Beyond Four Walls: An Investigation of Affordable Flood-responsive

Residential Factors Applied on the Spatial Layout in Socialized Housing

Development in NHA Bangkal Phase 2, Talomo, Davao City

An Architectural Research Paper Presented to the

College of Architecture and Fine Arts

Education University of Mindanao

Davao City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Architecture

Cartera, Lady Valerie M.

Cayasan, Janna Victoria D.

Florentino, Faith T.

Sam, Jamaica Marza L.

 Chapter I
Introduction

Rationale
The escalating vulnerability of housing to floods is a pressing global concern aggravated by climate
change (Winsemius, Jongman, Hallegatte, Bangalore, & Ward, 2018). Ongoing projections reveal a persistent
and deepening flood risk worldwide, presenting an extensive economic burden and a direct threat to human lives
(Salman & Yue, 2018). The interplay of flood characteristics, including frequency, duration, depth, and the
vulnerability profile of specific regions, dictates the scale and magnitude of potential damage (Birkmann, Sorg,
& Welle, 2017). Elements like geographical location and socio-economic circumstances significantly enhance
households' vulnerability to flooding (Bhattacharjee & Behera, 2017), especially in developing nations, where
approximately 85% of households are deemed vulnerable (Danso & Addo, 2017). As climate change intensifies,
it is crucial to comprehend communities' actual and perceived risks, experiences, and responses to develop
effective strategies for mitigating the impact of flooding on housing (Tiefenbacher J. , 2019). In urban centers
experiencing rapid economic progress, around 1.2 billion individuals are at risk of flood-related harm due to
land subsidence and rising sea levels (Aboulnaga, Elwan, & Elsharouny, 2019). These concerning patterns
emphasize the immediate requirement for inclusive, adaptable measures to counteract the escalating
vulnerability of housing to floods (Peck, Adams, & Armstrong, 2022).
In the Asia-Pacific region, where housing and flooding challenges converge (Hu, 2023), integrating
flood-responsive design principles into housing development becomes imperative for infrastructure (Andre &
Xavier, 2022), holistic well-being, and environmental sustainability (He, Xie, Luo, Zhong, & Wang, 2023).
Nowhere is this urgency more evident than in Metro Manila, where rapid urbanization has given rise to
substandard housing in flood-prone zones, disproportionately affecting vulnerable communities (Boquet Y. ,
2015). Beyond the immediate risks, the social consequences manifest in socio-economic strains and poignant
displacements (Fatemi, et al., 2020). Therefore, adopting a comprehensive flood-responsive design is the
remedy for building resilient communities that align with environmental conservation goals (Abdulkareem &
Elkadi, 2018), forging a sustainable path for future urban development (Giurgiu I. , 2021).
The worldwide impacts of climate change highlight the need of addressing the growing susceptibility
of dwellings to floods (Winsemius H. C., 2018). According to ongoing forecasts, there is a continual and
growing risk of flooding worldwide, which can cause significant economic hardships and directly endanger
human life (Salman A. &., 2018). To effectively design solutions to limit the effects of floods on housing, it is
imperative that we gain an understanding of communities' actual and perceived dangers, experiences, and
responses as climate change accelerates (Tiefenbacher J. , 2019). Flooding has societal repercussions that extend
beyond the immediate dangers, such as economic stresses and heartbreaking displacements (Fatemi F. , 2020).
By incorporating flood-responsive design principles into the spatial arrangement, communities' socioeconomic
vulnerabilities are addressed in addition to the physical susceptibility of buildings. We clear the path for
sustainable urban growth that protects lives and livelihoods by designing resilient spatial layouts (Tate, 2017).

