| Session 4 Quttines +
» Nélwork dePinifian sei
| Nélwork. Importance.
« Nélwork Components . = ae
|. Nefwork as
|. Nélwork Types . —Network. dePinifion + a : nines anasine esl
1's agoup oP Compares to Comedie ger __|
| to provide a Service . ne
| wetvork. Importance 2 oo
4. £034. Sharing oF dato. , rbeeling and Piles.
2. Eosy “charg, of expensive yesourtes.
3. Voice.
4. Video. 6. Touch. » All Hese poids are called —_| ’
5. Smell. . Taste. Virtual Reality, =
: _ + Tilernel oP Hin -
4. Computer BS 10%
[this ae main Component because. it is “Be some of |
___nefwor. applications .
_example :
FTP (File Wansfer Prolocal): used Fr Upload LB ol Aun
SMTP (Simple Hail TansPer Pre t used Por Send mails |
POPS (Post office Prolocal version 3): Used for refrive mails.
HTTP (Hyper Téxt Transfer Profocal) : used Por browsing.
Telnet: used Par remote login (Conky) ;
2 we work, _olevices :- 80% _ ——
Repedler. Hub - Bridge - Swilch Gate way. Arewall _ __
— Rauler _ Hodem _ wireless . Access Point _ Network tnlerface _
Card (WIC) . IDS (rrtrusion Detection System) —
IPS (Inlrusion Profection aysien) .
tivity s 10 i a ——
__Wireol___ wireless - -_ Aélwork. Topologies +
L 4. Point -to- Point _: —
Connect toro devices
|
|
|
Made by 18H
| to Send clata fom AtoC,
| transPee From A toB Ben
B refuse recewe it $5. Star Topolagus
Centralised Device +
Physi Col _ logy: ——————
Logical asgeloea Bus_ar Hesh eas = __|
Cenlralised Device: Hub or Swifoh.. |
| Pd Saco dylyl ars
Melwork types:
1. LAN- focal Area network : ————————————
Tt is_group oP Components Connected togefiter fo provide _|
=. ff. Getyities Bieber tbe el
(2. HAW= Helio Pireo. Melo,
Ih is group oP Laws within Same. city - peg
3. WAN~ Wide Area Network : a |
It is_groups oP LANs belween ilies, Contries § Continents.
Tt_is group oP LANs Comected through Service provider.
|
he biggest WAN is Iifemet (PublowAN).
‘Ke second WAN is Orange (Private wan).
| But inllerneT is public wan, while ere is another type af WAN Called
__Pevale wan *H@.§ Branches’. (Erilerprise)| Session 2 Outlines: — |
Ls A@twork. Hodels (OSL Model) _EWRernet 40 Hbps So
Fast_etRernet 400 Hbps ft oe
rs ____ 4000 Hbps_» 1Gbps__ {00 mefer
ethernet 10 Gbps f
iri aed _100 Gbps
»~WAN: ee
PAE os a
K.25_ ee a
Frome Relay -
ATH Low Speed High distance
PPP el
HDLA = — a
MPLS #4 —__} ___
It iso. group of concests Rat will ‘hala Re clevice to. on
L-dofo. hop by hop § Ren end to end. -
| 08 ‘Operiling, System? + windows , finux, Unix, HAC OS,
Android, ios .
+ 108 ‘Infernef work Operating ‘age + Inlermediale device.
|_,081 ‘open Syslem_Inlerconnection’ : _ Wélwork. Model
—Developed_by 180 to TCP) 1P Hodel .
ptt a modlel_is_aluays fayered.| A layer isa Punclion Rat Can be done eifRer by. alw or KW.
why lesen? oe
these Functions ore Sequential.
50 WWétwork. Hodel: is group oP PuncTions ARat should be done
_in a Cerlain Sequence fo help dala yeaches its Pinol end. __
Resenfalion
Session
r
|
L
|
|
}
| 1. desta ie dye, ——____
| Re proper Service.
