PROBLEMS

CHAPTER1. OPTICAL RECEIVERS

116
BER of w h e r e t h e p i i r . i L -r .
propagation. In fact.the increasin'e curvatureof BER curvesindicatesthtt the
This behavior is typical of t r a n s f e rf u n c t i r , r .r
l0-e would be unreachable after; distanceof 2600 krn.
r t r t dH , , , , , { .r /l , , r . -
m o s t l i g h t w a v e s y s t e m s . T h e e y e d i a g r a n r s e e n i n F i g . - l . 2 .of
lisclualitatir,elydiftèrent
the use the RZ format'
thanthat appearing in Frg' zt'13'This differenceis relatedto 4 . 6 C o r r s i d c rl { r \ .

Theperformanceol-anopticalreceiverin.actualiightrva r.esystemsmaychange b a n d w i d t h .( r 5 , .
the BER clirectlylbr a syslernin operu-
with time. Sinceit i, noiforiitre to neasure in Sectton
t a n c e .a n c l 3 t i l l
As discussed
tion. an alternative is neededto monitorsystelllperftlrurance' ol opticll porr..1
t l o i r c ' 1 n . ;, , , , , ' ,
4 . 3 . 3 ' t h e e y e d i a g r a r n i s b e s t s r r i t e c l f o r t h i s p u r p o s c : c l o s i n g o f increase
theey,eisanleasure
anclis associatecl with a corresponcling
o1degradation ln recelverperfornrance 4 . 7 T h e r e c e i v c t (. ) 1i , .
intheBE,R'Figures4.l3and.t.2:lshowexanlplesofthecl'ediagrarrrsltlr.lightwave ( l u r r c \u S \ l t ,
S y s t e m s m a k i n g u s c o f t h c N R Z a n d R Z f o r r n a t s . r e s p e c t i \ ' esignal
l y . T hise tl'ans-
ey,ciswideopen i r n u r n r c e c i rt . , i J
partiall)'cltlsed$hct.tthe
in the absenceof opticalfiber but becomes tibcr t h e r m u ln o i s c , \
ol' the ey,eis ciuero arnpliticrnoise.
r.nittedthrougha long iitrer Inr. closing distortitln
'nhich leaclt. consiclcrable
clispcrsion. anclva.ous nonlinearetfects.all of 4 . f l T h c c \ ( . c s \r ) , , i . -
l l l s t c i l do l ' l - . 1 1
r. -
o f o p t i c a l p u l s e s a s t h e y p r o p a g a t e t h r o u g h t h e f ] b e r ' T h epcrlilftllancc'
contirruousnronittlringot.the
as a nleasurcof receiver
eyepûtternis corrmonin u.iu"t svstells l l n a t c cw l i t l r i r rl r ,
operatingin the $'avelength rangeI 3- I '6 p tn r r r r t l| . () l i r r .( i r . I
The perftrrmance of opticalreceivers
seenclearl-Y l'ronlthc clatain Fig '1 23' The ttse
is scverelylimitedby thernialntlise.as 4.9 Dcrive Eq. t-l1 ii
but to ri lirrited extentonlv' bccatrseof'the
of ApD recclverslmprovesthe situatitln. c o l n p u t c rb \ , [ r . r l :
c x c e s s n o i s e f a c t o r a s s o c i a t e c l w i t h l n G a A s A P D s . M t l s tcan
r c c be
c i rconsiclerably
'ersoperateawayfrotrr C o r n p i l Rl 'h c r r , , r :. .
The ettectof thernialtltlisc
the quantumlirnit by 20 dB or tnore. lttttel o t D t t trer l, , r ,
techniques in $'hichthe rccciYedsignalis nrixcd
reducccl by usin-lcoherent-cletectitln
{ . 1 0 l ) t ' r i r ei l n t ' \ l r r r , . -
c o h e r e n t l y w i t h t h e o u t p u t o f a n a r r o w - ] i n e w i i l t h l a s e r . T h e r con
ccir'crpcrlilrnlancecan
signalbelbreit is inciclcnt thc photode- b Y L r r j r , -.
alsobe improvedr)y ",ipiiivlng the optical ntaxin.tum
the nert chapter'
tector.We turn to oprrcalamplifiersin J . l I P n r v el l r l r tt l r r .I , i . -
c l e c i s i o nt h r - c s l t rL,,l