The foundation of urban development is the concepts of flood-responsive design, which are integrated
into strategic spatial planning. According to (Lhomme, 2019), this involves creating buffer zones alongside
water bodies to make sure that newly built areas are raised above possible flood levels. In addition, the
construction of retention basins and floodways should be given top priority when planning a spatial layout to
control water flow during periods of high precipitation or storm surges (Shamseldin, 2018). These precautions
help the community be more resilient to flooding disasters in addition to protecting specific buildings.
(Shamseldin, 2018)

As a result, the solution to creating resilient communities that support environmental conservation
objectives is to implement a comprehensive flood-responsive design (Abdulkareem M. &., 2018), paving the
way for sustainable urban development in the future (Giurgiu L. , 2021). In flood-prone areas, it is imperative to
incorporate these design concepts into the spatial arrangement of housing developments. In areas like the Asia-
Pacific where housing and flooding challenges intersect, this entails elevating structures, implementing resilient
architectural features, and incorporating green infrastructure to enhance infrastructure, promote holistic well-
being, and ensure environmental (Hu, 2023).
Research Question
1. How does the affordable flood-responsive residential factors apply on the spatial layout of
socialized housing in NHA Bangkal Phase 2, Talomo, Davao City?
 What is the existing affordable flood-responsive residential factors applied on the spatial
layout of socialized housing in NHA Bangkal Phase 2, Talomo, Davao City?
 What flood-responsive residential factors have effective application in the spatial layout
in socialized housing NHA Bangkal Phase 2, Talomo, Davao City?
 What are residents’ experiences in NHA Bangkal Phase 2, Talomo, Davao City regarding
the effectiveness of existing flood-responsive residential facets within the spatial layout of
socialized housing?
Selected Case Study

Figure 1. Study Area (source: OpenStreetMap)

The NHA Bangkal Phase 2 is located in Barangay Talomo, Davao City, 8000, Davao Del Sur. The area
is located between 7.04855° or 7° 2' 55" north latitudes and 125.56281° or 125° 33' 46" east longitudes and has
an area of 0.1 km² and is situated close to the neighborhoods NHA Bangkal Phase 1 and Muslim Village. NHA
or National Housing Authority organization takes the lead in providing low-income, disadvantaged, and
homeless families with extensive, adequately planned housing solutions, thus enhancing their level of quality of
life by creating communities that are inclusive, livable, inexpensive, and equipped with basic amenities and
socioeconomic prospects, that can address the housing shortage in the Philippines (NHA, 2014)

It is fit for the study because the area experienced continuous cause of flooding near Matina Pangi,
Matina Crossing, and Matina Aplaya, one of the areas most severely damaged by the flooding that claimed
numerous lives based on data from previous years, the year 2011 and given that the NHA area contains a river
and even close to a coastline re, the location may experience a particular issue with floods, even though the city
was in a free zone during the stormy weather (Villaver, 2020). According to the PhilAtlas, the household
population of Barangay Talomo as of 2020 is 61,698.

Chapter II
Review of Related Literature
A Theoretical Review: Comprehensive Insights: Rural Residential Areas and Spatial Vulnerability
Framework

Social-Ecological-Technological Systems Framework

The research examined the structure, distribution, and layout of residential areas in Gongyi, Henan
Province. It also studied how location, terrain, social, and economic factors influence the growth and
development of these areas. The study focused on the driving mechanisms of spatial layout evolution (Berihun,
et al., 2019). The findings of (Guo, Zhang, Wang, & Qin, 2020) studies of rural residential areas in plain and
mountainous regions, respectively, demonstrated that topography, landform, road, and river all impacted the
layout of these places, typified by significant aggregation and limited dispersion.
Urban regions are made up of social, ecological, and technical systems. Within each domain, the SETS
vulnerability framework unites exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity as the three components of
vulnerability (Chang, et al., 2021). Social vulnerability indicators show socioeconomic factors (income,
percentage of renters), neighborhood demographics (people density), and age demographics (language
competence) (Rufat, Tate, Burton, & Maroof, 2015); (Kirby, et al., 2019). Land-surface features such as slope
and land cover, landscape quality including fragmentation and closeness to hazards, and greenness comprising
wetland and productivity are the three components that make up ecological vulnerability indicators. (Ding, Re,
Gu, & Che, 2019). Examples of technological vulnerability indicators include the built infrastructure such as
roads, emergency centers, and critical infrastructure, as well as public facilities like critical infrastructure and
buildings (Wilbanks & Fernandez, 2014); (Pregnolato, Ford, Glenis, & Wilkinson, 2017).