— 2x: Browsing, , Rle uploaol / clownload , § Sending |reftiving mail_.
16. Prosentclion Layers |
It is responsible Par finding dala representation beliween
| Sender § yeceiver.
ex: ASCIL , JPG Gik, Pa, AVES mpeg,
__Itis. oes making sure Rat all wabionalinn seq br _|
|_ Session opening. become ready § in Rok Case it facee order
Be
* Session establishment.
_# Session_monagement.| Application.
HTTP, FTP, |
_ [Presentation | Data | Tenet, sate, | Application |
\ Pops, RTP
1 _|5. Session ___| =
4.Transport _| Seqments| _TcP , UDP Arans port
3. Network | Rockets | Iev4 ,1Pv6 | Network. |
| 2.Deto tink. Fromes
Network,
4. Physical Bits Access
O81 Hodel | Pretocal dotal ____| TEPIIP Hodel|
a Lnit (PDU) |
| Clansport Layers a
It is yesponsible Por —
* Segmentation . Size: 1500 byte
* Sequencing & odidlressing,
2byt. _» Error defection using, CRC (cyclic cmasdocany pear
|
a CRC |session
| 1H.
aps => segments
—
act +20 bile
" Segmertobon Dividing dato -inito_Smafler porlg
| Addressing: Giving data. ports Serial Humber.sremmvene we _anlefnel Layer
_It is_responsible Por Add
+ Source IP. it
x Deslinalion IP. oe
Isession | Dota |= Packots
Mo.
Pak Note +
L3 = Packet. IP Addiess = Pnal endl.Typical _Aetwork. 1m ————E
4 Endl Devitels SE |
It is the Source oP Application _Itis. Sayer F oc Appiion
en |
2. Intermediate olevices ;
| Mub,
Tt is used a3 a Centralised device to provide physical star _
Le toealogy Tt doesn't Know neiler Pinal end (IP) nor neat hop Luad
bits. It is Layer 1 device . Used on LANonly . =
fall pols cept He meen post =
--#Suwitehs — ——E
| “THis usec. 08.0 Costalisedd device to provide physical Star
_tapolagy.1t doesxt Know Pinal end (1P) but if understands |
| next hap. (4ac). It is layer 2 device or vttwork Access _|
Joyer device..Tt is Collect wireless Swifch or wireless
___ Access Paint also. oe
_ ——=>-Ee na sippit_tigge_ communication]
SAN: Effernet , wifi. _
a - —> WAN: DSL, 4.25, ATH, Frome Relay, ISDN.|
«NIC + Wwetwor trler Pace Carol —— = a=:
«Lic : LAW InferPace Cord | a =
-WIC +: WAN InferPace‘session 4 outlines,
-+Typical_nefwork. mode! § Companents.._ -pa
_» Rouler: _
| Hired technology. It is by. software. Supporting dierent
Communication technology. It is understands Final_end (IP)
and. next hop (HAC) . Ti is bayer 3 eR a
___Inlernet can re
Digital Hodem : - Oo
_____It_is_used Por Clocking § Synchronizolion. It i
4 olevice . CSu (Channalized service we {DAU (Dato.
Service Lnit) .
| [Hue switch Router |
| = :
Dala_Communicalion Equipment: DCE
an ss.adevice Hat Con eiler be Supporting lar topolagy or
Supporting, clocking & ee is Dyer 9 or 4.
_ ex: Hub Pi ine Access Poist, Digital Hoolem .
fa, Terminal Equipment : DTE a -
“Ttis odevice Rat can eilRer he sowbe or destinfion Por ae
_inPormalion.. It is of teast ges 2X: Eno device , Rouler .| Session 5 outlines +
| Physical Layer
- Cables
~ Stondards (Card Type).