Problems l . l 2 A l . . t - l ' r ndr i g i r , r ,l .

b a n d w i d t ho l ' 6 ( ) \ l i
4 . l C a l c u l a t e t h e r e s p o n s i v i t y o I a 1 l _ r _ l r p h o t o t l i o t l e a t l . 3 at
andl...5.5pnriIthequan_ 9 0 7 , q u a n t L r nctl l r -
moreresp()l1Sir,e1.55gnt.l
tum efficiencyrs 80%. why i,it-'. photodiocle h g r r r ci s . l d f l . ( . r .
o n a ' A P D \ \ i t h r c s p o n s i v i toyl ' 6 A / W ' H o w 1 1 t , ' at1l ,,' . ' 1 '
4 . 2 p h o t o ' sa t a r a r co f l 0 l 0 / s a r ei ' c i c l e n t
the photocurrcntilt thc ()pcrrttingrruve- BER.l'l1; rl.,
Calculatethe quantunretliciencyancl
l e n g t ho f 1 . 5p r n f b r a n A P D g a i no l ' l 0 ' l . l 3 C l r l c u l l r t tùh t .l . r . r . . .
4 . l l i n l l l c \ h ( ) t - r r. ,.
4 . 3 S h o w b y s o l v i n g E q s . ( . 1 . 2 . 3 ) a n c l ( . 1 . 2 . 4 ) t h a t t h e r r r u l t i pprocess.
l i c a t i t lTreat
rrfirctorMisgiven
,q,pD in which electrolrs iniriate the avalanche d u r i n gh i t I i r rr l r . , r.
by Eq. (4.2.7)rJ. nn
and ûli as constitnts' pu lsc'.)
û,,
4 ' 4 D r a w a b l o c k d i a g r a m o f a t l i g i t a l o p t i c a l r e c e i r ' e r s h o wsignal
i n g i tused
s v a rby
t t . thc
luscolnp()- L l - l D e r i v c n n c x p r c s . i ,, :
How is the
nents.Explainth! functionol eachconlponent. ntaxirnize thc recc r,.-
<Jecisioncircuitrelatecltotheinciclentopticalpower'l Mrp as a firnction ,,:
to gencratea
pulse shapeof Eq' ('l'3'6) can be generalized
4.5 The raised-cosine
l o r I n G a A sA p l ) : , - . .

fàmilYof suchPulsesbY defining J . l 5 D e r i v e a n e x p r e s s i t , r:

a linite extir-rctionr.rtr
sin(rBt) cos(nBBt)
' , , , u r ' -, - , . r r o i s eeo n t r . i h u llL( ', I .
r& l_lllJlJr)_
\I- RECEIVERS PROBLEMS t11