Figure 2. The Urban SETS Flood Vulnerability

Spatial Vulnerability Assessment

The idea of vulnerability has changed over time from being based on inherent causes to being
multifaceted and including institutional, social, economic, environmental, and physical dimensions (Wisner,
2016). Bentz, O'Brien, & Scoville-Simonds (2022) focus on its complexity, heterogeneity among social
groupings and geographical locations, and reliance on analytical units and time. Villagran & Velazquez (2019)
suggests a three-dimensional classification, while Lang, Kienberger, Hagenlocher, & Pernkopf (2015) present a
vulnerability cube structure. The number of spatially explicit vulnerability studies that map and measure
vulnerability dimensions is increasing (Frazier, Thompson, & Dezzani, 2014). 'Vulnerability units' are
introduced for spatial quantification in the Leis & Kienberger (2020) technique, which is designed for flood
risks and climate change. It emphasizes an examination at the sub-district level independent of administrative
boundaries.
 Roy & Blaschke (2014) suggest that a well-defined framework is necessary for a practical vulnerability
assessment despite the terms being interchangeable. Sensitivity and coping capability domains are this
paradigm's primary vulnerability categories. Population and age, livelihood and poverty, health, water and
sanitation, housing and shelter, roads and other infrastructure, land use/cover, environment, and gender are all
included in the sensitivity domains. On the other hand, the dimensions of coping capacity have resources,
education, and financial options. A detailed list of the indications chosen for each vulnerability domain,
considering various aspects, is presented in Figure 4.

Figure 3. Vulnerability Assessment Framework

Figure 4. Selected Vulnerability Domains and Indicators

A Methodological Review: Approaches to Flood-Responsive Residential Design and Spatial Planning:
Synthesizing Theoretical Foundations, Empirical Insights, and Advanced Methodologies

Key findings from several studies on flood-responsive residential design and spatial planning are
summarized in this methodological overview. The literature review explores into the theoretical foundations,
pragmatic factors, and obstacles related to mitigating the effects of floods in residential areas.

Theoretical Foundations for Flood-Adaptive Design:

The thesis by (Zaide, 2018) establishes a theoretical foundation for flood-responsive design,
emphasizing the need for a fundamental reorganization of living spaces in flood-prone zones. It encourages
architects to view flood adaptation not merely as a solution but as a restructuring of assumptions about
inhabiting such areas.

Empirical Insights from Residential Communities:

Interviews conducted by (Tri Harso Karyono, Nanda Hidayah Melyan, Siti Yaumilia Salsa & Elinda
Fariz, 2017) reveal that homeowners have attempted to elevate floor levels as a response to flooding. However,
the observed trend indicates that despite these efforts, flood levels continue to rise. The findings suggest a need
for more effective flood adaptation strategies at the residential level.

Spatial Morphology as a Research Instrument:

Meng Meng & Stead (2020) propose the use of spatial morphology studies as a research instrument
applicable at various levels (regional, municipal, town, district) to assess the potential of developments before,
during, or after the formulation of official spatial plans. This approach enables a proactive understanding of
spatial dynamics to inform resilient design and planning.

Survey Analysis of Riverbank Residential Communities:

Quang & Tuyet (2023) recommend examining the histories of riverbank residential communities
through survey analysis to understand perspectives on development and change in flood-affected areas. The
review encompasses threats to cultural landscapes, causes and effects of disasters, theoretical frameworks for
management practices, and resolution models proposed by relevant authorities.