= Conneciors .Q i lars ae
L. les or EtRernet t 7
~UTP (UnShielded Twisted Pair) 2
Transmitter (Tx)
Receiver (Rx)
oe [ : —_ me a
¥ Brown ~~ * 5y
: Spee nneiernst anol fast ethernet eles 2
Used on Giga elRemet anal to Giga efRernet cables.
POE tan tae EtRemet) , e _
_STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) -
Tt is Resome UTP lout more protection .
% Twisted Tair Cafegories 2
Type 3p ‘Distonce _ | -
Cal 3 | _8Hbps —
Col 5 | 100 Hbps.
Cot 5e | {000 Hbps 40 meter
cat 6 4 Gbps
Cat 6A Cal BE 10 Gbps
Cot 40 Gbps | es| Fiber: oe ———
| It is bélter 4Ron Copper on Longer distance, higher Speed. and
| immune aghinst EXT (ecto magnelic. inferPerence)
X Fiber Categories : =...
| Hulti Hode Fiber (HHP)] Single Hode Fiber(B HF]
Cladding Diameler_|_125um_| 125m} 125m | 126 um.
Cor Diameler | 625 wm _| 50 ym | Sum | Byam
Disfonce | 400 m 4Km | {om | 100 Km |_|
Speed looGbps | 100 Gbps | 1o0Gbps | Loo Gbps
2. LAN Standards + ———— ==
IEEE 902.3 = 1980 Feb. Ethernet a geen
| -Types of NICS; a ——
[ LL Type Speed | Distonce Cable. =
_| lo Base T__| {0 Mbps ge
| | 4o0 Base T | 100 Hbps | 100 meter | Copper _| e!
{ooo Base T | £Gbps___| (Misisted Pair’) | 18 modulain
10G Bose T | foGbps_| {oo ‘Mo need Rox |
__lo BoseF | 40 Hbps_
L 400 Bose F | {00 Mbps. _
4000 Bose 8X | Labps
0G Base SX | oGbps | 4oom24km | Fiber (MHF)
100G Base 3X | L00GbpsType Bpeed__| Dislonce Cable ae
tooo: Basel < | £Gbre ft
| 40G Base LX_| 10 Gbps | lakm | Fiber SMFS |
|__| 400G Base LX | fooGbps |
_|fooo Base ZX_| 1Gbps_
_ | 106 Base ZX_| 10 Gbps_| _lookm | Fiber-SUF 8.
{000 Bose ZX | L00Gbps 7 ood)
3. 34M Comnedloras — Oo
— Hiber_Conneclors :
~8T = Straight Tip . ee ee
~ SC. Squave Comneclor . =: z :
~ Copper Connectors : —
-DB = D-Shaped .(DB-60) _ wih digit ge
RI 2 Register Jack (RI-45). ee5
~ Standard T5688 (standard B):
Pin 2 Orange. Chat sonic
Pin 3,6 Green. ike Roler a
~ Stondard T568A_(Standayol A) :
Pin 1,2 Green. Hub, .
Pin_3,6_ Orange. — fike gute
Cables : _ Ee
ight Cable : ee
Connect DTE to DCE. ‘iio terminal is Re same standow.
a.Grss Cable,
Connect two DTEs or two DCE. Different standaral in 2 Terminal.
3.Rall over Coble: — a. =
used For Congton obs” Console Cable". Terminals is reverse.
Loy. Te: morpypig
«+» Hedia. Dependent InterFace / Media. Dependent InterFace Cross...
Physical devices :
ie Repeater
Regeneron the signal. But Hany repeaters ado 1 oes *lotencs;”
anc Collision . _
2. Hub:
It is multi-port repester. It Ploods bils. All devices on a hus
should work. in hol? duplex. Can eifer Ti or Rx of tRe same Tine.Session 6 Guflines :
7 Physical bayer + — =
+ Connectors (review).
» lqyer 1 devices. =
«Dota Link. dyer: : =
x HAC Address . ae
+ HAC Frome . _2 ink.
