KyotoUniversity

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Sewtheast Asian Studies. Ve!. 27. No. 3. December 1989

The Revolution Realignment

Political Parties
and of

in the Philippines (December1985-January 1988):

With a Case in the Province of Batangas

MasatakaKIMuRA*

time, a pro-Aquino party, Lakas ng

new

I Introduction Bansa, was fbrmed by politicalleaders

close to President Aquino and attracted

The revolution') of February 1986 and many politiciansat various levels who
subsequent events drastically
changed were supportive of her administration
the alignment of politicalparties and regardless of their previous party aMlia-
their power relations. The once-domi- tions. The Liberal Party (LP)-Salonga
nant Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) Wing also enhanced its strength; it
disintegratedrapidly, once the then Pres- started to take independent course of
an

identMarcos fled the country. Itslead- action, while remaining in the ruling
ership splintered into a few groups; it coalition. Some partiesbecame critical of
lostmany fo11owers,The state of the PresidentAquino. The United Nationalist
coalition of parties which supported Democratic Organization (UNIDO), fbr
Aquino's candidacy in the special presi- one, was frustrated by and dissatisfied
dentialelection, or the snap election as it with the Aquino Administration,though
has been popularly called, also changed itbarely remained in the ruling coalition.
dramatically. For example, Partido The Mindanao Alliance and the Christian-
Demokratiko Pilipino Lakas ng Bayan Social Democratic Party (CSDP) left
(PDP-Laban)increased its membership the coalition at an early stage and

size rapidly by great magnitude; it joinedthe opposition. Bansang Nagkaisa

strengthened the position ofthe conserva- sa Diwa at Layunin (BANDILA)2)
tive bloc that of the increased its membership immediately
against progressive
bloc within the party and confiicts be- 2) BANDILA dccided, at itsSecond National
tween the two aggravated. At the same Congress in October 19S6, to remain a

movement with a defined partnershipagree'

*71cNgif,
Asian Ccntcr, University of the ment with one (or more) political party
Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Metro or coalition of partics, in spite ef a pref-

Manila, thc Philippines erence among certain segments of its

1) There is an argument against using the leadership to transform it inte a political
term "revolution" on the ground that the party or create its own political party.
February incident did npt bring about any Hewever, BANDILA is included in this
significant change either in the Philippine paper together with peliticalpartieson the
social structure or in the socio-economic greunds that ltplayed a significant role in
characteristics of the ruling elite. the special presidencial election and the/'

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M. K!MuRA: PoliticalParties in the Philippines

after the revolution and then became ratification and a revolution.

pe- The
not so vi$ible as it used to be before riod, therefore, is a very interestingand
the revolution. Leftist forces, Nv'hich convenient period for studies of political

boycotted the special presidential elec- parties. The account of the process is

tion and were left out of the revolution, basicallydescriptive and divided into
formed a new legal leftist
party called two parts. The firstpart tries to outline
Partido ng Bayan (PnB), which main- the political development at the national

tained close relations with another leftist level. The second part fbcuses on the
organization, Bagong Alyansang Maka- clevelopment in the province of Batan-
bayan (BAYAN). gas3) as a case at a local level. This
An examination of the process in was attempted to show that what took

which the realignment

politicalparties of place at the difllerentlevels were
two
developed and their power relations closely interrelatedand that they took
changed will shed light on certain im- place according to thelr own respective

portant aspects of the characteristics of logic and rnotives highly independent

the Philippine politicalpartiesand party of each other in spite of the close inter-
system and of the behavior of party pol- relations especially in the case of so-

iticiansas well as of the nature of the called traditional political parties.4)

revolution. What fo11ows is an attempt
with this view to give a briefaccount of
II The National Scene
the process of realignment of political
partiesand of the change in their power The special presidential election which

relations which took place during a pe- preceded and triggered off the revolu-

riod from the beginning of the special tion was a contest between KBL's presi-
presidentialelection campaign in De- dentialand vice-presidential candidates,
cember 1985 until the local elections of namely, Ferdinand E. Marcos and Arturo
January1988. The period which covered M. Tolentino on the one hand and

only two years and a few rnonths was an the UNIDO-Laban ng Bayan coalition's
extremely hectic period which undeiM'ent
ttttt t t tttttt
ttt tttttt
3) Thc auther has been conducting a case
five dramatic politicalevents, narnely,
study of elections and politicsin Batangas
three sets of elections, a constitutional since 1984. A part of its results, which
will be his dissertation, was utilized here
N.arevolution
and that itintends to participate togive a case of rcalignment of pelitical
in the electoral
precess aswcllas in extra- parties at the provincial level. Since stud-
parliamentary activities. On the other ies on party politics at the provincial
hand, the Communist Party of the Philip- level are scarcc, it will give some insights
pines (CPP)is not included on the grounds into the state of political parties at this
that it resorts to non-electoral activities level.
or armecl struggle, that it did not play 4) The term party" here
political
'Ctraditional

any slgnificant role in the elcction and the refers to a kind ef party which is built
revolutlon, and that the author does not primarily upon networks of dyadic relations
have sufficlent data on its statc during between individuals as described by Land6
the period covered in this paper. [l964].
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ptM7si7Mve 27ts3e

Corazon C. Aquino Salvaclor H.

ancl It had dominated Batasang Pambansa,
Laurel on the other hand, with leftist the national legislature,by controlling
forces under BAYAN boycotting the about two thirds of its seats; it had al-
election. Alrnost all the political parties most monopolized local elective posl-
and organizations were aligned into the tions in most of the provinces,cities, and

three groups. The Nacionalista Party municipalities all over the country.6) The
(NP)-RoyWing which had been closely then opposition, on the other hand, had
aligncd with KBL supported the Marcos- been fragmented. They had had little
Tolentino ticket. Laban ng Bayan was say in the policy making process under
initiallyformed by eight partiesand or- the authoritarian regime ; militant organ-

ganizations: they were the LP-Salonga izationshad been resorting to non-par-

Wing, PDP-Laban, Panaghiusa, the liamentary struggles such as large-scale
Young PhilippinesParty,Bicol Saro, the demonstrations. The state of fragmen-
National Union of Christian Democrats tation was well refiected in the great
(NUCD), the Convenor Group and diMculty the opposition encountered in
BANDILA [Laban ng Bayan 1985: 1- agreeing on one presidential
common

2]. Then, the Mindanao Alliance, the candidate, when the special presidential
Muslim Federal Party, CSDP, the Na- election became imminent. It was only
tional Union for Liberation (NUL) and on December 11, the last day to filea
Laban ni Ninoy sa Gitnang Luzon also certificate of candidacy, that Laurel, the
adherecl to Laban ng Bayan [ibid.; Ex- president and candidate
presiclential of

hibit D].5) There were some parties UNIDO, accepted the presidential can-
that were not aligned into the three didacy of Aquino, the candidate of Laban

Bayan, to become her runnmg-mate

.

groups. For example, the LP-Kalaw ng

Wing fielded Eva Estrada Kalaw fbr on the condition that both of them run

Vice-President,while supporting Aquino under banner of UNIDO

the [Cunanan
lbr Presldent. Ruben R. Canoy ran fbr l985: 6-7]. The coalition between UNI
the presidency under the Social Dem- DO and Laban ng Bayan was formal-
ocranc Party. But, these partieswere ized even laterin the campaign period
minor forces as evident in the number [Anonymous 1986b: 1 & 10].
ofvotes they received.

Befbre the revolution, had been KBL 6) In the 1980local elections which were the
last local elections beftore the revolution,
the powerfu1 ruling party under the lead- all but four elected KBL
governors wera
ership of the then President Marcos. in the country's seventy-three provinces.
The four non-KBL goyernors were Natalia
5) Since the Mindanao Alliance and NUL as F. Dumlao (NUL) of Nucva Vizcaya, Jose
well as Bicol Saro had been member organ- C. Laurel, V (NP) of Batangas, Federico
izations of UNIDO, it seems to suggest O. Mengote (Independent)of Eastern
that they switched from UNIDO to Laban Samar, and Homobono Adaza (Mindanao
ng Bayan or synonymously from Laurel to Alliance)of Misamis OrientaL See Philip-
Aquino at the last stage of the unification pines, Commission on Elections [Undated-
process of the opposition. a].