Integration of Transportation, Urban Simulation, and GIS Techniques:

Studies by (Meng Meng & Stead, 2020) highlight the integration of transportation, urban simulation,
and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques for optimizing shelter sites and evacuation plans in the
face of coastal and river flooding. These approaches provide valuable insights for enhancing spatial planning
strategies in flood-prone regions.

Figure 5. Urban Simulation Figure 6. Geographic Information System (GIS)

A Historical Review: Shaping Shelters: The Evolution of Housing in the Philippines

Housing, defined as structures and spaces providing shelter, forms a fundamental human need,
encompassing dimensions beyond mere physical protection (Bassett, 2021). It is integral to fostering a sense of
security and belonging, influencing private spaces' psychological impact (Park & Seo, 2023). Beyond individual
well-being, housing shapes communities contribute to economic development and is intricately linked to social
structures, aligning with Maslow's hierarchy of needs (Poor & Jusan, 2017).
The evolution of affordable housing in the Philippines traces back to the post-World War II era when
the government-initiated housing programs to address the burgeoning demand (Lico, 2017). In the 1950s,
establishing the National Housing Authority (NHA) marked a pivotal step in systematically addressing housing
needs amidst economic challenges (Santos, 2018). Over the subsequent decades, various administrations
launched programs to make housing more accessible, emphasizing community-driven initiatives (Sicat, 2018).
The government's commitment to affordable housing reached new heights in the 21st century, exemplified by
innovative financing schemes and collaborations with the private sector (Karaos & Porio, 2015). Recently, an
increased focus on sustainable and resilient housing solutions underscores a holistic approach toward addressing
the evolving challenges of urbanization and population growth (Hugo, 2019). This historical trajectory reflects
the government's continuous efforts to create a framework for affordable housing, encapsulating socio-economic
considerations and fostering community development (Martinico-Perez, Schandl, Fishman, & Tanikawa, 2018)s.
On top of that, housing in the Philippines has undergone a transformative journey, reflecting both
indigenous practices and external influences (Hiwasaki, Luna, & Marcal, 2015). Using nature-made shelters
such as caves and rock shelters allowed for mobility (Pawlik & Fuentes, 2023). In the pre-colonial era, lean-to
shelters crafted from twigs and leaves offered temporary solutions, contributing to a nomadic lifestyle (Dizon,
2019). The iconic Bahay Kubo, a nipa hut, emerged during the pre-colonial and colonial periods, showcasing a
blend of indigenous materials like nipa and bamboo (Cabalfin, 2020). The Spanish colonial period witnessed the
advent of the Bahay na Bato, incorporating stone foundations and tiled roofing, catering to the local middle-
class and government officials (Paglinawan, 2022). During the American colonial period, the bungalow became
prevalent with low-rise structures featuring pitched roofs, metal roofing, and cement walls, accompanied by
yards, gardens, and parking spaces (Lorenzo, Ito, Kaku, Mukaiguchi, & Ono, 2019). As the Philippines
transitioned into the modern period, the townhouse emerged, using contemporary materials such as glass, steel,
and reinforced concrete (Sahakian, 2014). In the current period, condominiums took precedence, offering shared
amenities like parking, pools, gyms, and 24/7 security, particularly in urban centers and central business districts
(Kleibert, 2015).
Moreover, cultural and climatic factors influence the evolution of housing in the Philippines (Boquet Y.
, 2017). Indigenous materials, including nipa, bamboo, and wood, play a significant role in construction,
preserving a connection to cultural roots (Golden, 2017). Natural ventilation, emphasizing passive cooling
techniques, reflects an adaptation to the tropical climate (Chen, Tong, & Malkawi, 2017). Cultural values like
extended families, strong familial ties, and communal living traditions have shaped the design and function of
dwellings (Findley & Goldscheider, 2019).
In summary, housing is a crucial human requirement, profoundly influencing security, a sense of
belonging, and psychological well-being (Makinde, 2015). The historical narrative of affordable housing in the
Philippines originates post-World War II (Lico, 2017), characterized by government initiatives and the
establishment of the National Housing Authority. Subsequently, there has been a progression in programs
targeting accessibility and community-driven solutions, notably embracing inclusivity in the 1990s (Santos,
2018). In the 21st century, a heightened dedication is evident, marked by innovative financing and
collaborations with the private sector (Karaos & Porio, 2015). Simultaneously, the architectural scenery reflects
a dynamic fusion of indigenous practices and external influences (Hiwasaki, Luna, & Marcal, 2015), from
nature-made shelters to contemporary condominiums, showcasing adaptability and resilience in response to the
nation's changing socio-economic and cultural dynamics (Dumayas, 2023).
An Argumentative Review: Adapting Spaces: A Synthesis of Flood-Responsive to Spatial Layouts in
Affordable Housing:

Well-designed affordable housing must be essential to a city's resiliency, encompassing more than just
providing a place to live that is respectable, safe, and affordable (Lawrence, 2021). Socialized housing must
have spatial layouts that maximize living space and incorporate flood-responsive elements while maintaining
affordability and resilience to flooding. This calls for fully understanding the local context and community
demands (Castro, 2016). One of the significant barriers to housing development has always been affordability
(Gonzalez, 2016). However, recent studies suggest that it is probable to create cost-effective flood-responsive
design solutions at a low cost without sacrificing effectiveness (Johnson & Smith, 2018). To meet the
requirements of communal housing in flood-prone areas, this argument highlights the feasibility of installing
flood-resilient features within budgetary restrictions (Johnson & Smith, 2018).
Throughout the world, there has been an increase in flood frequency and intensity over the last ten
years (Smith, 2021). The spatial layout of communal housing can be improved by integrating cost-effective
design solutions, so it is crucial to investigate and support them. Considering these challenges, opportunities for
innovation exist from the convergence of affordable housing and flood-responsive architecture. Douglas (2014)
works provides a basis for customizing these strategies by illuminating international best practices in flood-
responsive housing. The study Rodriguez (2014) emphasizes the importance of comprehending past flooding
contexts when developing resilient solutions, as this will ensure adaptable spatial layouts that can endure
frequent floods.
An integrated and diversified approach is necessary to properly manage the issues posed by floods in
the house-building industry. A large body of research, such as that conducted by Smith (2021) and Johnson &
Smith (2018) support the use of raised structures because of their capacity to lessen flood damage by lowering
vulnerability. In addition, Johnson & Smith (2018) point out that using green infrastructure—including elements
like parks and green roofs—has become an increasingly important component. These elements serve as natural
flood barriers by absorbing excess water. Research shows how effective innovative drainage systems are in
actively managing stormwater using sensor-driven modifications and real-time data to avert flooding. As Moser
(2015) emphasizes, community engagement is critical in enhancing these technological solutions. Participating
in decision-making processes with the local community promotes a sense of shared ownership and responsibility
by guaranteeing that flood-responsive spatial layouts are based on the specific demands of the community
(Gonzalez, 2016). Gonzalez (2016) research indicates that considering affordability issues, cost-effective design
approaches should be incorporated into developing the spatial layout. This entails choosing building materials
that are both economically viable and flood-resistant while also making sure that the floods do not unduly
burden the cost of the features. In terms of space, this could mean creating practical, small-scale designs that
optimize durability while staying within budgetary bounds (Gonzalez, 2016).
Furthermore, Cutter (2014) emphasizes how environmentally friendly materials and construction
methods are crucial for sustainable construction practices, which connect flood resistance with more general
ecological sustainability principles. This research frame confirms that a holistic combination of raised buildings,
green infrastructure, intelligent drainage systems, and community involvement constitutes the fundamental
elements of resilient spatial designs that effectively reduce the effects of flooding while guaranteeing the
financial viability and ecological sustainability of residential construction projects (Cutter, 2014).
In summary, including flood-responsive architecture in the architectural plan of residential complexes
necessitates a comprehensive and cooperative strategy that includes raised buildings, green infrastructure,
intelligent drainage systems, and community involvement (Cutter, 2014). This comprehensive method
significantly reduces the consequences of flooding while preserving both environmental sustainability and
economic viability, as stated (Gonzalez, 2016).
 Chapter III
Methodology
Research Methodology

