1.

Thomas Wyatt
 In his sonnets Wyatt in the main follows the Petrarchan convention of the sonnet, but there are significant departures, and his handling of the
sonnet, both in theme and structure, is characterized by originality. Petrarch had divided his sonnets into two parts: the octave of eight lines and the
sestet of six lines, with a pause or "Caesura‫ " وقفة شعرية‬after the eighth line. It is the Petrarchan form of the sonnet that Wyatt follows. His use of this
measure is often rigid and awkward, and he entirely fails to capture the warm, sensuous colour and delicate music of the Italian poet.
 We still enjoy Wyatt's poetry because of its qualities. Firstly, we feel intimate and close to him as a friend who confides us and tells us his inner feelings
and secret passions. The second important feature of his poetry lies in the autobiographical (related to the poet’s life) hints about his love affair with
Anne Boleyn. The third quality of his poetry that so pleasantly startles ‫ يدهشنا‬us is the abrupt opening ‫ بدايات مفاجئة‬and conversational tone ‫ نغمة تخاطبية‬of
his verse which reminds us of John Donne and other metaphysical poets. Fourthly he introduced the sonnet into England and modified it to suit the
genius of the English people.
(1) Farewell love ‫وداع يا حب‬
Farwell love and all thy laws forever! The main idea: the poet would no more waste his time in love for the arrogant behavior ‫األسلوب المتغطرس‬
‫مع السالمة يا حب ومع الف سالمة لقوانيك الى األبد‬ ‫ لحبيبته‬has caused him much suffering. He rejects now the idea of love (enough) because she caused him
thy baited hooks shall tangle me no more: a lot of suffering
‫سنانيرك اللى فيها ُطعم لن تصطادنى بعد ذلك‬ The poet says “Good bye to love and all your laws “I am not going to be hooked by the bait of
Senec and Plato call me from thy lore,
love”. The metaphor is taken from fishing. Fishes are caught by the use of a hook with some bait
‫سينكا وافالطون بيغونى‬
attached to it. He gives up love. He is no longer going to be deceived by love anymore.
to perfect wealth my wit fro to endeavour.
‫وبدخل فى صراعات كتير مع نفسى‬ He will completely devote himself to study the philosophy of Seneca and Plato. Instead of wasting
in blind error when I did persever, his time in love, he is going to study the great philosophies. Seneca is a Roman tragedian and a
‫كانت غلطتى انى صبرت وسلمت للحب‬ philosopher. Plato is a Greek philosopher. “I will use my time in a better way, in studying philosophy”.
thy sharp repulse, that pricket aye so sore, This would give him great happiness. By reading their works, he hopes to achieve perfect happiness
‫رفضك القوى وخزنى (زى الدبوس) وجعلنى اتالم‬ which cannot be achieved through following the laws of love. “I am not going to be entangled no more
hath taught me to set in trifles no store, ‫الفخاخ والصنانير مش هقع فيها تانى‬or deceived or hooked by you”.
‫اتعلمت محافظش على الحاجات التافهة‬ The poet blames himself saying that “I was wrong (mistaken) and blind when I followed the laws
and scape forth since liberty is liever. of love or to pursue the laws of love”. Of course, his beloved rejects him and such rejection caused him
‫وانفد بجلدى ألن الحرية اغلى‬ great me. This rejection of his beloved has taught him a lesson “not to give importance to trivial or
therefore farewell! go trouble younger hearts, petty things. He will free himself from love.
‫وعشان كده مع السالمة روح ازعج الشباب‬ “I passed the experience and understood the lesson “never to give importance to unimportant
and in me claim no more authority; thing”. Then he addresses (love) his beloved to trouble younger hearts. “I am not the same. I am now
‫ليس لك سلطة عليا‬
experienced and learnt the lesson”. The poet has become a free person whom love has no authority on
with idle youth go use thy property,
him. Go use your power on unexperienced young people. So he asks Cupid to Go use power and
)‫استخدم ملكيتك على الشباب (القوس واألسهم‬
and thereon spend thy many brittle darts: control on young people not on me because I got rid of your authority so try with younger people. He
‫واستخدم سهامك السهلة مع الشباب‬ refers to the arrows of Cupid ‫اله الحب‬. They believed that when a person falls in love that he is shot by
for hitherto though I have lost all my time, arrows of Cupid. Cupid’s arrow will not be effective (ineffective). Arrows is associated with Cupid in
‫ضيعت وقتى‬ mythology. The arrows of love are very weak with me. “I have lost all my time. I have no longer desire
me lusteth no longer rotten boughs to climb. to climb the very cold, weak, and rotten boughs”. To follow his desire is something risky and
‫ولم اعد ارغب فى تسلق الغصون العفنة‬. dangerous so I will no longer undergo this kind of experience.
- Lusteth - desire Rotten boughs to climb: proverbial ‫ مثل شعبى‬for some action which is and impossible.
The poet frequently brings in such proverbs, to impart force to his arguments. He compares his love to
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 beloved like rotten boughs. Love for him becomes impossible and useless as rotten bough.