IP is responsible Por nk hop dot debvesy § Conlral.
POU: Frome.
t
Hedio. Aceess "Con, It It 8 4B bit address buraton ROH of
DTE WIC. It is vepresented in Hexadecimal. Tt is Called
also Hovdware Addiess or Physical Addvess .
fe Hea fe Hex
OUT Host Pat
Orgarizebion Unigue ID
“ Verolor ‘Part*
‘Toes of desfinolion MAC: a
| “LLnicast ¢
One sencl § only one process. 7 :
A \dst HAC: C RB)
Hub make. PlooolPROCES ple ylel
fGen age. Ott _£
(Genero) HAC)
a HAE) Peco
3. HultiCast : a
One senol & group “process .
2x:online games — Every device Connect to game Server taKe new MAC
tke _"oloaSe _xxxxxx"
AAC Frome: - I eee
| 7
| Be-amble| DST. HAC |SRC. HAC ip Packet __ | ge)
Bogle 6-byte E-byle 46 :1500 byte ‘HTU" | Hebute
Training bits . unicast . [pe oP next __ L Frame
t Auk clocking | Broad cast. -protecol . a)
& _ | Multicast. Sequence
hronizdlion. ito
9 Tn Past Prame only. -Re.amble..
Idle Time between Frames : 2 byte .
Hinimum Prome Size 2 6+6+2+ 4644 = 64 byte.
Haximum Frame Size = 61+6+2+1500+4 = 1518 byte.Tris adevice fat. s_ HAC_{_hop-to-hop)...
HAC oddtess HAC mefiod __ HAC Plow ____. HAC Frame _
(48-bit) (csua/cD) Control (Buffer)
‘BoP wore on ROH oe
(= half duplex in
Case of Collision
-Bridoe: aaa
Maximum Nb. of porls_16- -based_on Programing so is Slo... —__|
-Bwiteh: |
Tt is _muttipot bridage. It is horde based using ASIC (Application
Specific Inlegrelecl Circuits).
=> Cisco —— — aa
—Tjpe__, Hax fabric BW pet Sysfem no. oP porls —s)
| Calalyst 6513__| 720 GbpS__ ed
Calalyst 6513-£ 14 Tbps
Wexus 9504 15 Tbps_ 1024
Aexus 9508 30 Tbps_— s -
Alexus 9516 60 Tbps | 4000
=p Super
‘Type Hox Pabric BW per system AB. oP Dorks
| Ex - 3216 | 6 Tbps__ | #63
12 Tbps || Session ¥ Outlines,
+ Layer 2 devices +
| Bridge.
_¢ Suilch: (Switching Operalion)
a Forwar ing 7 =
+
fo —
=pe Se
* ning = seis samme —
«Forming HAC. address tobe by Checking Source HAC J “in an_inconing |
Frames. ASE am a Adi Susifoh |
| suitch. will lush iaachuve entries. oPlar 5 min oP inactive by dePoult.
|» Swifch Can learn many devices on same Switch port.
; Switch Can never learn same device on diPPerent ports .
[ For
| |. Suilching oa to next hop by checking, destination HAC in Prmes.
a The suilch will Pload, IP Re det HAC unknown (not in Table) or multicast |
| oe Leet cai ae oben
= All devices on a switch are in tke Same broadcast clamain.
-+ Forwarding is done icroseqmentakion .
+ All devices on Swilch opercle in Pull _oluplex (Con boi Tx §Rx ot fe |
Bome. Time)... a
1 All_ devices on Swilch are in Separle Collision domains
|. All devices on all hulo Same Collision domains.
| 6. of Cables (microsegmenlation) = n(n-1}
fh oP deuionsL Cut rough 2
aes byte (8 fe PatenBie 6 byte. scaled fen Foard
\_(open_microsegmentolion) .
ee
woit Pull Prame ten Forward. : a
Store Prame Exor_Check
Forward _
an tule, —> ty ASIC my aa
erfors Type:
* CRC error _
4 Giant Frome. (tases 1518) .
» Rut Prome ee
| re Cut tRrough.: Ciena. a a
Hix. Cut Rough § stove and a
Start for min eat Rel ie aisle oat "ou ee
P enor" yio%* unos Store and Porwarok
a Honiloriny, ASIC “up te 60Tbps*| Session 8 Outlines : ee
+ layer 2. devices: _
* Switching Hodes.
x Swilching, Operolions .