. rhatthe BER of wherethe parameterB r,'aries between0 and l. Derivc an expressiontbr the
,.ror is tYPicalof transfèrtïnction É1,,u,(,1)
givenby the FoLrrier
transfirrmol'h,,u,(t).Plot ft,,,,1(r)
:l.rtivelYdifferent tbr B : 0. 0.-5.and l.
and11,,u1(./)
,: thc RZ fbrmat. 4.6 Considera 0.S-ptrnrcceir,eruith l silicon7r-r-riphotodiode.Assurne20 MHz
,'nr\ may change bandwidth.65% quantuntefliciency.I nA dark current.8 pF .junctioncapaci-
.\ \tem in oPera- tance.and 3 dB amplifiernoisefigure. The rcceir,eris illuminatedwith 5 1tW
, L r ' s c di n S e c t t o n of opticalpower.Determincthe RMS noisecurrentsduc to shotnoise.thcrrnal
' .'r c is a fileasure
n o i s ea. n da r r p l i f i e rn o i s e .A l s o c a l c u l a t teh c S N R .
.:.rrtrding increase
4.7 The receiverof Prclblenr .1.6is uscclin a di-gitalconrr.nunication systelnthat re-
..,11. l'ur lightwave
quiresa SNR of at least20 dB fbr satislirctorr-' perforntancc.What is the min-
lrc is wideoPen
imum receivedpol"'err.vhcnthe dctcctionis limitcclby (a) shot noiseancl(b)
:-..''igtlal is trans-
t h e r m anl o i s e ' A
l l s o c a l c u l a t tcl r cn o i s e - e c l u i t u l cpnotw e ri n t h et w o c a s e s .
: ' l r t i c ln o i s e ,f i b e r
:.lcrrrblcclistortion 4 . 8 T h c c x c e s sn o i s cl l c t o r o l ' a v a l a n c hpeh o l o d i o d eiss o l t c n a p p r o x i r r a t ebcyl M '
. :ilr)tlitoring of the i n s t e a d oEf q . ( . 1 . l: 81 ). . F i n ctlh c r a n g e o l ' M l i r r l v h i c h E q . ( .1+u. :) 1c .a n b c a p p l o x -
: i \ rl'lllanCC. i n r a t e dw i t h i n 1 0 7 b y F 1 ( M ) - M ' b ) ' c h o o s i n .gr '- 0 . 3 l i r r S i . 0 . 7 f i r r I n G a A s .
: . . r t t g1c. 3 - 1 . 6P t n a n d l . 0 f i r r G e . U s c r : 0 . 0 2l i r r S i . 0 . l - 5t i r r l n G a A s .l n c l l . 0 f i r l C c .
l : r g .- 1 . 2 3 T. hc use
4 . 9 D e r i v eE q . ( 4 . : 1 . 2 2 )P. l o t , ù / , , ,r,',c l s u s4 . 1b v s o l l i n g t h e c u b i cp o l y n r l n t i aol n a
: .r. lrccltttseof thc
,lùfrttc away fioln c o r r r p u l c r buys i n g R r _ : I k O . 1 ' ; , : 2 . R - I A / W . l ' i , , : l 1 t W . 1 n dI , ! : 2 n A .
C o r n p a rteh er e s u l t sw i t h t h ea p p r o x i r n a a t en a l y t i cs o l u t i o ng i v e nb y l t q . ( . 1 . 4 . 2 3 )
.,r l.c cttnsiderablY
. , . 1. i q n a l i s n l i x e c l
a n dc o r l n r c n ot n itsvaliditv.
:: I,crlilrmance can J . l 0 D c r i v ca n e x p r e s s i t lftirr l t h e o p t i r r r . r nvta l u co 1 ' M l i r r w h i c h t h c S N R b c c o r n e s
-:lt \)11 lhc Photodc- n t a x i r n u nbry u s i n . lF l . M ) - M ' i n E q . ( - 1 . -l1c.) ) .
{.ll P r t t v et h a t t h c b i t - c r r o r a t c ( B E R ) u i r , ' e n
b y E q . t . 1 . 5 . ( ri st r n i n i n t r . rw
r rh e n t h c
d e c i s i o nt h r e s h o l icsl s e tc k r s et o a v a l u cg i v c nb y f t q . t 4 . - 5 . t ) ) .

J . l 2 A 1 . 3 - g r nc l i - s i t al 'le c r - i r cirs t r p e l u t i r tlgt l ( X )M b / s u n d h l s a n e f I ' c c t i v n cuisc