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M. K[MvRA: Politica1Parties in the Philippines

The presidentialelection turned out to from Marcos asMarch 7 at a

early as

be an unprecedentedly fraudulent one. meeting of the KBL Executive Commit-

Its aftermath leclto the revolution. The tee. On March 13, a group of KBL
process leading to the revolution is a members led by Ople made an agree-

much talked about story, which does not ment to fbrm a new party from the
need to be repeated here. Marcos fled ranks ofKBL reformists. On March 15,
the country on February 25, 1986 to go the formation of Partido Nacionalista
into exile in Hawaii. Aquino took oath ng Pilipinas (PNP) was announced.
to be President earlier day PNP adopted "critical

on the same a poticy of coop-

and appointed her cabinet members im- eration" with the Aquino Administration.
mediately. The Aquino Government was Along this poiicy, it accepted Pre$ident
a revo!utionary government in the sense Aquino's invitation to serve in the
that it was installedby a collaboration ConstitutionalCommission; four of its
of the so-called
"people's

power" and leaders, namely, Blas Ople, Regalado

rebel soldiers led by Defense Minister Maambong, Teodulo Natividad and
Juan Ponce Enrile and the Chief Qf Rustico de los Reyes, Jr.became consti-
Staff)Lt. Gen. Fidel Ramos, in defiance tutional commissioners [Ople 1987: PNP
of the 1973 Constitution.With her dic- Chronology].
tatorial power, President Aquino issued The NP-Roy Wing was also involved
on March 25, 1986 Proclamation No. 3 in the move of Ople's group. In fact,
otherwise known as Peacefu1 Constitu- the NP-Roy Wing, under the presidency
tion and abollshed Batasang Pambansa of Rafael Palmares who succeeded for-
together with the 1973 Constitution. The mer Sanator Jose Roy upon his death
new government also started to replace shortly after the revolution, was negoti-

by appointment the local elective offi- ating with PNP for a merger agreement

cials who were mostly KBL with those in April. But the merger was not

who had campaigned for the Aquino- pushed because Palmares, now
through
Laurel tandem in the special presidential joinedby Renato Cayetano, a KBL as-
election. semblyman and close friend of Enrile,
Immediately after the revolution, the decided to reorganize NP with Cayetano
KBL national leadershipbegan to assess as the secretary general. On August 19,
the new situation and for a
to search on the occassion of Manuel Quezon's
way to clealwith it. While former Pres- 103rd birthday, the revitalized Naciona-
ident Marcos was still trying to main- listaParty,which was often called NP-
tain his control over KBL firomHawaii Cayetano Wing, proclaimed a new begin-
through his ctose associates such as ning. Many KBLs joined the NP-
Nicanor Yfiiguez and Jose Rofio, Blas Cayetano Wing among them Olongapo
Ople, Marcos' Labor Minister, made City Mayor Richard Gordon, Assembly-
clear that he was completely disengaging men Victor Agbayani, Antonio Carag,
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MM7 si7 utee 27#3e

Peclro Mendiola, etc. [Nacionalista
Party the NP-Cayetano Wing after he was
1986: 1･-2].Accordlng to Ople, "It
became dismissed from his cabinet post by Presi-
attractive even to members of the PNP dent Aquino in November 1986.
and of the KBL because a strong im- While many KBL leaders abandoned
pressionwas created that the new group- KBL at an early stage, there were still

ing was designedto be a political vehi- many who stuck to their party at least

cle for the then Minister of National for the moment. As of July 9, 1986,
of its Central Committee were
Defense, Hon. Juan Ponce Enrile, whose members

politicalobjectives were deemed compat- reported to include not a few prominent

ible with the interests of KBL assembly- politicians(seeList 1).
men, governors and mayors who were As described above, most of the na-

thrown out of their elective

posts with tional leadershipof KBL either joined
the abrogation by President Aquino of PNP or the NP-Cayetano Wing, or re-
the Constitution of 1973 and the instal- mained as KBL; all the three parties were

lation of a revolutionary government" in opposition. Thcre were, however, some

[Ople 1987: 2]. Enrile formallyjoined differentcases which have to be noted.

List 1 Members of KBL Ccntral Committee as of July9, 1986 . ..

Titular Hcad Arturo Tolentino
Acting President Nicanor Yfiiguez
Acting Secretary-General Manuel Garcia
Acting Treasurer Edith Rabat
Regional Chairman (RegionI) Conrado Estrella
Regional Chairman (RegionII) Faustino Dy
Regional Chairman (RegionIII) Mercedes Teodoro
Regipnal Chairman (RegionIV) Isldro Rodriguez
Regional Chairman (RegionV) Felix Fuentebella
Regional Chairman (RegionVI) Salvador Britanico
Regional Chairman (RegionVII) Lorcnzo Teves
Regional Chairman (RegionVIII) JoseRofio
Regional Chairman (RegionIX) Vicente Cerilles
Regional Chairman (RegionX) Constantino Navarro
Regienal Chairman (RegionXI) Alejandro Alrnendras
Regional Chairman (RegionXII) Ali Dimaporo
Regional Chairrnan (NCR)* Gerardo Espina
. Antonio Tupaz
Concon Representattve
-
IBP representative Rogelio Quiarnbao
Representative formcr Congressmen
of Ramon Duran
Representative former Senators
of Wenceslao Lagumbay
-
President, City Mayor's League representative Honorato Perez
President,Municipal Mayor's Lcague of the Philippines Evaristo Singson
Chairman, Natiorial Association of Barangay Captains Nora ?etines

* NCR: National Capital Region

Source: [Yfiiguez
1986]

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M, KiMuRA: PoliticalParties in the Phillppines

For exarnple, fbrmer Prime Minister making process of the Aquino Adminis-
Cesar Virata announced his retirement tration turned be small. This was
out to
from politicssome time after the revolu- enough to cause dissatisfaction among

tion. Some like Agusto G. Ortiz, an UNJDO leaclers.

Rene Espina, secretary-
Assemblyman from Sorsogon, and Ro- general of UNIDO, became most crit-
dolfo P. del Rosario, an Assemblyman ical against the Aquino Administration
from Davao del Norte joined Lakas ng at an early stage for this reason. Since
Bansa, a new party under the ruling coa- then, UNIDO's leaders had come to
lition supporting President Aquino, when
perceive that it had been slighted by
it was fbrmed in November 1986 [Anon- President Aquino compared with other

ymous 1986c: 1& 2; 1986d: 3; Phil- parties under the ruling coalition. The
ippines,Records and Statistics Division, situation was aggravated when UNIDO
Commission on Elections Undated]. could not get as many slots as they had
But, to jointhe ruling coalition was an expected in the ruling coalition's senato-

exceptional course of action among the rial ticket which was selectecl by Presi-
high level leadership of KBL. dent Aquino fbr the congressional and

The parties under the ruling coalition senatorial elections in May 11, 1987. Dur-
or the former opposition parties which ing this period, two pr'ominent UNIDO
supported Aquino and Laurel, namely, leaders,Rene Espina and the then Dep-
UNIDO and those united under Laban uty Defiense Secretary Wilson Gamboa,
ng Bayan, were be as they had
not to left the party and joinedthe opposition.

been either. Perhaps, UNIDO was one PDP-Laban, in contrast, grew rapidly
of the most frustratedpartiesby the sit- in itspoliticalinfluenceand membership
uation that emerged after the revolution. size. The fact that it came into power
When Aquino and Laurel fbrmed a uni- and the perception that it was the party
fied opposition ticket against Marcos for closest to President Aquino because it

the speclal presidentlalelection, there endorsed Corazon Aquino's presidential

was an agreement that thirty percent of candidacy at an included
early time and

the Cabinet posts woulcl go to UNIDO. among itshighest!eadersJoseCojuangco,

But PresidentAquino did not honor the Jr.,a younger brother of President
for the reason that itwas ne-
Aquino, attracted many politiciansat
agreement
various levels. Before the revolution,
gated by changing conditions brought
PDP-Laban had only about ten thou-
about by the revolution [Anonyrnous
sand members.7) By the time its sixth
1987i: 8]. Vice-PresidentLaurel'sprime
national assembly, the second after the
ministership was also annulled when Pres-
revolution, was held in Octeber l986, its
ident Aquino abolished the 1973 Consti-
tutlon which provided a serniparliamen- 7) Intervicw, Mimi Abdul (a secretary of
PDP-Laban), Office of Sen. Aquilino
tary government.
system Vice-Presi-
of
Pimcntel, Jr., Maya Building, Cubao,
dent Laurel's influence in the decision Quezon City, June 20, 19ee.
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Mpt797blee 27#3e

membership size expandgd to nearly two which eventually transformed itselfinto

hundred thousand.S) The expansion was a politicalparty before the congressional

brought about malnly by affiliations of and senatorial elections of May 1987.