«Internet Layer/ wetuork Layer. a
+ Logical Address . a
* Routing Operation .| Tnlernét_layer/ Network Layer +. ese ae
Tt is responsible for enol-to-end data delivery. PDU: Tacket .
— Logical Addiessing,, i “ a
It_is_soPtwame address giving by ConPiguration_used ta Send_dto
end-to-end. ei 2 ag
ex: IPva ,IPv6 (TCP/IP) < Apple Talk ,1Px (nét Por infest access) .,
+o. IANA (Internet Assigned Number Aulority,) ...
see A@lwork. part, Host part... aa.
HAC Address IP Addvss |
| j- Physical Address | _ Logical Address. —
| ~ Burnt on ROH oP WIC. Given ly Conki 7
~ Hoydware Address es uate | he
- Hop-to-hop ‘IEEE* rc End-to-end “LANA? ee
lnyer2 TBchnology | Layer? Abbess |
~ERernet , wiki ~ HAC 48-bit .
ee | oe it ate, ak
4 in
— Frome Relay. | PECL Instat art |
j—ATM DSi | vet vel 16-bit <7 10/virhial
Cxdik 10 |
|
=> Suilching, operalion : a
eLearning Forming HAC table rough src HAC. |
L + Forwarding: Compare dst HAC to HAC table. IF Know, will Fownrol.
PBUH, wail Ploadd - |=> Roiler Operation: a
| beaming: Forming roulig ta Table using oun a, Pactacall pccecerses|
_ |__Forwnrdings Compare dst IP to_rouling Table IP dst IP Known, |
| _youTer witi Porwarcl. IP det IP ie ae
| _ broadcast, rouler will process .
| ay best ph to nd ut Dag doa. —_—_ a
——————— 4
| — -Andere! Layer/Nétwork Layer + |
IPv4: i - parent
Internet Prclacal Version 4. Tt is responsible Por tagical_acd
dato. end-to-end = IPv4 address. __|
$0 IPv4 Address : It is 32-bit address. It is represented. in dotfed |
decimal octet. |
4[t]o[0[o}0 [oloft fo[£[ols]o lo] [olofofofolofoltfolo|ofojolofo[é]
192 168 i 1 |
+ — octet —_.|
= — Hed it
Noo? IPs on each refer 9" 29" 2 16 TFT 916 IP
No. oP devices on ench nefivork = 2".2 = 16 777214 device
HGS 2 Tee na OE cere
First_Octet : £928 - 191 ——
__Welwork... Network. Host. Hest a
| Hi6 bit
MN. | IPs on each network = 2° = 65536 IP.
_n0.0P hosts on each néwork 2 262 = 65534 host
(Class Cs - -
First octet: 192-223 |
WAwork. . Network. wetwork.. Host 5 |
A..F IPs on each nefwork = 2° 2 256 IP. -
Mo. of hosts on each network = 2°92 = 254 host.Class Ds
| First octet : 224 - 239 , usecl for_multicast /
css Ep
First oclet : 240-254, Used for researches § militar, applications .
Clossless IP:
First_oclel_: 0 just_use 0.0.0.0 Al] TPv4_nélworks
First_octet : 124 _just_use_49#.0.0.4 11sec Por test TepJrp.
First cle: 255 just use 255.255.955.955 All IPv4 devices.
