Y. 2022 - 2023
Grade 11 - Cafasso (STEM/HUMSS) | Sir Pio

● If we talk about human person, we talk

about body and soul: inseparable
Rational - Enables the human
person to: think, reflect, The soul is imprisoned in the body
analyze, comprehend, The soul survives the death of the Body:
draw conclusions and the immaterial immutable indestructible
like
Body Soul
Spiritual - Drives the human person - Decomposes - Leaves the body
to experience: and goes back to
abomination,anger and the world of forms
other emotional feelings

Appetitive - Drives the human person 2 Kinds of MATTER Physical

to experience: thirst, Worlds
hunger and other FORMS Idea
physical wants.
● Everything comes from the World of
Spiritual & Appetitive Souls = motion & activity Forms
of the whole person ● Everything that exists will go back to
the World of Forms after it perishes
Rational Soul = to guide the spiritual and ● Body decomposes and the soul will go
appetitive souls back to the World of Forms and lives
there eternally

UNITY OF BODY AND SOUL

● Body and soul are not two entities that

interact with each other but are one
being made up of matter and form.

“If the reason can successfully guide desire

and spirit, then the human person will attain a ARISTOTLE ON HUMAN
well-balanced personality.” PERSON
“The soul existed The soul is an
prior to the body” = entity distinct from ● matter and the soul is the form, a being
the body cannot remain a being if matter and
form are not united. A being is one
“The body & the soul are separable” even though it consists of many parts
“HUMAN PERSON is just a soul using a body”
“There is no Dichotomy between the person’s
body and soul state of unity inseparable”
PHILOSOPHY
Term 3 A.Y. 2022 - 2023
Grade 11 - Cafasso (STEM/HUMSS) | Sir Pio

“We cannot talk about the soul apart from the feed itself
body and vice versa” - But not capable of feeling and
Soul = Psyche thinking
- Concept of life > principle of life:
anything that has life has a soul

● The soul causes the body to live

● The soul animates the body

LESSON 6: SOCIAL CONCEPT OF THE

Soul = animator of the body
HUMAN PERSON
Body = the matter to the soul
● Human Being/Social Being
→ the soul is the form to the body while the ○ One of his innate needs is the
body is the matter to the soul desire to form interpersonal
relationships with other human
Everythings that exists is composed of: beings.

Matter
= inseparable
Form
→ we cannot talk about any object if either of FREEDOM OF THE
these is not present
HUMAN PERSON
“Body and Soul are inseparable”
Freedom
3 Levels of Soul ● is a political and a social context
means the freedom of an individual
from oppression, compulsion, or
Humans Rational coercion from other persons, an
authority figure or from society itself.
Capacity to grow, reproduce and
feed itself, Feel, and capable of
thinking
“Man is a rational animal”
- The human person is just an POLITICAL FREEDOM
animal that thinks