traditional politiciansat local levels, Lakas ng Bansa envisioned to organize
-- .mdividuals
many Qf whom were formerly aMliated and members of all political
with KBL and now gravitated toward the parties, forces,organizations, mevements
new power center. There were many cases and groups who would support the
in which the recruitment of new mem- Aquino Administration [Lakasng Bansa
bers was done without fu11 compliance 1986: Article II, Sectlon II, 4]. In fact,
with proeedures relative to the member- lt recruited members of various political
ship admission such as attendance to a
parties including former KBLs. The
sixteen-hour two-day membership semi-
of Lakas ng Bansa with
principaloMcers
nar. This created a conflict between the their government positions and previous
progressive bloc led by Aquilino Pimen- party aMliations were as provided in
tel, Jr. that insisted
on strict screening
List 2.
in membership admission and on the
That the majority of the principalofli-
party platform hand and the
on the one
cers of Lakas ng Bansa were cabinet
conservative bloc led byJose Cojuangco,
ministers and other high government ofi
Jr. that generally fo11owed a traditional ficialsand that it involved President
pattern of politics on the other hand.9)
The momentum was in favor of the con-
Aquino's close relatives such as Jose
Cojuangco, Jr.,a brother, Paul Aquino,
servative bloc and resulted ln the elec-
a brother-in-law, and Emigdio S. Tan-
tion ofJose Cojuangco, Jr.as its party
head to replace Aquilino Pimentel,Jr.in juatco, Jr.,a cousin, created an image
that itwas a politicalparty of President
itssixth national assembly. PDP-Laban's
Aquino, though she remained unidenti-
once progressive character was fatally
fied with any specific political party.
weakened and the relations between the
Lakas ng Bansa grew rapidly by incorpo-
two blocs continued to deteriorate.
The rise of PDP-Laban was not un-
rating many politicians
who gravitatedto
the second new power center. Interest-
cha!lenged among pro-Aquino Parties.
ingly,many of itsprincipaloMcers were
On November 10, 1986, a new grouping
former ranking UNIDO ofTicers who were
of pro-Aquino politicalleaders, many of
allies of Vice-President Laurel at least
whom were cabinet ministers, launched
a movement called Lakas ng Bansa, until Corazon Aquino appeared to be a

presidential candidate. Some likeLeticia

8) Interview,Joseph
Lefiada (assistant
staff of R. Shahani and Heherson T. Alvarez
PDP-Laban), Cojuangco Building, Makati,
not
August 2, 1988. were afliliated with any major political
9) Interview,Tonyo Santos (a chapter chair- parties before the revolution. It also
man of PDP-Laban in Pasig), Office of
Sen. Pimentel, Maya Building, Cubao, accepted former KBLs who switched

June20, 1988. their loyaltyto President Aquino. From

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M. KiMuRA: Politica1Parties in the Phitippines

List 2 Principal Officersof Lakas ng Bansa with Their Government Positions at the
Time of itsInception and Party Affiliations Before the Revolution
t tt ttttt tttt ttt ttt
ttttt- tttt tttt
President Neptali A. Gonzales
Minister of Justice
UNIDO
Secretary-General Emigdio S. Tanjuatco, Jr.
(No Data)
PDP-Laban
Deputy Secretary-General
&aoUnleA(llitisl'Onessman)
(No Data)
Deputy Secretary-General JoseMalvar Villegas, Jr.
None
Lapiang Manggagawa
Treasurer Manuel B. Samora, Jr.
(No Data)
(No Data)
Chairman, Region I Ernesto M. Maceda
Minister of Natural Resources
UNIDO
Co-Chairman, Region I Leticia R. Shahani
llgP.".t(i.M'i3"6';te,g.of,,F,o.'
Chairman, Region II Heherson T. Alvarez
Minister of Agrarian Reform
None (US-bascd Ninoy Aquino rnovement)
Chairman, Region III Rogaciano M. Mercado
Minister of Public Works and Highways
UNIDO
Chairman, Region IV Ramon V. Mitra
Minister of Agriculture
PDP-Laban
Chairman, Region V Luis R. Villafuerte
Minister, Presidential Commission on Government Reorganization
UNIDO
Chairman, Region VI Arthur D. Defensor
(No Data)
UNIDO
Chairman, Region VII Antonio V. Cuenco
Minister of State For Political Affairs
PDP-Laban (Panaghiusa Coalition)
Chairman, Region VIII Emil L. Ong
Administrator of National Foed Authority
PDP-Laban
Chairman, Region IX Elnorita P. Tugung
(No Data)
(No Data)
Co-Chairman, Region X Carlos O. Fortich
OIC governor of Bukidnon
KBL*
Co-Chairman, Region X Vicente T. Emano
(No Data)
(No Data)
Chairman, Rcgion XI Luis T. Santos
(No Data)
(No Data)
Chairrnan, Region XII Omar M Dianalan

ENo Data)
No Data)
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Mpt7Y7blee27#3e

List 2-Continued

Chairman, NCR Alberto G. Romulo

Minister of Budget
UNIDO
*Fortich defected from KBL and joinedUNIDO amid the presidential election campaign

[Anonymous 1986a:1 & 6].

Seurce: Lakas ng Bansa [l987:Annex A]. Identificationof their government positionswere
gathered from newspaper articles. Fer Identifications of their prcvious party affiliations,
a list of Batasang Pambansa assemblyrnen [Philippines, Batasang Pambansa 1985], news-
paper articles and an interviewwith a former Lakas ng Bansa Organizer wcre used.

- -
the above, it may be argued that Lakas ng Bayan and supported Aqumo ancl

ng Bansa was an attempt to ease out Laurel in the special presidentialelec-

other partiesunder the ruling coalition, tion, eventually left the ruling coalition

especially UNIDO, in order to become and joinedthe opposition. Neither of

a dominant administration party by the two leaderswere appointed by Presi-

those politicianswho threw their support dent Aquino to any govern-significant

to President Aquino. This may be one ment position. The LP-Kalaw Wing
of the reasons why the respective top which supported Aquino for President
leadershipof UNIDO, LP-Salonga Wing and Eva Kalaw fbrVice-Presidentoutside
and NUCD kept distance from Lakas the UNIDO-Laban ng Bayan coalition
j --
ng Bansa. While some prominent PDP- also jomedthe opposmon.

Laban leadersjoined it,Aquilino P{men- The political condition that emerged

tel,Jr., a leader of itsprogressivebloc, after the revolution added a new element

did not joinLakas ng Bansa in spite to the Philippine political party systern.
of an invitation.When Lakas ng Bansa On August 30, a legal party of leftist
became a political party, many of the forces named Partido ng Bayan (PnB)
PDP-Laban leaders such as Ramon V. was fbrrnally proclaimed at itsfounding
Mitra remained in Lakas ng Bansa, congress. It will be reasonable be- to

thereby abandoning their membership in lieve that the party was a brainchildof
PDP-Laban, though JoseCojuangco, Jr. Jose Ma. Sison, the founder and former
remained in PDP-Laban as itschalrman. chairman of the Communist Party of

The LP-Salonga Wing and NUCDwhich the Phillpplnes (CPP), whe workecl as

was revitalized after Raui Manglapus Chairman of the Preparatory Commis-

came back from his exile in the United sion of PnB. Sison and Bernabe Bus-
Statesalso increasecltheir strepgth. But cayno, founderof
the the New People's
the two remained in relatively low profile Army (NPA), both of whom had been
comparedwith the three parties referred imprisoned until released by the Aquino
to above. Administration six months before,were
The Mindanao Alliance led by Homo- among those seated at the main table at

bono Adaza and CSDP leclby Francisco thefounding congress. The lateRolando
Tatad, both of which had jolned Laban M. Olalia, the then chairman of Kilu-
'
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M. KiMuRA: PoliticalParties in the Philippines

sang Mayo Uno (KMU), a radical labor But the prooess of reconstruction seemed

confederation, became Chairman ef PnB. fu11of hardships such as harassment by

In Sison's words, the party was
"the
rightists including the assassination of

fruitof thc well-developed legal demo- National Vice-President Rolando Olalia

cratic movement which includes the in November 1986 and of Secretary Gen-
mass organizations of the working class, eral Leandro Alejandro in September
1987,and financial
peasantry, urban petty bourgeoisie and constraints.

middle beurgeoisie, as well as the sectoral BANDILA, in contrast, expanded sig-

and multisectoral aMances of these mass nificantly after the revolution. It was

organizations" ISisonUndated: 1], and among the firstpoliticalorganizations

to the long for to endorse the
presidentialcandidacy of
"a
response crying need

a legal party that can strive to break the Corazon Aquino. It marshalled itsorgan-
monopoly of the exploiting classes over ization resources to augment the cam-
the electoral process and serve as the paign machinery of Aquino as well as to

instrument of the exploited classes" prepare the citizenry for vigilante action

[ibid.:
2]. during and after the polls. It also used
The picture of realignment of political this opportunity to expand itsinfluence
parties is not complete without taking and organization in the regions and

into consideration the two major um- provinces [BANDILA 1986: 8]. In the
brella organizations of cause-orlented February uprising, BANDILA immedi-
groups and sectoral and multi-sectoral ately responded through its president,
groups, namely, BAYAN and BANDILA. Agapito Aquino, to the sltuation created

BAYAN's boycott position in the special by the rebel soldiers and mobilized its

presidential election created disunityand Metro Manila members which formed the
confusion in the organization. It sufllered initial force of what was to be known
a host of leaves-oeabsence and resig- as
"people's

power" on EDSA. BANDI

nations among its leaders. The boycott LA, unlike BAYAN, responded success-

fullyto the the masses

posltion did broad
the sentiment of and
not get support

ofthe masses. BAYAN's rnass mobiliza- continued itspopular support

to expand

tion capacityfe11dramatically,and its in the period immediately after the revo-

detachment from the masses was mest lution. By October 1986 when itssecond
serious in Metro Manila and in some ma- natlonal congress was held, the number

jor cities [BAYAN 1986: 12-16]. Be- of BANDILA member organizations and

cause of this, it was leftout of the Feb- local chapters reportedly increased to
ruary uprising and, therefore, could not 434 ln twelve regions, fbrty-sixprov-
participate in shaping the politicalcourse inces,thirty-six citles and eleven munici-
of the country after the revolution. palities in Metro Manila. In addition,
The period after the revolution was a its membership was complemented by
period of reconstruction of BAYAN. national sectoral partner organizations