A Breas Oost : -
focal Broad cost 255.256.255.255 inside LAWanly (ao rota)
divect Broad cost —_X..955..255.255 Can be used on waN(routable)
ep; oo
a 0)
Poy example
NelworK. needs} Class_| Wasteck IP |
é1P c_ | 2501P ; _
_ [536 1° B__|65000 IP :
_ | 300 000 IP A___|le477216 IP
TPv4 Shorlage Solutions +
1. [Pvs = 64-bit (researches only).
IPve = 128-bit “2 = 34 x10 1p”
2. Subnélling .
3. Privole. IP NAT _—| => Private_IP NAT (Network Addvess Translation):
Free IPs used for privole LAN § private WAN.
-Closs As 10.4.4. (1 nélwork) .
| Closs Bs 172. 16:31..%.% (16 network) . iP or Unique IP
Class C: 192.168. 0:255.% (256 nelwock).
| Anctke Private IPs_is APIPA Auilomalic Privale IP Address
463.954. XX fon _roilabble _se_used_on tan only. _
TSP (idernet service prouider) : Ooavert Pas
EEL |
UMM MMMM. Network. Address ;
\IP all host bile =o .
|_Useal as entry in Rouling Table.
| 2.Durect broadcast Address +
| Ball host bils = 2
Used for pritecals § applialions.
3. Host Addvess:
Tall host bis go, #4.
_ Used Por DTEs.
Ee dualge sont
th is. divicling mojor network. ints Smaller networks Called.
Sulonels.. Its rowing, Part. of host bits
256 2X 12810.
65.536 | Major network __4x641P _ Webwork __
M6 FE HE class A,B,C 8x32 IP| Subnet Maske 4
No.of IPs | Subnet mask _Wva.oP IPs | subnet_masic
4,294,36%296|/0 | 0.0.0.0 22,768 | Nt | 255.955.198.0.
| 2,144, 483,648! (1 |198.0.0.0 16,384 | /@ | 255.955.192.0
| 4,073,741,804| fo |49200.0 | 8192 | Ag | 255.955.294.0
_ 536,270912| /3 | 224.0.0.0. 4,096 | 40! 255.255.9400 |
| 268435456! 14 | 240.0.0.0 2,048 4 | 255.255.9480 |
| 434,214,728 | /5 | 248.0.0.0 | 1094 /22:| 255.955, 252.0 |
_ 64108,864 | 16 |25900.0 519 | /23 |955.955.954.0
33,554432| |F | 954.0.0.0 256 255.255. 255.0
467,26 |/8.|255.0.0.0 498 __| /25 1955. 255.955 198
2,388,608 | /9 |255.128.0.0 64 [26 | 255.955.955.192
4,194,304 | fio |255.192.0.0 32 | /oF | 255.955.955.994
2,097,152 | /N |255.294.0.0 16 | 128 |255.255.255 .240 |
1,048, 5%6 | fo |255.0u00.0 _& _| /99. | 955.955. 255.048
524,982 | 13 |955.248.0.0. 4 255.255.955.259
262,144 | /14 |955,252.0.0 2 | /31 | 255.955.255.954
131,072 | Nis l2s5e5400| 1 _| /39| 955.955.965.955
65,536 ie a |
i
\> Bb v4, pam las —
| ex.s For Re given major nckoork : 202.2 ZE0)24. we need to
| divide it
subnet mask 1/25 . Finols
0. No. oP IPs | subnet 2. 2°°%% - 27. 128 IPs /subnet
b. No. of hosts | subnet = 2*.2 -
126 host }sulonet
__c. 460 Subnet. 2" . 9! - 9 subnet...
po| 64.91 For HRe given mojor nitvork + 197.20.90.0 24. IP we usill
_____ divide it using subnet_mask_ fot . Final: ee |
1. NG. of IPs /Subnet - fe
2. Nb. of Subnet .
> 194.20, 30.0 ]24 _
NO. oP IPs |subnet 2 2°74. 9 2 256 IP/subut £ 954 host.
no. of Subnet - 2° 2 2%. 4 subnet.