This study will employ a qualitative methodology to thoroughly investigate the incorporation of
affordable flood-responsive residential facets into the spatial layout of socialized housing in NHA Bangkal
Phase 2, Talomo, Davao City. Using descriptive methods will further facilitate an extensive exploration of the
research issue (Ezennia & Hoskara, 2019). The methodology encompasses interviews, on-site observations and
documentation, providing an understanding of the physical environment of the study area (Khair, Ali, Sipan,
Juhari, & Daud, 2015). The data will be acquired through interviews with key stakeholders (Ezennia & Hoskara,
2019), notably residents, to delve into the existing flood-responsive features integrated into the spatial layout.
Given the nature of the research, an exploratory case study design will be utilized to reveal comprehensive data
(Tetnowski, 2015). Similarly, an exploratory data analysis will be employed to disclose insights related to
affordable flood-responsive residential facets and their integration into the spatial context (Hesse-Biber, 2016) .

Research Design
This research utilizes an exploratory case study design to comprehensively grasp the phenomenon
(Ebneyamini & Moghadam, 2018) due to the limited information regarding the integration of affordable flood-
responsive residential facets into spatial layouts. This approach is advantageous for revealing insights,
identifying patterns, and understanding the factors influencing the spatial layout (Davey, 2019). Moreover,
exploratory research design involves gathering data through observations, interviews, focus groups, and surveys
(Swedberg, 2020). An exploratory approach proves more beneficial in this context as the nature of the subject
prohibits the manipulation of variables, prevents the study from being conducted in a controlled environment,
and likely hinders the researcher from identifying all influences on the entity (Singh, 2021). The essence of good
research is to work through a research topic in an effort to find something new and fascinating; hence, the study
aims to examine a phenomenon or provide an answer to an issue (Swedberg, 2020).

Data Collection
This section will discuss the process for collecting information related to flood-responsive features
applied in the spatial layout of NHA Phase 2 Bangkal, Talomo, Davao City. There will be three stages in the data
collection process: determining the sample size using single-stage probability, obtaining building information
through a survey questionnaire, and gathering information about residents' flood experiences through an open-
ended questionnaire. The researchers will implement a comprehensive data collection to obtain precise and
accurate data.

Research Instrument

A survey questionnaire modified from (Uwakwe, 2015) was used to investigate the impact of flooding
on building structures and the variables that affect building vulnerability based on local knowledge. The
questionnaire was divided into four main sections: general information, elements at risk, floods, and damage and
losses. The general information encompasses respondent’s profile and building information. In contrast, the
elements at risk are composed of building characteristics and population characteristics. Flood encompasses the
causes of floods, flood occurrence, and flood-proofing, while damage and losses resulting from floods include
damage to building structures and contents. Utilizing this tool, the study aimed to comprehensively assess the
vulnerability of the NHA Phase 2, Bangkal, Talomo, Davao City to floods. The building vulnerability of the
given questionnaire is illustrated in Figure 8.

Building Selection

Researchers consider specific criteria when selecting buildings for the NHA Phase 2 survey in Bangkal,
Talomo, and Davao City. One of the significant criteria to consider is the type of building wherein the study
focuses on single-detached households. Another crucial factor to consider is whether the household has
experienced any floods in the past few years, as it could affect the data collected during the survey. Studies have
also shown criteria for selecting buildings appropriate for the intended study (Sawhney, 2009; Chau, Yik, Hui,
Liu, & Yu, 2007). By identifying the buildings based on these standards, the researchers will be able to
guarantee the relevance of the research as well as the reliability and accuracy of the data gathered.