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such as the Federation of Free Workers Kalaw Wing, CSDP, Pusyon Bisaya and
(FFwr and Lakas ng Magsasakang Pill- Timawa [Anonymous 1987a: 1 & 6;
pino (LMP) and multi-sectoral coalitions 1987b: 1 & 11; 1987c: 1 & 2]. PNP
and alliances, such as kapulungan ng led by Ople did not joinCODA and

mga Sandigan ng Pilipinas(KASAPI), campalgned for the constitution on the

the total nurnber of member organi- ground that four PNP leaderswere
zations reaching 1,047 [ibid.:20-23]. members of the ConstitutionalCommis-

Thereafter, however, BANDILA grad- sion that drafted the constitution and

ually became less active than before. that its ratification could pave the way
There were a number of reasons for this. for the normalizatien of the country's

After the revolution, itbecame a de facto political system [Anonymous 1987d: 3].
member of the ruling coalition and BAYAN failedto reach a definitivepo-
"con-
a noncommittal
many itsleadersand members
of entered
sition ancl adopted

the Aquino Administration. The kind science vote" policy,giving itsmembers

of activities such as mass actions that it the option to approve or reject the con-

had resorted to during its anti-Marcos

stitutlon. KMU and Kilusang Magbu-
bukid ng Pllipinas (KMP), the two
struggle became irrelevant in the new
largestmember organizations of BAYAN,
politicalcondition broughtabout by the
however, campaignecl for its rejection
restoration of democracy. The rapid
membership expansion and aMliation of
[Anonymous 1986d: 8]. The position
of PnB was defermentof the ratification.
diverseorganizations seem to have under-
Itwas because peace negotiations between
mined its organizational cohesivencss.
the government and the National Dem-
Also, it lacked a clear-cut, immediate
ocratic Front (NDF) had started and
common goal such as dismantlement of
ratification of the constitution would
the Marcos regime.
circumscribe terms of the negotiations.iO)
By the time of the plebiscitein Feb-
The result of the pleblscite,after all, was
ruary 1987 for ratification of a newly
that garnered 76.37 percent
"Yes"
vote
drafted constitution, the realignment of
got 22.65 percent of the
"No"
while vote
politicalpartiescame into a shape. The
25 million registered voters [Anonymous
partiesunder the ruling coalition were
1987e: 1 & 16]: the constitution was
campaigning solidly for approval of the
ratified.
new constitution together with BANDI
In the congressional and senatorial
LA. The major traditional opposition
elections on May ll, 1987, there had
parties,except fbr PNP, came to form emerged four
groupings of politi-
major
the Coalition for Democratic Action (CO cal parties, namely, Lakas ng Bayan, the
DA) on January14 to campaign against
Grand Alliance fbr Democracy (GAD),
the constitution. Those that joinedCO
10) Interview with Lui
Gamit, Acting Secre-
DA included KBL, theNP-Cayetano tary General PnB, Mariwasa Bldg.,
of

Wing, the Mindanao Alliance,the LP- Cubao, Quezon City,July5, 1988.

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Union for Peace and Progress-Kilusang seven; PnB won only two; and others in-
Bagong Lipunan (UPP-KBL), and the ctuding independents won twenty-six

Alliance for New Politics. Lakas ng [Philippines, Commission on Elections

Bayan was a name for the ruling coalition Undatecl-c].m
composed of Lakas ng Bansa, PDP- The realignment of political parties
Laban, UNIDO, the LP-Salonga Wing did not end here; it continued toward

and NUCD. BANDILA supported Lakas the fbrthcoming local elections. The
ng Bayan. GAD was a new umbrella firstmajor event that took place in this
context came shortly after a coup at-
organlzatien of parties,
seven opposition

namely, the NP-Cayetano Wing, PNP, the tempt August 28 by a segment

of of the

Mindanao Ailiance, the LP-Kalaw Wing, military led by Col. Gringo Honasan,

CSDP, a segment of KBL, and Muslim that is, the Aquino-Laurel split. The
Federal Party. The UPP-KBL was com- Aquino Administration had been threat-
mainly of those KBLs who were still ened by a series of milltary coup attempts
posed
closely identifiedwith former President since July 1986, and this one posed
Marcos. Alliance for New Poiitics was the most serious threat. Vice-President

an Alliance of PnB, BAYAN and other Laurel immediately took a pro-military

posture and tendered his resignation
leftistforces. It has to be noted, how-
on September fundamental
8, clting
ever, that, while the senatorial contests

were fought based on thefour groupmgs, differences with President Aquino over
the handling of the insurgency problem.
there were many congressional districts
This move of Laurel developed into
in which more complicated political
an attempt to form a strong opposition
alignments emerged. For example, there
group. Negotiations fbr this purpose
were many districtsin which Lakas ng
started between Laurel and Enrile,who
Bayan coutd not agree on common ad-
headed UNIDO and NP-Cayetano Wing
ministration candidates and infighting
respectively. Leaders of other opposi-
among the parties under the ruling coa-
tion parties such as Blas Ople of PNP
litlontook place. There were also many
and Isidro Rodriguez of KBL also par-
districtsin which PnB and BAYAN did
ticipated in the negotiations. The devel-
not have their own candidates and sup-
opment resuitecl in a kind of revival of

ported those of other partiesor indepen- the old Naclonaiista Party without the
dents Qn a case-to-case basis. The result
Laurel Wing. The Nacionalista Party
the elections was a landslide for the NP-Enrile Wing) was joined
of
(hereinafter, ..-t
ruling coalition. It won twenty-two of ttt11)
Partido Panaghiusa was counted asa party
the twenty-four senatorial seats, while
under Lakas ng Bayan together with the
GAD won only two. Of the two hun- five partieswhich composed it. Therewere
dred congressional seats, the ruling coali- seven cases of LP without specification,

which were counted as LP-Salonga Wing

tion won one hundrecl forty-five; GAD at the risk of including somc LP-Kalaw
and UPP-KBL combined won twenty- Wing congressmen in Lakas ng Bayan.

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by former Nacionalistapollticians
many Mercado from UNIDO, Sen. Joseph
who were under KBL such as Arturo Estrada from. the opposition, Sen. Rene
Tolentino, Isidro Rodriguez, Blas Ople, Saguisag, former President of Constitu-
JoseRofio, Wenceslao Lagumbay, Rodo- tional Commission, CeciliaMufios-Palma,
1fo Albano, etc., leaving only Marcos and fifteen congressmen [Ronquillo
loyaliststo KBL. Homobono Adaza l987b; 1 & 8]. On January 12, 1988,
of the Mindanao Alliance and Rene Sen. Teofisto Gulngona and Mar
Espina also joined
the NP-Enrile Wing. Canonigo who were Honorary Chairman
Rodriguez became its acting president and Secretary General of BANDILA also
Ople became itssecretary-general,
and
joinedthe LP-Salonga Wing with their
Enrile as its titular head.i2) At a
with
fbllowing in BANDILA [Anonymous
press conference on November 14, the 1988a:1 & 10]. This move of the LP-

party announoed its intention to field Salonga Wing could be seen not only as
candidates in the forthcoming localpolls a preparation fbr the local elections but
[Guevarra1987:1 & 2]. On the other also as that for the presidential election ln
hand, many leaders of UNIDO, of
1992. At the same time, Jovito Salonga
which the NP-Laurel Wing constituted the
who had become Senate President began
core, are said to have resisted the move
to take an independent posture from
of Laurel to jointhe opposition, mainly
the Aquino Administration, saying,
because they hacl too much vested in- "Cooperation
but never subservience"
terest in the Aquino Administration to
[loc. cit.]; the party had already fielded
lose by doing so. UNIDO eventually
itsown candidates for the localelections
chose to remain in the ruling coalition,
the decision leading to a reconciliation
[Estella 1988: 1 & 2]. Earlier,UNIDO
had also announced itsintentionto field
between Aquino and Laurel on December
candidates in the local elections. This
2, 1987 at the beginning of the cam-
situation prompted another two
paign period ofthe localelections [Rueda
major

parties under the ruling coalition, namely,

1987: 1 & 9].
As the local elections approached, PDP-Laban headcd by Jose Cojuangco,
other politicalparties also started to Jr. and Lakas ng Bansa headed by
try to expand and to consolidate their Paul Aquino, its acting president, to
organizations. Perhaps, the LP-Salonga form a tactica! alliance to fieldcommon
Wing was the one that expanded most candidates to be proclaimed by President
visibly. As of November 8, it was re- Aquino [Logarta 1987: 1 & 10].