> \rt.90.80.0/ 2
| Ne. oP IPs|sub net 2 2°*** . 95 . 39 TP/subnet 2 30 Jah
| No.of Subnets = 2°74 2 27. 8 subnet.
x38: You are give @ major nefwork: 19%.F. F.0/24 . We neeol to
_divide using new Subnet mask 129. Finck: __
(0) WB. of IP /subnet .
()_.N. of subnets.
—> 198:4.F.0/24 7
H0.of Ps aunt. 9°" . 9 . 266 IP Joubnet & 954 host
| plGEE RONG eee
“Wh. oP [Palsubnet. 9". 97. 8 IR|subnet_3_6.host
Me.of subsets 2 9° 2 oa : |
eX4 : You ‘are give a mojor network + 173.15.0.0)16 we neeol fo |
livid using new Subnet mask. _/23. Finds _
@).Wo. oP TPs |subret .
&) Wo. of subnets .
> 173.15.0.0/16 7
6. oP IPsIsubnet 2 9° 2 9" . 55536 IPslsubnet f. 65534 host
—>1#3.15.0.0/23
NB. oP IPs subnet = 2°* . 2° . 512 IP,|subnet f 510 pasts.
Nb.oP Subnet - 9°" 2 9%. 128 subnet. \| => Private_IP NAT (Network Addvess Translation):
Free IPs used for privole LAN § private WAN.
-Closs As 10.4.4. (1 nélwork) .
| Closs Bs 172. 16:31..%.% (16 network) . iP or Unique IP
Class C: 192.168. 0:255.% (256 nelwock).
| Anctke Private IPs_is APIPA Auilomalic Privale IP Address
463.954. XX fon _roilabble _se_used_on tan only. _
TSP (idernet service prouider) : Ooavert Pas
EEL |
UMM MMMM“+ Source IP is 4-byle. Ba ees ee
—> Deslindlion IP is 4-byfe - |
+ TOS (Type oP senice) is f-byte used 3-bit on sec Por
G08 ( Quality of sunioe) «TaPlect prin (past ia best) ___|
x: Data * Tatent_o , Down|upload 4 ,“Browsing, 2, 2mail_3*
_ Video 4., voice 5., Rouler Prtacals 6, Suiich Prstocal F .
TTL (Time to tive) is. d-byte used e6it_only.. Lseoh Por |
remove Layer3 oops (Hoximum number of hop bélseen 2 ends — a4
every hop sub 4 Prom TTL. ARea oliapsSession {i Outlines: -
—. DNS. = — =
ARP. —
__. Commands. ~
~ Add IP § DNS manual ————
= Layer 4. Transport layer. |
. = — ]
ame 1
||= Teubleshosing enlto-end dala oli oy ee
| Using ICP (Inlernet eel ns ie a
[1a most acho _
IP address ee _ -
Sa
Commancl to test end to enol conneclivily ...
«Windows + 4-@cha . add (+t) qiadows 2 eanecho
—+tinun :os-echo ________"Pess ctileC to slop" |
-# 108: A oe
2. TTL expired - —— -
Trocert windows
Traceroute _ TP Address A basse, Tog
Commanal to Tderliby the pale hop-lo-hop ... _
=> Gallng, ates Por ond. ienys _
a DHCP(Dyramic. Host Configuaion eked),
_ APIPA _HAC? AL {SCAM 0000 ___| Header | iho is DACP senvere | 1 |
dst HAC :FF..F | det IP: 255.255.255.255 | LDP 7
IP: 199.168.1.2 _D.@ + 199.168.1.1.
Hosk : /24 DNS: 88.8.8
(__LDWCP Accegt & Request Beserviton 5
DHCP AcknowledgementResolve desieciion 12 -
World wide web ... Root DNS
- Service Provider + =
TE-Dolo DNS.