bandwidthol'60 MHz. 1'hc7>r-rr photodioclc has ncgligibleclarkcurrentancl
:i gm if thcquan- 90%quanturn e l ' f i c i c n c yT. h e l o a c l c s i s t a n c ies l ( X )O u n d t h c a n t p l i l i e n r oisc
. i ' i . r t1 . 5 5P m ' /
f i g u r ei s 3 d B . C a l c u l a t teh er c c c i v c sr e n s i l i v i tcyo r r c s p o n d i nt og a B E R o 1 'l 0 ' ) .
.:.,,nsivity ol' 6 A/\\'' H t t w n t u c hd o c si t c h a n g ci l ' t h e r e c e i v c irs c l c s i g n etdo o p e r t t cr e l i a b l yu p t o u
r : r l o p e r a t i n gw a v c B E Ro 1 ' l 0 l r ' l
'))
J . l 3 C a l c u l a t ct h er e c e i v csr c n s i t i v i t (ya t a B E R , ' f l ( ) l i r r t h c l c c t - i r c ri n P r o b l c r n
: . , nl i t c l o r M i s g i v e n 4 . l 2 i n t h e s h o t - n o i saen c tl h e r m a l - n o i sl icr n i t s .H o w r n a n yp h o t o r rasr . ci n c i c l c n t
.rir"hcProcess.Treat d u r i n g b i tl i n t h c t w o l i n r i t s i ft h e o p t i c apl u l s c c a n b e a p p r o x i n r a t c d b y u s ( p r a r c
pulsc'/
I 1l: \rll'lollS COITIP()-
{.14 Derivean exprcssionlitr thc ol.ltinrunt gainM,,,,1o1'anAPD rcceivcrthilt \\oul(l
: . i g n a lu s e db Y t h e maxirnize t h e r e c e i v c sr e n s i t i v i t l , b tya k i n - u
t h c c x c c s s - n o i sl ue c l o l a s M ' . P l o t
M , , pâr s a f u n c t i o nt t f . r l i t r c r t - 0 . 2 n r A a n cA l l - I G H z l r n r cl s t i n r a t ict s r u l u c
to generatci''
:..,lizccl l b r I n G a A sA P D s ( s e eP r o b l e n t : 1 . 8 ) .

{.15 Deriveanexprcssionfortl.rcsensitivityol'anAPDreccivcrbytakinglntoacc()unt
a finiteextinctionratiofbr the generalcasein which bothshotnoiseanrlthclntal
noisecontributeto the receivcrsensitivity.You can neglect1hcclalkcLlrrcnt.
178 CHAPTER 1, OPTICAL RECEIVERS REFERENCES

power penaltyof a p-i-rt ', I

4.16 Derive an expressionfbr the intensity-noise-induced t17l K. Kato, A. Kozen.\
ratio. Shot-noiseandintensity- Tecltnol.Lett.6. I1r) .
receiverby takinginto accounta finiteextinction
noisecontributions canbothbe neglected comparedwith the noisein the
thernral l l 8 l K . K a t oa n dY A k r l , .
off statebut not in the on state. | < ) l T . T l k c L rhei . T . \ : r k
E82C. l-502( l99c),
4.17 Use the resultof Problem4.16 to plot the power penaltyas a functionof the
l20l K. Kato.IEL.E7'nut. ,
intensity-noise parameter11[seeEq. (4.6.6)for its definition]fbr severalvalues
penaltybeconleinfinite?Explain l 2 l l K . S . C i b o n e y I. l . .I \ -
of the extinctionratio. When doesthe por.r'er r . l c l l:.r r t dJ . F . .B , ' u . '
p
t h em e a n i n go f a n i n f i n i t ep o w e r e n a l t y .
l 2 2 l H . I t o .T . F u r u t l .S K
4.18 Derivean expression fbr the timing-jitter-inducedpowerpenaltyby assumtnga
I 2 3 l G . E . S t i l l r n a rnL n tLl
:
parabolicpulseshapeI (r) t ,,1t - Êt)) an<Ja Gaussian jitter distributionwith a
Willalclsonanrl,.\.( l
standard r
cleviation (RMS value).You can assunte thatthe receivcrperfbrmance
t l J l H . V c i el t i o r 'i .r r1 ,
is dominatedby thermalnoise. Calculate the tolerablevaluc of Br that would N o r t l r - H u l l ; r r \rrrrl . .
keepthe powerPenaltYbelow I dB. l l " s l J . C . C a n r p b c l l .\ r ,
(t983).
l 1 6 l t s .[ - . K a s p c rl n t l . l (
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