Animals Sensitive
Capacity to grow, reproduce and
feed itself and Feel
Plants Vegetative
- Posses the 3 basic
requirements for something to
be called living being:
Capacity to grow, reproduce and
Positive Liberty
● refers to a person taking control of his
or her own life and fulfilling one's
potential.
○ freedom of speech
○ the right to have education
Negative Liberty
● freedom from external restraint barriers
and other interferences from other
people.
PHILOSOPHY
Term 3 A.Y. 2022 - 2023
Grade 11 - Cafasso (STEM/HUMSS) | Sir Pio
○ We are free to share everything
we want but there are fact
checkers.
○ the right to have education but
money is the problem.
● Positive Liberty - no interference or
hindrance
● Negative Liberty - there is interference
or hindrance
Liberalism (Political Moral)
● beholds the presentation of individual
rights and stresses the role of the
government in protecting these civil
liberties.
Libertarianism
● believes that the individual, not the
government, is the best judge in
💡
upholding and exercising rights.
Legal Form of Anarchy
Socialism
● considers freedom as the freedom to
acquire economic resources and ability
to work and act according to one's
desire.
Natural Rights
● refers to rights which are innate in the
person such as the right to life. they are
universal and inalienable. (can never
be removed from you)
Legal Rights
● rights that are based on society's
customs and laws. These are enacted
by legislation and enforced by the
executive (government). The enjoyment
of these rights is based on citizenship.
PHILOSOPHERS ON
POLITICAL FREEDOM
Aristotle on Freedom
● Power of Volition - this act requires
you to choose by your own will or
volition)
● "Man is a rational animal" without
intellect there is no will.
● "We control our life through our rational
choices." We can choose to be happy
or sad.
Free Will is an Instrument of Free Choice
● our awareness of right and wrong
● common testimony
● reward and punishment
● praise and blame
St. Thomas of Aquinas on Freedom
● Love is Freedom - human beings have
the unique power to change
themselves and the things around them
for the better. "Good or Evil"
● real freedom is doing what is right and
avoiding what is wrong (NATURAL
LAW)
● to do what is good out of love
● since God is love, the love is the
guiding principle of humanity towards
his self-perception and happiness
Sartre on Freedom
● Individual Freedom - human person is
the desire to be "God" meaning to exist
as sufficient being
● en sui causa (sufficient being) = cause
of itself
● "Existence precedes essence"
○ person is what he makes himself
○ he fills the world with meaning
○ freedom is authentic existence
■ deeds that are committed
alone and in absolute
freedom
○ everyone is free to choose for
one's self regardless of the
power of other people to
influence and coerce our
desires, beliefs and decisions
PHILOSOPHY
Term 3 A.Y. 2022 - 2023
Grade 11 - Cafasso (STEM/HUMSS) | Sir Pio
● “I can do whatever I want”
Thomas Hobbes on Freedom
● Theory of Social Construct
● "It is not wisdom but authority that
makes law"
● Natural Law - is a general rule
established by reason by which a
person is forbidden to do that which is
destructive of his life.
○ man seeks peace
○ everyone has rights
○ humans performs the covenant
they made
● Social Contract
○ the mutual transferring of rights
○ basis of moral obligation
Rousseau on Freedom
● Social Contract
○ people are smart, kind, and
good, only society and a few bad
people corrupt others
● [insert pic sa gallery freedom
sovereign/rule citizens]
INTERSUBJECTIVITY
Life, people and experiences are connected to
us and we are connected to them.
I AND THOU
WE
HELEN ADAMS KELLER
● June 27, 1880 - June 1, 1968
● american author, disability rights
advocate, political activist and lecturer
STEPHEN HAWKING
● Jan 8, 1942 - March 14, 2018
● english theoretical physicist,
cosmologist, and author who, director
of research at the Centre for
Theoretical Cosmology at the
University of Cambridge
BIG - INTERSUBJECTIVITY
“Human Person is oriented toward relation
and sharing in communal life for the common
Good”
- Pope John Paul II : Karol Wojtyla
- Theolegeam & Philosopher
● the sharing of subjective experience
between two or more people
● relationship of I and Thou
● relationship with We
● life, people, and experiences are
connected to us and we are connected
to them
SMALL - SOCIAL DIMENSIONS
● Human Being = duality of our animality
and rationality
○ we are meant for dialogue
○ Dialogue - is a fundamental and
the most common form of
human beings
○
● Human Person = must be regarded in
our totality
○ intersubjectivity
SMALL - PHILOSOPHERS ON
INTERSUBJECTIVITY
● Ich & Du - I am thou
Martin Buber
● Jewish Existentialist Philosopher
PHILOSOPHY
Term 3 A.Y. 2022 - 2023
Grade 11 - Cafasso (STEM/HUMSS) | Sir Pio