Google Dns
ARP- Address Resoliition Prstocal :
Rescwe unknown HAC .
H92168.Lfod_—_ ac:
A —_E
ARP request
Brad: “dst HAC: FF... F
AR? rep!
HAC1D | IP: n-4.0.x
AC Addie
192.168.1.3
192.168.1.4
192.168.1.1
+To_open CHD
Start menu.» Run» CHD.
windows 4%. —» CHD
+ getmoc
HAC Addvess.
(63.121.128 134,
_BRBQ
163.191.128.135
aM
192.(68.13
ARP..Cache
any DTE make tis. table...
to display, it: -
Commonal in CHD + Op =O+ ipcorkg —___ oe ee
IP Address , Subnet mask, and DePault oSlisay. |
ipConfig Lal a a
IP Addivess, Subnet mask, DePoult gétany , MAC Addis, and DNS .
6128.0. Oe _______
|__ Test_TOPLIP model.
| 42€.0.0.1. -%
— Conkinue Ping press Contes C fp Cancel ping 1
| Add_IP 8 DNS manuals —
there ison icon which Consist of 2- Compulers in ia Be foolbor § double
—Click_on TCP/IP . : Se
OR ———
Slat menu — Corilal panel Newer & Inlernel__, wefwork_ & shoring |
Cerner Change adapter séiygs right click. on any icon Ren |
—Properlies — dauble click on TCP] TPyg
Layer 4. Trongport _lgyer
It is responsible ‘or end-fvenel celery Cain PDL: Senedd
1. Segmentation:
Dividing dota into Smaller porls . es
2.Eer_detection : ee
—— Usiag, CRC ___ aa
3. Session Addressing 2
Using SoPtware port sNimbers (16+ bits) —_
— +1023 toa - 65535
well Know ports ie pots
used by Servers user as Session no.Mamber_o® Pets used bby servers + 1
3 Pratocat | Rat 16. ee
File Wansfer Profooal (FTP) | 2o/ar |
7 Secure Shell (SSH) 22 7
| Telnet 23
- Simple Mail Transfer Protacal (SHTP) 25 —Commanol in CHD +
| Domain Name System (DVS) 53 _ neistot
| Dynomic Host Configuration |__| Ta.display session _
Retocal (DACP)
Hypertext Transfer ‘Profocal (HTTP) | 20
_ | Post office Protecal (POP) version 3) HO.
| Simple _néfwork Management |__|
____ Ralacal (SNMP) 161/162
| Border Galewoy Retoced (BGP) | 179 _
Hyperlext TransPer. Pretocal over.
SSL/TLS (HTTPS) 443
_| Open Shorlest RAR First (OSPF). 83
Enhonced Inferior Gofiwoy
| Rouling Prctocal (EIGRP)
Rowling Information Telecal
version 2 (RIP v2) 520
= ep pegs | be
| Trviot File Wonster Pelocal (TET)! 68 —__|
3 | _| Lajos Tensoort layers a |
| User Datagram Profocal (UDP) + er
| Header is 8-bife It is highspeed & Low accurmcy . (4 way handshake) .
AppliCalions :
DHCP ,RTP, Boot P TFTP SNAP...
i)
Fransmission Control Pratocal_(TCP) : oe
Header is 20-byfe . Tt is. high accuracy § low Speech .(£ tay hand shake) .
HTTP, HTTPs, FTP, SHTP, PoPs, Telnet, SSH...
For T ‘Connection _Orienlec) s eee eee
Ser Synchronization (ite) [igi a
a a ize {RB
Ack/SYN (Intial winolow size = 2
Session esfablishmed’ Ack
oe
AcK3 (window size 3)
Segrerts Segments y Sepment 3 |
<___ Ack 4 (isindow size =|) |
Segment 4 i
+Session management ¢ Ack (window sizes)
Fin
Fin
Session Terminalion Ack