ported to have recruited Sen. Orlando PimentePs bloc in PDP-Laban, however,

12) lnterviews with lsidro Rodriguez, Resi-
did not fo11ow the alliance [Ronquillo
dence, Mandaluyong, July 5, 1ee8, and 1987c: 3].
with Blas Ople, Manila Peninsula Hotel,
The result of the elections was again
Makati, July20, 1988. Also see Ronqulllo
[1987a: 1 & 8], Gucvarra [1987: 1 & 2], an overwhelming victory of partiesun-
Anonymous [1987j: 1 & 7; i9871:1 & 15]. der the ruling coalition, especially Lakas
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Table 1 Party AffiIiationsof Provincial Table 2Party Affiliations

of OIC Gover-
Governors Elected in the 1988 nors Immediately Before the 1988
Local Elections Local Elections

Lakas ng Bansa (LB) 14 UNIDO 22151531

PDP-Laban 12 PDP-Laban
PDP-LabanlLB 10 Lakas ng Bansa
LPUNIDO 6 LPKBLPanaghiusa
4
NPPDP-LabanlLPfLB 3 116
3 No Data
KBLLBILPUNIDO/LB 2
Total 73
1
1 Source: Philippines,Department ef Local
1 Government, Electronic Data
UNIDOIPDP-Laban
Processing Service [1987]
LPfPDP-LabanlNUCD 1
Ruling Coalition 1
Local Parties 4 parties under the ruling coalition (see
rndependents 7 Table 1). AcomparisonwithpartyaMl-
No Data 3
iations of OIC (oMcer-in-charge) gov-
Total 73 ernors who were appointed after the rev-
Source: Cernmission on Elections olution (seeTable 2) indicates that the
Note: Party identifications basecl on
are
Lakas ng
certificates of candidacy. The cases
number of governors under
of two or more parties seem to be Bansa and PDP-Laban increasedat the
results of an elusive nature of mem- cost ofUNIDO. The opposition could
bership in Philippinetraditional po-
not make much headway; especially,
litical parties. They may as well be
interpreted that the governors were KBL which had almost monopolized lo-
candidates endorsecl by two or more cal positions in most
elective of the prov-
parties as their coalition candidates
inces before the revolution
'

was reduced
In tabulation, BILEG Ti La Union
(La Union), Balane (Nueva Ecija), to a powerless minor party.
Magdalo (Cavite), and Panaghiusa
(Cebu) were as local par-
counted

ties; two KBLs included onc inde- III A Provincial Scene

pendent KBL; and PDP-Laban/IPP
was counted as PDP-Laban ancl (A Case in Batangas)
Lakas ng Bansa/LLB as Lakas ng
Bansa. In the province of Batangas before the
revolution, there were only two major

ng Bansa and PDP-Laban, except fbr political parties, namely, KBL and

Reglons I and II where opposition and UNIDO. Otherpartieswereeithernon-

independent candidates made a fairly existent or very weak. All the eLective
strong showing. As forthe seventy-three government positionsin the province were
provincial governors, for example, at occupied by KBL and UNIDO, except

least fifty-fourof them were elected as that one city vice-mayor and some city and

candidates of parties or coalitions of municipal councilors were independent.

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The Governor was UNIDO, while the August 1986 by all the twenty-eight re-

Vice-Governor was KBL. Of the eight placed KBL mayors and other replaced

elective provincial board members, five KBL elective oflicials fbllowers.

with their
were UNIDO and three were KBL. Of Jose B. Coz who had been Calatagan
the thirty-four rnayors, six were UNIDO mayor and president of the Municipal
and twenty-eight were KBL. In addi- Mayors League of Batangas became its
tion, of the fburBatasang Pambansa As- president.Behind the formation ofBISIG
semblymen from Batangas, UNIDO had were prominent Batangaspoliti-
several
three, while KBL had one.i3) The revo- cians who served as itsadvisors. They
lution and subsequent events changed included Manuel Collantes (fbrmerKBL
the political picture completely. assemblyman), Jose Malvar Vil!egas
KBL which was a dominant party (Secretary-General
of Lapiang Mangga-
before the revolution collapsed at once
gawa), QuerubinF. Makalintal (execu-
when itselective local officials from Vice- tive assistant, Bureau of Internal Reve-
Governor to municipal councilors were nue; LP-Salonga Wing), Ben Medrano
replaced and it became clear that the (formerKBL provincial board member),
national leadership of KBL was disinte- Antonio Leviste (former KBL governor
grating and could not do anything for of Batangas), Roberto Diokno (fbrmer
them. In contrast, UNIDO became a KBL assemblyman). The main purposes
single dominant party under the leader- of BISIG were to group together under
ship of the Laurels. In fact, it monopo- a new party free from discreditedKBL
lized almost all the elective positions and to oppose the Laurels' UNIDO.
from the provinclal governor to city and But it did not work as an eflbctive and
municipal councilors by replacing all the
enduring organization because it lacked
elective officials of KBL. But, this situ- strong leadership,and differentpoliti-
ation did not lastmore than a year and cians had diflltrent views. In the plebi-
a few menths. The politicaldevelop- scite for constitutional ratification in
ment that took place thereafter was a
February 1987,BISIG could not take a
process of realignment of local political
unified stand. In the congressional elec-
forces at the provincialand town levcls tions in May 1987,itcould not take any
and of penetration into and consolida-
solid positionor fi ¢ ld comrnon candidates
tion in Batangas of other national politi- either; each member supported his own
cal parties. candidate. It seems that BISIG had
One of the earliest developments was retreated into mere nominal existence
the fbrmation of BISIG ng Batangas in since then and died a natural death.i4)
13) The three UNIDO assemblymenwere Jose
B. Laurel, Jr., Hernande Perez, and 14) The account of BISIG ng Batangas here
Rafael Recte: the KBL assemblyman was is based on interviews with Jose Z. Coz,
Manuel Collantes. Recto, however, came Jr.(Calatagan
Mayor and son of former
to side with President Marcos sometime Mayor JoseB. Coz), Municlpal Hall, Ca-
in l985. latagan,Batangas, July 13,1988; Conrado/'

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Other new developments were the ex- for President Movement (CAPM) in
pansion of PDP-Laban and then the es- Batangas. In organizing Lakas ng

tablishment Lakas ng
of Bansa. PDP- Bansa in the province, he reactivated

Laban initiallystartecl to organize in his PDP-Laban and CAPM networks as

Batangas in 1983 towarcl the Batasang its nuclei and expanded them.i7)

Pambansa elections ofMay But it

198zi.i5) At this point, it wlll be relevant to
was a weak force and, according to one examine the state of provincialorganiza-
estimate, had only one hundred to one tions of BAYAN and BANDILA, which

hundred fifty rnembers at the time ofthe established their branches in Batangas
special presidentialelection. After the some before the special presidential
time
revolution, many localpo!iticiansinclud- election. Shortly after the founding
ing fbrmer KBLs took membership sem- congress of BAYAN-Southern Luzon in
inars and even sponsored seminars for Silang, Cavite in July1985, two oMcers
their fo11owers;itsmembership size ex- for Southern Luzon and two leadersin
panded rapidly. As of June 1988, it Batangas who laterbecame Chairman and
claimed to have nearly one thousand, Secretary General of BAYAN-Batangas
with the identifiedwith
majority the formed a core group to establish BAYAN
Cojuangco faction.i6)Lakas ng Bansa, in Batangas. The core group tried to
on the other hand, started to organize in incorporate intoBAYAN various sectoral

Batangas shortly after it was formally and multi-sectoral groups such as trade

launched in November l986. Its initial unions, organizations of peasants and

provincial organizer was Dante 9. Bar- the urban poor, organizations of the
bosa, a Ramon Mitra,
close associate of
youth and students, organizations of

who had become Assistant Minister of teachers professionals,

and and religious

Agriculture on February 27, 1986 when groups, The fbunding congress of

Mitra had become Minister of Agricul- BAYAN-Batangas was held in Taal on
ture. Barbosa was a leader of PDP- September 28, attended by about three
Laban and Chairman of the Cory Aquino hundred people inclucling Wigberto
Tafiada and Fr. JoseDizon, Chairman
Berberabe
Xli,C.
(formerBatangas City
Mayor), residence, Batangas City,Batangas, and Vice-Chairman of BAYAN-Southern
July 13, 1988; Vicente B. Kalalo (a rnem- Luzon, as guest speakers. Itsinitialag
ber of Provinclal Board and former San
included Samahang Magbubukid
filiates
JoseMayor), Office of Governor, Batangas,
August 2, 1988; and Bienvenido O. Castillo ng Batangas, Samahang Mangangawil 78,
(BauanMayor), Municipal Hall, Bauan, Malayang Katipunang Manggagawa sa
Batangas, August 30, 1988.
15) Interview with Dante Q. Barbosa, Depart- Samahan Maralita Baybay Batangas, and

ment of Agriculture, Q.uezonCity, August Dagat (peasant and labor sector);

5, 1988. Barrio Sta. Clara Community (Batangas
16) Interview with Rolando A. Suarez (Chair-
man, Luzon Area Coordinating Council, City based organization of the urban
PDP-Laban-Pimentel faction), Amparo
Bldg., Manila, June 27, 1988. 17) Interview with Barbosa. See footnote 15).

