021 - Ceragon - MSE - Presentation v2.1

Mean Square Error
Agenda
• Definition
• Example
• MSE & ACM
• MSE values at 56MHz (case study)
• MSE values at 28MHz (case study)
• Troubleshooting examples
2
Proprietary and Confidential
Introduction
Definition | Example
3
MSE - Definition
MSE is used to quantify the difference between an estimated (expected)

value and the true value of the quantity being estimated
MSE measures the average of the squared errors:
MSE is a sort of aggregated error by which the expected value differs

from the quantity to be estimated.
The difference occurs because of randomness or because the receiver

does not account for information that could produce a more accurate
estimated RSL
4
To simplify….
Imagine a production line where a machine needs to insert one part

into the other
Both devices must perfectly match
Let us assume the width has to be 10mm wide
We took a few of parts and measured them to see how many can fit
in….
5
The Errors Histogram
(Gaussian probability distribution function)
Quantity 9 Expected value
3
3
1 2
width
6mm 7mm 10mm 12mm 16mm
To evaluate how accurate our machine is, we need to know how many parts differ
from the expected value
9 parts were perfectly OK

6
The difference from Expected value…
Quantity
Error = 0 mm
Error = + 2 mm
Error = - 3 mm
Error = + 6 mm
Error = - 4 mm
width
To evaluate the inaccuracy (how sever the situation is) we measure how much the
errors differ from expected value
7
Giving bigger differences more weight than
smaller differences
Quantity
Error = 0 mm
+ 2 mm = 4
-3 mm = 9
- 4 mm = 16 + 6 mm = 36
width
We convert all errors to absolute values and then we square them
The squared values give bigger differences more weight than smaller differences,
resulting in a more powerful statistics tool:
16cm parts are 36 ”units” away than 2cm parts which are only 4 units away
8
Calculating MSE
Error = 0 mm
Quantity
+ 2 mm = 4
-3 mm = 9
- 4 mm = 16 + 6 mm = 36
width
To evaluate the total errors, we sum all the squared errors and take the average:
16 + 9 + 0 + 4 + 36 = 65, Average (MSE) = 13
The bigger the errors (differences) >> the bigger MSE becomes
9
Calculating MSE
MSE determines how narrow / wide the “Bell” is
Quantity
width
10mm
When MSE is very small – the “Bell” shaped histogram is closer to perfect
condition (straight line): errors = ~ 0
10
MSE in digital modulation (Radios)
Let us use QPSK (4QAM) as an
example:
Q
QPSK = 2 bits per symbol
01 00
2 possible states for I signal
2 possible states for Q signal
= 4 possible states for the

I combined signal
The graph shows the expected

values (constellation) of the
11 10 received signal (RSL)
11
The black dots represent the

expected values (constellation)
Q of the received signal (RSL)
01 00
The blue dots represent the
actual RSL
I
Similarly to the previous
example, we can say that the
bigger the errors are – the
harder it becomes for the
11 10 receiver to detect & recover the
transmitted signal
12
Q
01 00 MSE would be the average
e1 errors of e1 + e2 + e3 + e4….
e2
I
When MSE is very small the
e4 actual signal is very close to
e3
the expected signal
11 10
13
Q
01 00 When MSE is too big, the
e1 actual signal (amplitude &
e2 phase) is too far from the
expected signal
I
e4
e3
11 10
14
Using MSE
Commissioning | Troubleshooting
15
Commissioning with MSE in EMS
When you commission your

radio link, make sure your MSE
is small (-37dB)
Actual values may be read

-34dB to -35dB
Bigger values (-18dB) will

result in loss of signal
16
MSE and ACM
When the errors become too big,

we need a stronger error correction
mechanism (FEC)
Therefore, we reduce the number

of bits per symbol allocated for
data and re-assign the extra bits for
correction instead
For example –
256QAM has great capacity but
poor immune to noise
64QAM has less capacity but much

better immune for noise
ACM – Adaptive Code Modulation
17
Triggering ACM with MSE
When ACM is enabled, MSE values are analyzed on each side of the link
When MSE degrades or improves, the system applies the required

modulation per radio to maintain service
ACM 28MHz, MSE [-dB]:
Upgrade ACM Profile Downgrade ACM Profile

Optimal when MSE reaches… when MSE reaches… 10-6 Threshold Mod Profile
>30 11.9 10.4 6.9 QPSK 0
>30 16 14.5 11 8PSK 1
>30 18.3 16.8 13.3 16QAM 2
>30 23 21.5 18 32QAM 3
>30 25 23.5 20 64QAM 4
>33 29.4 27.9 24.4 128QAM 5
>35 30 28.5 25 256QAM 6
>35 33 31.5 28 256QAM 7
18
When ACM is enabled, MSE values are analyzed on each side of the link
When MSE degrades or improves, the system applies the required

modulation per radio to maintain service
ACM 56MHz, MSE [-dB]:

Optimal when MSE reaches… when MSE reaches… 10-6 Threshold Mod Profile
>30 11.7 10.2 6.7 QPSK 0
>30 17 15.5 12 8PSK 1
>30 18.1 16.6 13.1 16QAM 2
>30 22.3 20.8 17.3 32QAM 3
>30 24.6 23.1 19.6 64QAM 4
>33 27.6 26.1 22.6 128QAM 5
>35 30 28.5 25 256QAM 6
>35 32.5 31 27.5 256QAM 7
19
Let’s analyze the figures in the table below (we shall focus on the last line):
1.When the radio is in optimal conditions, MSE is near -35dB

2.When MSE drops below -27.5dB, we will experience high BER
3.To avoid High BER we change the profile when MSE reaches -31dB
4.Now that the radio is @ profile 6, the MSE must improve to -32.5 to recover high
capacity (profile 7)
Optimal when MSE reaches… when MSE reaches… 10-6 Threshold Modulation Profile
>30 11.7 10.2 6.7 QPSK 0
>30 17 15.5 12 8PSK 1
>30 18.1 16.6 13.1 16QAM 2
>30 22.3 20.8 17.3 32QAM 3
>30 24.6 23.1 19.6 64QAM 4
>33 27.6 26.1 22.6 128QAM 5
>35 30 28.5 25 256QAM 6
>35 32.5 31 27.5 256QAM 7
5 dB security window
20
ACM & MSE: Another approach…
In this graph we refer to a 56MHz channel. It is easier to observe the
hysteresis of changing the ACM profile with respect to measured MSE.
As you can see, the radio remains @ profile 6 till MSE improves to -32.5dB:
ACM
Profile
-32.5
-30
Profile 7 Profile 6 Profile 5 Profile 4 Profile 3 Profile 2 Profile 1 Profile 0
-31 -28.5 -26.1 -23.1 -20.8 -16.6 - 15.5

MSE
-10 .2
21
ACM & MSE: Another approach…
When RF signal degrades and MSE passes the upgrade point (MSE @ red point), ACM will
switch back FASTER to a higher profile (closer to an upgrade point) when MSE improves.
When RF signal degrades and MSE does not pass the upgrade point (green point) – ACM
waits till MSE improves to the point of next available upgrade point (takes longer time to
switch back to the higher profile).
ACM
Profile -32.5 -30
Profile 7 Profile 6 Profile 5
-31 -28.5 -26.1 MSE
22
Troubleshooting wrong modulation
When different settings of Modulation are set, MSE will be showing -
99.99dB (Modulation Mismatch):
RSL = ~ (-45) dBm RSL = ~ (-45) dBm

MSE = -99.99 dB MSE = -99.99 dB
23
Thank You !
training@ceragon.com
24

021 - Ceragon - MSE - Presentation v2.1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

021 - Ceragon - MSE - Presentation v2.1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mean Square Error

MSE is used to quantify the difference between an estimated (expected)

MSE measures the average of the squared errors:

MSE is a sort of aggregated error by which the expected value differs

The difference occurs because of randomness or because the receiver

Imagine a production line where a machine needs to insert one part

Both devices must perfectly match

Let us assume the width has to be 10mm wide

9 parts were perfectly OK

We convert all errors to absolute values and then we square them

16 + 9 + 0 + 4 + 36 = 65, Average (MSE) = 13

MSE determines how narrow / wide the “Bell” is

= 4 possible states for the

The graph shows the expected

The black dots represent the

When you commission your

Actual values may be read

Bigger values (-18dB) will

When the errors become too big,

Therefore, we reduce the number

64QAM has less capacity but much

When MSE degrades or improves, the system applies the required

ACM 28MHz, MSE [-dB]:

Upgrade ACM Profile Downgrade ACM Profile

When MSE degrades or improves, the system applies the required

ACM 56MHz, MSE [-dB]:

1.When the radio is in optimal conditions, MSE is near -35dB

Profile 7 Profile 6 Profile 5 Profile 4 Profile 3 Profile 2 Profile 1 Profile 0

-31 -28.5 -26.1 -23.1 -20.8 -16.6 - 15.5

Profile 7 Profile 6 Profile 5

-31 -28.5 -26.1 MSE

RSL = ~ (-45) dBm RSL = ~ (-45) dBm

You might also like