‫جامعة الامام جعفر الصادق‬

‫ قسم هندسة تقنيات الاهجزة الطبية‬/‫اللكية التقنية‬

‫النظري‬/ ‫الكميياء الطبية‬

Review of Fundamental Concepts

Dr.Ali M. Farhan

Table of Contents
 Introduction.
 unit conversion.
 Chemical Equation.
 Formila weight.
 Mole.
introduction
Chemistry is the study of matter, including its composition,structure,
physical properties, and reactivity. There are many approaches to
studying chemistry, but, for convenience, wetraditionally divide it into
five fields: organic, inorganic, physical, biochemical, and analytical.
Although this division is historical andarbitrary, as witnessed by the
current interest in interdisciplinary areas such as bioanalytical and
organometallic chemistry, these five fields remain the simplest division
spanning the discipline of chemistry.

Unit conversion
The use of units is of great importance in chemistry, so converting units
facilitates the calculations used in problems.

quantity unit
volume L= 103 ml
L= 103 cm3
1cm3 = 1ml
mass Kg= 103 g
g= 10 3mg
Kg = 106 mg
length 1m = 102 cm
1m =103 mm
1cm =10 mm

Q/ what the volume 380 ml in L unit?

Solution/
380 ml x 1L/ 1000 ml = 0.38L .

Q/ what the mass 0.025 Kg in mg unit?

Solution/
0.025 Kg x 1000 g / 1Kg = 25 mg .

Q/ what the weitht of 0.0032 Kg from sodium hydroxide in mg unit?

( home work).
Chemical Equation
Chemical equations make use of symbols to represent factors such as the
direction of the reaction and the physical states of the reacting entities.
Chemical equations were first formulated by the French chemist Jean
Beguin in the year 1615.

Chemical reactions can be represented on paper with the help of chemical

equations, an example for which is represented below (for the reaction
between sodium and water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas).

2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2

It can be observed in the example provided above that the reacting
entities are written on the left-hand side whereas the products that are
formed from the chemical reactions are written on the right-hand side of
the chemical equation.

It can be observed in the example provided above that the reacting

entities are written on the left-hand side whereas the products that are
formed from the chemical reactions are written on the right-hand side of
the chemical equation.

Representing the Direction of the Chemical Reaction

The reactants and the products (for which the chemical formulae are
written in chemical equations) can be separated by one of the following
four symbols.

 In order to describe a net forward reaction, the symbol ‘→’ is

used.
 In order to describe a state of chemical equilibrium, the symbol
‘⇌’ is used.
 In order to describe a reaction that occurs in both forward and
backward directions, the symbol ‘⇄’ is used.

Representing the Physical States of the Reacting Entities

Apart from the stoichiometric coefficients of the reacting and the
produced entities, symbols enclosed in parentheses are also written
adjacent to them in order to describe their physical states over the course
of the chemical reaction. These symbols may be one of the following.

 The symbol (s) describes an entity in the solid state.

 The symbol (l) denotes the liquid state of an entity.
 The symbol (g) implies that the entity is in the gaseous state.
 The (aq) symbol corresponding to an entity in a chemical equation
denotes an aqueous solution of that entity.
CaC2(s) + 2H2O(l) → C2H2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq)
In some reactions, a reactant or a product may be in the form of a
precipitate which is insoluble in the solution that the reaction is taking
place in. The ‘↓’ symbol is written next to the chemical formula of these
entities to describe them as precipitates.

AgNO3 + NaCl → NaNO3 + AgCl ↓

Q/ balance the following chemical equation ( home work ) :

Fe2O3+ CO + H2 → Fe + CO2 + H2O

Formula Weight ( F.W)

It is assumed that you can calculate the formula or molecular weights of
compounds from respective atomic weights of the elements forming these
compounds. The formula weight (FW) of a substance is the sum of the
atomic weights of the elements from which this substance is formed from.

Notice / amu of the elements give in the question.

Q/ Calculate the formula weight of CaSO4? amu to: Ca= 40, S= 32, O=
16

Solution:

FW= atomic weights of the elements

FW= (1x40) + (1x32) + ( 4x16)

FW = 40 + 32 + 64 = 136 g/mol
Q/ Calculate the formula weight of 5NH3? amu to: N= 14 , H= 1

Solution:

FW= atomic weights of the elements

FW= 5[(1x14) + (3x1) ]

FW = 5[14 + 3] = 85 g/mol
Q/ Calculate the formula weight of Na2SO4. 7H2O? ( home work)

amu to the elements : Na= 23 , S= 32 , O= 16 , H= 1

The Mole (n)

The mole is the major word we will use throughout the course. The mole
is defined as gram molecular weight .
The number of moles contained in a specific mass of a substance can be
calculated as:

n(mol) =

By symbols : n =

In the same manner, the number of mmol of a substance contained in a

specific weight of the substance can be calculated as

mmol = mol x 1000

or, n(mmol) =

Q/ Calculate the number of moles of 6 gram of sodium hydroxide (

NaOH) ? amu to: Na= 23 , H= 1 , O= 16.
Solution:
F.wt = (1 x 23) + (1 x 16) + (1 x 1)
= 40 g/mlo

n=

n= = 0.15 mol

Q/ Calculate the mass in 0.5 mol of MnO2? amu to Mn= 55 , O= 16

Solution:
F.wt = (1 x 55) + (2 x 16)
= 87 g/mlo

n=

wt = n x f.w
wt= 0.5 mol x 87 g/mol
wt= 43.5 g

Q/ What the weight , in milligrams of 0.250 mmol Fe2O3?(home work)

amu to: Fe = 55.5 , O = 16