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poor); the League of Filipino Students BANDILA, the membership of which

(LFS) and Kabataan para sa Dernokra- was heavily concentrated in Metro Ma-
sya at Nasyonalismo (KADENA) (stu- nila at the time of itsfoundlng congress

dents and youth sector); the Concerned in August 1985, also endeavored to ex-
Teachers of Our Lady Caysasay Acad- pand intothe provinces. Its expansion
emy; and member organizations of work in Batangas as well as in other
the Citizen Solidarity Movement of
parts of Luzon was done mainly in
Batangas, a multi-sectoral group. Indi- October and November of that year.ig)
vidual members of the Southern Tagalog Certain BANDILA leaders,using their
Attorneys fbr National Democracy personal contacts, approached organiza-

(STAND) led by Tafiada and of the tions of workers and peasants, youth and

Medical Action Group also joined professionalgroups, and church people.

BAYAN-Batangas. It is not easy to es- For example, Roy Oliveros, an oMcer
timate itsexact organizational strength. of FFW who later became BANDILA
Its mass mobilization capability, how- Deputy Secretary General approached
ever, may tell something about it. Sto. Tomas Academy Union in Sto.
BAYAN-Batangas claims to have mobi- Tomas and Fr. Richard Panganiban of

lizedtwo thousand one hundred members St. Francis de Sales Major Seminary in
for mass action in Batangas City on the Lipa City. Riza Yapchiongco contacted
occasion of declarationof human rights Kapisanan ng Magsasakang Pilipino
day on December9 and 10, 1985. When (KASAMA), a peasant organization

it boycotted the special presidentialelec- based in Bauan and Balayan.20)Prior to

tion, many members leftthe organiza- this, Pascual Tonog, a farmer residing

tion. On the same human rights day in in the municipality of Bauan and part-
1986, the people mobilized
number of time employee of a trading company in
declinedto seven hundred. For the fu- Manila, was introduced to BANDILA
neral procession in Manila for Leandro Secretary General Mar Canonigo by
Alejandro, its assassinated Secretary- Raul Daza, Tonog's provlncemate in
General, on September 29, 1987, it Samar, in Salonga's residence in Pasig

mobilized from one hundred fiftyto two in September. Canonigo gave Tonog
hundred Batangas rnembers. BAYAN- an authority to organize BANDILA in
Batangas ascribes the declineof itsmass
Bauan. Tonog approached workers ofa

shipyard of Philippine National Oil

mobillzation ability to military harass-
Company, farmers and students.2i) In-
ment and financial
constraints. But it
terestingly, the sectoral composition of
claims to have organized in most of the
thirty-two municipalities and two cities in 19) Interviewwith Solphie Confiado, ANSCOR
BIdg., Makati, January6, 1988.
Batangas by 1988.i8) 20) lnterview with Roy Oliveros, BATU
Office, Malate, Manila, June 27, 1988.
18) Interview with an organizer of BAYAN- 21) Interview with Pascual Tonog, Shakey's,
Batangas, Makati, July 6, 1988. Loyola, Quezon aity, August 17, 1988.

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the groups approached by BANDILA Hall which was attended by about two
apparently overlaps that of BAYAN. It hundred thirty members and some

was not easy at that time to recruit national inciuding Canonigo.

oencers

members because of fear among the ColletteBuenaventura, a leader of Gen-

people. In Lipa Clty, for example, Fr. eral Milling Corporation's labor union
Panganiban arranged a two-day seminar which was affiliated to FFW became Chair-
in St. Joseph Seminary in November and man of the council; Tonog, Cucio and
invited people from difllerent sectors of Latayan became itsPresident,Secretary
the city to help establish BANDILA. General and Treasurer respectively. Since
About fiftypeople attendecl the seminar then, however, it has gradually become
and some ranking oflicers of BANDILA inactive. Especiallysince after the con-
lncluding Canonigo and Deputy Secre- gressienal and senatorial elections in
.
tary General Toy Nepomuceno came and May 1987, there have been few organiza-
gave lecturesto the participants.22) Of tional activities, except that Tonog and

the fiftyparticipants, only six, who were Cucio who ran for their municipal and

members ofa Catholiccharismatic group, city councils in the local elections in

became BANDILA members. The six January1988 tried to utilize BANDILA
included Willie Cucio, a youth leader, organizations in their constituencies only

and Eldee Latayan, a book keeper of a to lose in the elections.25)

local bank. In the special presidential Other national partles,though not so
etection, they campaigned for Aquino visible as PDP-Laban and Lakas ng
and Laurel in a clandestine manner.23) Bansa, also tried to penetrate into andt
In Bauan, BANDILA claims to have or consolidate in Batangas. PNP which
had about one hundred members cam- was formed by a group of fbrmer KBLs
paigning fbr Aquino and Laurel. There led by Ople in March 1986 aMliated
were no BANDILA organizations in Manuel Collantes and Antonio Leviste
other towns in Batangas.24) After the r.Ople 1987: PNP Chronology & PNP
revolution, BANDILA's membership in Oencers]. When the NP-Cayetano Wing
Batangas expanded rapidly. It organ- emerged, Collantesleft PNP and joined
ized in two other municipalities, namely, NP [Nolasco1986: 1 & 6]. PnB also
Balayan and Sto. Tomas, In September establishecl its Batangas Chapter which
1986, the Batangas Provinclal Council was based in the municipality of Taal.
of BANDILA fbrmed in an assem-
was A number of middle class fbrces of
bly held in the penthouse of Lipa City tt- t- tt t
25) Interviews with Tonog (ih. 21) and
22) Interview with Riehard
Panganiban, St, J.atayan (fn,23). Regarding the member-
Francis de Sales Majer Seminary, Lipa ship size of BANDILA in Batangas, they
City, Batangas, January7, I988. claimed six thousand at the height ef {ts
23) Interview with Eldee Latayan, Monte de organizational strength. However, even
Piedad & Savings Bank, Lipa City, Batan- including FFW, KASAPI and KASAMA
gas, February 24, 1987. which was under LMP, the figure seems to
24) Interviewwith Tonog. See footnote 21). include a certain degree of exaggeration.

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List 3 Congressional Candidates in Batangas and Their PartyAffiliatiensMay 11,1987

Elections

First District:
l. Apacible, Conrado Villadolid :: UN!DOFilipino
2. Cabrera, Roberto Jr.Vito Democratic Party-Lakas ng Bayan
S. Dc Castro, Hermogenes Jr.Cabral Bisig ng Batangas
4. Garcia, Bendos Martinez ::: KBLUNIDO
5. GocQ, Raul Ilustre
6. Ilao,Isidro Caisip LPIndependent
7. Mendoza, Lorcto Ilao
8. Mitra, Nauel ARtonio III Reyes : Lakas ng Bansa
9. Razon, Ricardo Carelino Independent
10. Serrano, Federico Maneja : UNIDO
11. Suarez, Rolando Arevalo PDP Laban
12. Vivo, Martiniano Pasno LP
Slecond District:
1, Calangi, Roberto Espinoza :: Laban ng Bayan (NP UNIDO)
2. Cordova, Jose Cusi Independent
3. Evangelio, Victorino Independent (UNIDO)
4. Hughes, Romeo Sanohan PDP Laban
5. Mandanas, Herrnilande Ingco Independcnt
6. Perez, Hernando Benito UNIDO
7. Sulit,Felix Macatangay :

8. Rosales, Nicasio Y 11agan NPmGAD

Third District:
1. Carandang, Dante Angelcs Independcnt
2. Collantes,Manuel Garcia NP-GAD
3. Hcrnandez, Cecilio Fajardo :::NP UNIDO Lakas ng Bansa-PDP Coalition
4. Leviste, J.Antonio Casals PNP NP KBL GAD
5. Trinidad, Milagros Laurel UNIDO.NP
Fourth District:
1. Adapon, Juan Cesar Dimaano PDP Laban, Independcnt
2. Calingasan,Jose Escano UNIDO
S. Dimayuga, JoseReclo NUCDLakas
-. Gualberto, Crisanto II Samoy : ng Bansa
5. Katigbak, Benedicto Kalaw Liberal,GAD
6. Lacdao, Antonie Dimayuga Independent
7, Mercado, Efren Honrade Independent
8. Publico, Rodolfo Inciong Independent LP Salonga
9, Roxas, Bodolfo Guillermo Macarandang Independent
10. Sabili, Meynardo Asa : Independent Lakas ng Bansa NUCD
Source:Philippines,Commission Qn Elections[Undated-b]

BAYAN members joinedPnB.26) in Batangas, if not in all the four dis-

In the congressional elections in May tricts therein; in other words, many of

1987, most of the national politicalpar- the congressional aspirants find

could

ties could fieldtheir respective candidates partiesto run under (seeList 3). PnB 1
26) Ifitervicw with an organizer of BAYAN- and BAYAN did not field their own can-
Batangas. See footnote 18). didatesand, instead, supported one PDP-