● "The human person experiences one's ○ both refuse to regard the human
wholeness not in the virtue of relation to person as both animality and
one's self but in relation with another rationality
self." (for us to fulfill humanity, we have
to have relation) On PWDs
● The human person establishes the ● the term Person with Disability is used
world of mutual relation of experience instead of disabled person
(mutual experience doesn't mean ● the dignity of one's person
everything is mutual)
○ Person-to-person and
Subject-to-subject
● I-it Relation LESSON ?: HUMAN PERSON IN THE SOCIETY
○ lacking directness and mutuality
(feeling, knowing & acting) "No man is an island"
Person-to-thing
● according to Martin there can be two
intersubjectivities; I and Thou, and I
and It
SOCIETY
Pope John Paul II: Karol Wojtyla's

“I - We” - a group of people who live in a particular

Relationship territory, are subject to common system of
political authority, and are aware of having
● Theologian & Philosopher a distinct identity from other groups
● Communal Life - We - is a system of interrelationships that
● Fides et Ratio connects individual (subject to subject
● "Human person is the one who exists relation) (needs deep connection)
and acts" (conscious acting has a will &
self-determination) (free will)
Subject-to-subject (if you want to
preserve your humanness, you also
preserve the dignity and life of another)
● Action reveals the nature of the human FORMS OF SOCIETY
agent. "We are what we do."
● Neighbor & Fellow Member - is by
participating in the humanness of the HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETY
person (I and you relationship)
● earliest form of society
○ thinking how our skills and
● people survive by hunting, trapping, fishing,
knowledge can improve the
and gathering edible plants
quality of our fellow man
○ human is not selfish ● people move constantly in search of food.
● "Human person is oriented toward there is no specialization of labor
relation and sharing in communal
life for the common good" PASTORAL SOCIETIES
● they rely on products obtained through the
Buber & Wojtyla domestication and breeding of animals for
● human person is total, not dual transportation and food
PHILOSOPHY
Term 3 A.Y. 2022 - 2023
Grade 11 - Cafasso (STEM/HUMSS) | Sir Pio
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
● how to maintain plants and crops
● they rely on the cultivation of fruits,
vegetables, and plants in order to survive
● technology remains rather limited, people
cultivate crops with the aid of digging sticks
or hoes
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY
● they rely on the use of technology in order
to cultivate crops in large areas
● the agricultural revolution led to an
increase in food supplies, an increase in
population , and the development of trade
centers
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
● depend on mechanization to produce
goods and services
● with the advent of the industrial revolution
(1760-1830), no longer did an individual
make an entire product. instead, there was
specialization of tasks and manufacturing
of goods
POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
● the focus on the manufacture of goods has
been replaced by an increase in service
work -- that is, work in which people are
involved in providing services for one
another
VIRTUAL SOCIETIES
● communities of people sharing common
interests, ideas, and feelings over the
internet or other collaborative networks- -
ex: social networking, chat rooms and
message boards, and virtual worlds.
PROS: relative anonymity and absence of
physical contact contribute to openness
and freedom of expression
CONS: disembodied relations lack
commitment
CLASSIFICATION OF
SOCIETIES
CONFUCIUS
● society should be based on virtue
ren - a humane principle rooted in empathy
and feeling for others; at the heart of ren is
reciprocity
zhong-yong - the Godlen Mean; variously
translated as moderation, normality, and
universal moral law
li - the "rules of propriety" or the moral
customs of one's society
PLATO
● society should be based on function and
harmony
● an ideal society must be a type of
intellectual sristocracy ruled by carefully
educated philosopher-kings
● plato doesn't believe in democracy
● a well-ordered society is one whose
classes do what they should do, without
interfering with or disrupting the functions
and powers of the other classes
*insert table* = parts of the soul table
ARISTOTLE
● society is the natural state of humanity
● the state is a creation of nature, and that
man is by nature a politcal animal
● populations, territory, government; and
sovereignty
● outside of society, the human person
ceases to be human
PHILOSOPHY
Term 3 A.Y. 2022 - 2023
Grade 11 - Cafasso (STEM/HUMSS) | Sir Pio

● beast/god