Interview Participants

The study primarily focuses on the population that lives in NHA Phase 2 Bangkal, Talomo, Davao City.
The research participants are at least 18 years old and above. The researchers employed a single-stage sampling
strategy to choose the participants. This kind of research sampling design is frequently employed when a
thorough list of population units is available. The list serves as the sampling frame for the probability-based
selection of survey sample units (Wu & Thompson, 2020). Consequently, data from bounded populations are
obtained in survey research using a single-stage research sampling strategy (Zhao, Ghosh, Rao, & Wu, 2019).
This methodology serves to provide neutral and unbiased participant selection, a crucial aspect of achieving
credible research outcomes.

Figure 7. Adopted Survey Questionnaire (Uwakwe, 2015)

Data Analysis
The following section includes tools that were utilized to analyze data obtained through three distinct
methodologies: quantitative, qualitative, and mixed. Through this multimodal approach, the data was
triangulated to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the research topic (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). The
study employed a Convergent Mixed Method Design, which involved two phases of analysis. The first phase
was analyzing the quantitative data, followed by analyzing the qualitative data, and finally, integrating the two
through synthesis. (Dawadi, Shrestha, & Giri, 2021).

Quantitative Data Analysis

The data obtained from survey questionnaires undergo initial analysis through the application of
descriptive analysis. Descriptive analysis is a statistical technique that provides a comprehensive interpretation
of natural occurrences or events, presenting a summary of data samples (Wijayangka, Gustyana, Sari , &
Waspada, 2022). An in-depth understanding of a particular subject can be attained through descriptive analysis,
which provides researchers with detailed insights into behaviors, occurrences, or phenomena. This information
can assist in decision-making, policy formulation, and future research endeavors (Ültay, Balaban, & Ültay,
2021). The purpose of this is to obtain the average, middle value, and most commonly occurring value of the
given data, which is then depicted through graphical representation.

Qualitative Data Analysis

This research will employ exploratory data analysis. The methodology section describes the
exploratory analysis, emphasizing its suitability for revealing new discoveries (Hesse-Biber, 2016). The study
area, data gathering techniques, and selection criteria for affordable, flood-responsive residential aspects are all
included. To obtain detailed information, the methodology involves interacting with stakeholders, making on-
site observations, and utilizing participatory design techniques (Denzin, 2018).

Exploratory research utilizes an inductive method, allowing ideas to emerge from the data rather than
depending on preconceived notions. The principal point of the study is to find patterns, themes, and connections
in the data (Babbie, 2016). Interpreting the data on flood-responsive residential features in communal housing
for your study would entail considering their innovative qualities and usefulness (Babbie, 2016). According to
Denzin (2018), the thorough analysis of qualitative research methods, which provides a strong methodological
framework for examining complex data in the context of socialized housing. Thus, it delivers essential insights
into the planning of sustainable cities and regions and offers a framework for comprehending the consequences
of incorporating flood-responsive design into the socioeconomic structure of urban growth (Denzin, 2018). The
research supported by the literature review appeals to accepted flood-responsive design concepts (Abdulkareem
M. &., 2018), and the difficulties distinctive to socialized housing (Hesse-Biber, 2016). The literature review,
which identifies knowledge gaps, supports the necessity of an exploratory investigation to find appropriate
solutions to the particulars of this study.

Mixed Method Data Analysis

The analysis of data collected from both quantitative and qualitative surveys will involve data
integration and methodological triangulation. This will require combining the results obtained from both the
quantitative and qualitative studies (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). When merging quantitative and qualitative
data, a side-by-side comparison methodology can be applied. This technique is commonly used in mixed
methods research to compare quantitative and qualitative findings in the results and discussion section. The
researcher first reports quantitative data and then discusses qualitative findings to either support or contradict
these conclusions (Creswell & Creswell, 2018).

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