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Laban candidate and three indepen- a provincial board member under the
dents, namely, Rolando Suarez (PDP- Laurels' NP. The reasons why Perez
Laban), Hermilando Mandanas (incle- split from the Laurels,in his own expla-
pendent), Dante Carandang (indepen- nation, were that Vice-PresidentLaurel
dent) ancl Efren Mercado (indepen- used his influence on President Aquino
dent) .27) ln the selection process of the ruling co-

The result of the congressional elec- alltion's senatorial candidates in order to

tions in Batangas was an overwhelming include his brother, Sotero H. Laurel,
victory of UNIDO which elected con- and Perez was not included because
gressrnen in all the fbur districts. of this and that the Laurels decidedto
The fbur congressmen were Conrado V. field anether member of the familyas a
Apacible, Hernando B. Perez, Milagros gubernatorial UNIDO
candidate in of

Laurel Trinidacl (a daughter of former the next localelections.28) At the time

SpeakerJoseB. Laurel,Jr.),and JoseE. of the congressional elections in May,
Calingasan. Therefore, in spite of the however, Perez remained under the

penetrationand/or the consolidation of Laurels at least on the surface. His

other national politicalparties,the polit- open split with the Laurels came at the
ical picture in Batangas from after the time when the ruling coalition was

revolution when the KBL elective offi- selecting its candidate for Speaker of
cials were replaced by UNIDO members the House of Representativesin June.
untll the congressional electlons can be While the Laurels supported Francisco
describedas domination of UNIDO. Sumulong as the UNIDO's candidate,

The domination of UNIDO was almost Perez supported Mitra, a presidential

synonymous with the domination of the aspirant and rival of Vice-President
Laurels,who now hacl Vlce-President, a Laurel [Boejal 1987: 4-5]. Mitra
senator (SoteroH. Laurel) and a con-
eventually became Speaker.
Meanwhile, there was a move
gresswoman (Milagros
Laurel Trinidad), among

and were grooming Benjamln C. Laurel certain Batangas politicians to form a

as a gubernatorial candidate ofUNIDO. coalition in order to fieldcommon can-

Events that were to the didates in the forthcoming local elec-

change picture
drasticallytook tions to wrest the provincial leadership
place the
shortly after

elections, that is, the Laurel-Perez split

firornthe Laurels. The principalinitia-
and the formation of an anti-Laurel tors of the move were Jose Malvar
coalition.
Villegas, Querubin
..
Makalintal and

Perez, being a godchild of Jose B. 28) Perez raised these points persistently in
Laurel, .Jr.,had been under the Laurels his speeches throughoutthe campaign pe-
riod of 1988local elections. He evenwent
throughout his political career especially on to say that the Laurels intended to
since 1980 when he had been elected as block inclusion qf his name in the senato-
" ticket. But this contradicted
27) see footno'te i651. rial
claim of the Laurels.
with thc

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Crisanto Gualberto, a defeated congres- lowers and sympathizers. After a series

sional candidate of Lakas ng Bansa. When of talks among the politiciansinvolved,
Perez split with the Laurels, they tried the anti-Laurel coalition got into shape
to joinhands with Perez and his fo1- by midJulyand Perez became the chair-

List 4 Mayors of Batangas Before the Revolution and Their Party Affiliations

MunicipalitylCity Mayor AffMations

Dec.Party
1985 Jan.1988
(First
District)
1. Balayan L. Rarnos KBLUNIDO (DNR)UNIDO
2. Calaca A. Casanova
3. Calatagan J･ CozH. KBLKBLUNIDO LPXLBLBUNIDO
4. Lemery de Castro
5. Lian6. C. Lamano
Nasugbu P. Refiosa KBLKBLKBL LP(DNR)
7. Taal P. Gahol
8. Tuy(Secend L. Calingasan UNIDO
District)
9. Batangas City C. Berberabe KBLKBLKBLKBLKBLKBLUNIDO
LPUNIDO
10. Bauan B. aastillo
11. Lobo R. Sullt LPLB(DNR)
12. Mabini R. Amurao
13. San Luis O. Diokno
14. San Pascual E. Lualhati Ind.Ind,
15.Tingloy A. Datingaling
(ThirdDistrict)
16.Agoncillo A. Alcantara (DNR)
KBLKBLKBLUNIDOKBLUNIDO
17.Alitagtag M, Hernandez (DNR)LB(DNR)LBLB(DN.R)LB
18. Balete H. Ramirez
19. Cuenca V. Reno
20. Laurel P. Amo
21. Malvar M. Reyes
22. Mataas na kahoy I. Laluna KBLKBLKBLKBLKBLUNIDO
23. San Nicolas T. Mayuga
24. Sta, Teresita N. Segunial
25. Sto. Tomas L. Laurel, Jr.
26. Talisay A. Laurel (DNR)
27. Tanauan S. Olfato UNIDO
(Fourth District)
28. Ibaan R. Reyes (DNR)(DNR)
KBLKBLKBLKBLKBLKBLKBL
29.Lipa City C. Solis
30. Padre Garcia E. Gutierrez LBLBLB(DNR)LB
31. Rosario F. Magracia
32, San Jose V. Kalalo
33. San Juan V. Lecaroz
34. Taysan I. Sulit,Jr.
LB: Lakas ng Bansa; (DNR): Did Not Run
Source: Philippincs, Provincial Development Stafl;Batangas[1980];Philippines, i
Commission on Elections [1987]
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Table 3 Party Affiliations

of the Replaced Former KBL Mayors at the
the Elections
.!ims..of .1.988.Local
Number of the Replaced Former KBL Mayors 28
Number of Those who Ran in the Elections 17
Under Lakas ng Bansa 10
Under UNIDO 2
Under LP-Salonga Wing 3
Under PDP-Laban 1
As Independent 1
Number of Those Who Did Not Run. 11
. -

man ofthe coalition now called Lakas split and the formation of the anti-

ng Batangan. Congressman Apacible Laurel coalition changed the political

who was also a godchild of Laurel, Jr. picture Now, the major
completely.

became itsvice- ¢ hairman. Party aflllia- political clivisionln Batangas was a

tions of those who coalesced under Lakas divisionbetween the pro-Laurel and the
ng Batangan included seven political anti-Laurel. The new division made
parties, namely, UNIDO (PerezWing), the previous dlvision almost irrelevant.
Lakas ng Bansa, the LP-Salonga Wing, The majority of politiciansin Batangas
the LP-Kalaw Wing, PNP, Lapiang were to be realigned into the two
Manggagawa and BISIG ng Batangas.2?) camps toward the local elections. It is
The major politicaldivisionln Batan- interesting to note that, out of the
gas from after the revolution until the twenty-eight replaced KBL mayors who

congressional elections had been basically once grouped together under BISIG,
an extension of the divislonthat existed seventeen ran in the local elections ancl

at the time of the special presidential dld so as partiesunder

cancliclates of

eiection, though slgnificant changes had the ruling coalition except for one who
steadily been taking place as already de- ran as an independent (seeList 4 and
scribed. In other words, the division Table 3). The largest number ran

had been between those who supported under Lakas ng Bansa. While most of

Marcos-Tolentino and those who sup- the KBL national leadership remained
ported Aqulno-Laurel. The Laurel-Perez in the oppositlon, if not in KBL, after
'I-nt'e-rviei (seeList 5); most of its
it) with Jose Malvar Villegas,Ma-
the revolution
local affiliates switched to the parties
nila Peninsula Hotel, July18, 1988. A!so
see Anonymous [1987f: 35; 1987g: 28; under the ruling coalition by the time
l987h: 18; 1987k; 33]. It has to be noted of the local elections, taking advantage
that Villegas is an elusive figure. In the
special Presidential election, he supported
of the rivalry among the parties.As for
Marcos and Tolentino. When Lakas ng the thirty-fbur OIC mayors who were all

Bansa was formed, he became its deputy UNIDO at the time of their appoint-
secretary generaL Shortly before the
congressional and senaterial elections, he ments, eighteen ran in the local elec-
leftLakas ng Bansa. tions under UNIDO, nine under Lakas
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List5 Members of KBL Central Committee at the Tlme of the Special Presidential
Elcction and Thcir Party Afliliations
After the 19g8 Local Elections

Party President Ferdinand Marcos (KBL)*

Vice-President for Luzon Eduardo Cojuangco (KBL)*
Vice.Presidentfor Visaya Benjamin Romualdez (KBL)*
Vice-President for Mindanao Ali Dimaporo KBLNP

Secretary-General JoseRofio
Deputy Secretary-General JuanTuvera
Trcasurer Roberto Benedicto (KBL)*
Regional Chairman
NCR Imelda Marcos (KBL)*
Region I Conrado Estrella KBLNP(KBL)*
Region II Juan Ponce Enritc
Region III Eduardo Cojuangco
Rcgion IV IsiclroRodriguez NPKBL(KBL)*
Rigion V Fclix Fuentebella
Region VI Roberto Benedicto
Region VII Lorenzo Teycs NP(KBL)*
Region VIII Benjamin Romualdez
Region IX Vicente Cerilles NPKBLNPKBL
Region X Constantino Navarro, Sr.
Region Xi Alejandro Almendras
Region XII Ali Dimaporo

* Out of Country
Note: Idcntification of party affiliations was donc by Atty P. Patacsual, a staflbr of

Minerity Floor Leader Rodelfo AIbano's office and fermerly qf KBL national

head quarter, on August 16, 1988.

ng Bansa, one as inclependent;six did associate of Perez. As the localelections

not seek elections (seeList 6 and Table approached, the Perez faction came to

4). be identifiedclosely with Lakas Bansa

ng

The anti-Laurel coalition or Lakas ng through his alliance with Speaker Mitra.
Batangan was never a monolithic or co- On November 14, provincial conven-
a

hesive organization. It had two major tion of Lakas ng Bansa was held in
factions.The more powerfu1 of the two Western Phil'ippine Colleges in Batangas
was a faction led by Perez; the other City; Perez, Apacible and local candi-
faction was led by Villegas. It was very dates of the factionincluding Mayo for-
difficult for them to agree on a common mally aM,liated to Lakas ng Bansa in an

against the can- oathtaking ceremony admipistered by

gubernatorialcandidate
didate of the Laurels' UNIDO. The itsSecretary-General,Tarlj'uatco.?O)
The
two factions eventually came to take Villegas faction, on the other hand, /

their own coursesThe respectively. came to joinhands with the LP-Salonga

Perez factiongroomed Vicente A. Mayo 30) Interview Vi ¢ ente Mayo, of

who was OIC Vice-Governor ancl close Governor,with

Batangas, August 2,Office
1988.

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List 6 OIC Mayors of Batangas and Their Party Affiliations

Municipality/City OIC Mayor Party Affiliations

Feb. 1986 Jan.1988
(First
District)
1. Balayan B. Martinez UNIDOUNIDOUNIDOUNIDOUNIDOUNIDO
UNIDOUNIDOLBUNIDOUNIDOLBLB(DNR
2. Calacca A. Casanova
3. Calatagan P. Palacio,Jn
4. Lemery R. Ornales
5. Lian6. C. Lamano
Nasugbu R. Apacible
7. Taal C. Cafiiza UNIDOUNIDO
8. Tuy(Second P. Macalalad
District)
9. Batangas City J･ Atienza UNIDOUNIDO UNIDOLBLB(DNR)LBLBInd.
10. Bauan P. Boongaling
11. Lobo O. Lachica UNIDOUNIDOUNIDO
12.Mabini B. Calangi
13. San Luis L, Abrcnica
14. San Pascual M. Magsaysay UNIDOUNIDO
15, Tingloy A. Datingaling
(ThirdDistrict)
16. Agoncillo N de Sagun UNIDO UNIDO(DNR)UN!DO(DNR)UNIDOLBUNIDO
17.Alitagtag J.Dimaandal UNIDOUNIDOUNIDO
18. Balete G. Mendoza
19. Cuenca V. Reno
20. Laurel N. Panganiban UNIDOUNIDOUNIDOUNIDOUNIDOUNIDOUNIDOUNIDO
2i.Malvar M. Reyes
22. Mataas na Kahoy C. Landicho
23. San Nicolas G. Tenorio UNDIOUNIDOUNIDOUNIDOUNIDO
24. Sta.Teresita B, Andal
25. Sto. Tomas P. Malvar
26. Talisay B, Platon
27. Tanauan S. Olfato
(Fourth
District)
28. Ibaan N. Toreja UNIDO UNIDO
29. Lipa City R. Umali UNIDO UNIDO(DNR)
30. Padre Garcia J.Pesigan UNIDO
31. Rosario J. Agoncillo UNIDO UNIDO(DNR)
32. San Jose E. Umali UNIDO
33. San Juan A. de Villa UNIDO LBUNIDO
34. Taysan D. Driz UNIDO
-
Source: Philippines,'Provincial if
Goverfimlefft' Eat-.hg-.s-
[1986],Philippincs,
Commission on Elections [1987]

Wing which had justembarked

on a date, formally aenllated with the LP-
nation-wide organizationalblitz.On the Salonga Wing at a proclamation-oathtak-
same NQvember 14,the factionincluding ing ceremony administered by Senate
candidates for the local elections led by President JovitoSalonga at the resi-
Antonio Leviste,a gubernatorial candi- dence in Cubao, QJiezonCity ofJudy
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Table 4 Party Afllliations of the OIC Mayors at thc Timc of the 1988
Local Elections

Number of the olc Mayorg""'" 3428918

Number ofThose Who Ran in the Elections
Under Lakas ng Bansa
Under UNIDO
As Independent 16
Number of Thosr.
Mllllfg21d
N.ot Run

Araneta Roxas, chairman of the LP Table 5 Party Affiliations of the Mayors

Elected in the 1988 Local Elec-
steering committee.3i) At one time, there:
tions
fore, it seemed that the
gubernatorial
be three-cornered
to UNIDO 18
contest was going a
Lakas ng Bansa 14*
fightamong BerijaminLaurel (UNIDO), 1
PDP-Laban
Vicente (Lakas ng Bansa) and
Mayo Independent (UNIDO Unofficial) 1
Antonio Leviste (LP-Salonga Wing). 34
Total
But Leviste stepped down in the last
stage and LP decided to support Mayo's
* including J.Coz, Jr.who run under LPX
Lakas ng Bansa. He succeeded his fa-
gubernatorial candidacy. ther's candidacv during the carnpaign

0ne salient featureof the 1988 local period.

elections in Batangas was that most of

the candidates fbr the local positions board members, while UNIDO elected
frem Governor to city and rnunicipal only three board members. In the
councilors ran as those ofthe parties un-
however, UNIDO
mayoral contests,
der the ruling coalition thatwere compet-
barely obtained a slight edge over Lakas
ing with one another; some ran as inde- ng Bansa in terms of the number of

pendents; and few, under the opposition. mayors elected (seeList 7 and Table 5).
Practically speaking, the contests were
Interestingly, the thirty-four newly
between UNIDO and Lakas ng Bansa, includedten of the former
elected mayors
with the LP-Salonga Wing･and PDP-
KBL mayors who were replaced after
Laban being able to field candidates List
the rcvolution (compareList 4 and
only in limitednumbers of the cities and
7); the provincialboard included one
the muni ¢ ipalities. The result of the
of them.32)
elections was as fbllows. The guberna-

torial contest was a landslidefor Mayo.

Lakas ng Bansa also got Vice-Governor
32) The provincialboard member was Vicente -i1tt
and seven out of the ten provincial
Kalalo, former KBL Mayor of San Jose.
In addition, Jose Z, Coz, Jr.,a son of
31) Interview with Villegas. See footnote 29). former KBL Mayor of Calatagan was also

AIso see Anonymous [1988b:131. elected as a mayor.

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List 7 Mayors of Batangas Elected in January1988 and Their

Party Affiliations

Municipality/City Mayor Party Affiliatiens

January 1988
(First
District)
1. Balayan B. Martinez UNIDO
2. Calaca A. Casanova UNIDO
3. Calatagan J. Coz, Jr. LPILB
4. Lemery H. De Castro* LB
5. Lian C. Lamano UNIDO
6. Nasugbu R. Apacible LB
7. Taal L. Cabrera UNIDO
8. Tuy L. Calingasan* UNIDO
(SecondDistrict)
9. Batangas E. Dimacuha LB
10. Bauan B. Castillo* UNIDO
ll. Lobo L. Ramos UNIDO
12. Mabini R. Amurao* LB
13. San Luis O. Matro UNIDO
14. San Pascual M. Magsaysay LB
15. Tlngley J. Atienza UNIDO
(ThirdDistrict)
16. Agoncillo N, Sagun UNIDO
17. Alitagtag R. Macalintal UNIDO
18. Balete H. Ramirez* LB
19. CuenEa J.La Rosa UNIDO
20. Laurel ?. Arno* LB
21. Malvar P. Villegas LB
22. Mataas na Kahoy C. Landichu UNIDO
23. San Nicolas T. Mayuga* LB
24. Sta. Teresita B. Andal UNIDO
25. Sto. Tomas L. LaureL Jr.* PDP-Laban
26. Talisay B. Platon UNIDO
27. Tanauan S. Olfato UNIDO
(FourthDistrict)
28. Ibaan N. Toreja UNIDO
29. Lipa City R. Umali UNIDO
30. Padre Garcia E. Gutierrez* LB
31. Rosario A. Luna Ind. (UNIDO Unofficial)
32. San Jose A. Alday LB
33. San Juan A. de Villa LB
34. Taysan I. Sulit, Jr.* LB
* Former KBL Mayors
Source: Philippines, Provincial Government of Batangas [1988!; Philippines,
Commission on Elections[1987]

- -. I986b. Unido, Laban JoinForces.

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