 The title at once suggests the theme of the poem. The poet would no longer waste his time in love masking for the proud and arrogant
behavior of his beloved has caused him much suffering. (rejection of Love) He is now completely disillusioned. He proposes to give up
love making altogether, and devote himself entirely to the study of Plato and Seneca, enrich and improve his mind by their philosophy,
and thus achieve perfect happiness which cannot be achieved through following the dictates ‫ اوامر‬of love therefore let foolish young
men waste their time in love making the poet would no longer do so the arrows of Cupid, the love god would be ineffective so as he is
concerned.
 Though he is a writer of sonnets in the Petrarchan tradition but he rejects it in this poem. He gives us a realistic image expressing his
belief that love is often inconstant and therefore painful and frustrating. Instead of being a slavish with woman‫بداًل من أن تكون عبًد ا مع المرأة‬
, the poet asserts ‫ يؤكد‬manly pride and independence as William Tydeman observes in this sonnet, he rejects the Petrarchan code.
 As usual the poem is divisible into an Octave and a sestet with the sestet being further divided into a Quatrain and a concluding couplet,
which gives to the conclusion an epigrammatic ring point and force. The rhyme scheme of the sonnet is abbaabba, cddc, ee.
(2) Whoso List Hunt ‫من يرغب فى الصيد‬
Whoso list (wishes) to hunt, I know where is an hind, - Hind: deer (to be hunted) hind here symbolizes a fickle, inconstant lady. To hunt a deer
‫يا من تريدن أن تصطاد غزاال بريا‬ means to approach a lady. It is a pun (deer/lady)
But as for me, helas, (alas) I may no more, Whoever or who wants to hunt a deer, I know a deer or a beautiful lady. Whoever wants to court
The vain travail (attempts) hath wearied me so sore, her, I can take him whereabouts but I am not going to be among them “I am not going to join you in
I am of them that farthest cometh behind, your hunt”. If I poet joins the hunts I will not be in the front of the group, but will remain at the
Yet may I ‫ يا رب‬by no means (not) my wearied mind farthest distance. He will be the last of the hunters. He is so much tired of loving the fickle lady.
‫يا رب ال تجعل عقلي المتعب المضني يفكر في غير هذا الغزال‬ I am tired of loving unfaithful woman. If you approach her, she escapes from you. She is not
Draw from the deer, but as she fleeth afore (forward) steady or faithful in her love. I become weak and exhausted from this kind of chasing so I give up this
Fainting I follow. I leave off therefore chase. It is as if he seeks to hold the wind in a net; a reference of the impossibility of his love. So I
Sithens (since) in a net I seek to hold the wind. assert to those whoever wants or insists on chasing her, he is wasting his time. It is useless to chase her.
‫ألني أحاول أن أمسك الرياح في شبكة‬ She (the deer) wears a diamond collar “necklace” round her neck. The letters engraved on the
collar “None should touch me because I belong to Caesar. I am one of the belongings and possessions
Who list her hunt, I put him out of doubt,
of the king.” This is a warning to all people that no one should touch her. Don’t come near or approach
As well as I may spend his time in vain.
me because I belong to Cesar. In addition of being one of Caesar’s belongings, though she seems tame,
And graven ‫ محفور‬with diamonds in letters plain but in reality, she is cruel and heart-hearted.
‫محفور علي رقبة الغزال بحروف واضحة‬ She is fickle, inconsistent and changeable. Nobody is allowed to spend any length of time with
There is written her fair neck round about: her. She is a wild beast or animal though she looks tame in her surface or outer appearance. She
(diamond collars) ‫صار حرما أو ملكية خاصة‬ destroys those who love her.
Noile me tangere.(don’t touch) For Caesar's I am  The poet here expresses that he benefited from the last experience. It is the same style of the
And wild for to hold, though I seem tame last poem. He will love no more.
 The theme is the fickleness and inconstancy of love. The sonnet, in short is autobiographical. The poet here tells us of his love for the
fickle and inconstant Anne Boleyn, who after remaining his mistress for over five years, married king Henry VIII, and so became out of
the reach of the poet the last line may be taken to be a warning to the king himself, that she would not remain faithful to him for any
length of time. She is wild and it is not in her nature to be constant to anyone.
 The metaphor of chasing a deer for the love chase is a conventional one but in the present sonnet it finds an original treatment. The
language is simple and easy to understand. The structure of the sonnet is Petrarchan (Octave and sestet). Wyatt differs from Petrarch in
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 as much as the sestet is divided into two parts; a quatrain of four lines and a concluding couplet reminding us of the Shakespearean
sonnet. The rhyme scheme of the sonnet is abba, abba, cddc, ee
2. Earl of Surrey
 His sonnets are not an expression of his personally felt emotion or a Love situation in which he was personally involved. His sonnets lack warmth and
intensity of passion for this reason. They are merely expressions of the fashionable love-game, played according to the courtly and chivalric love-
tradition Some of his sonnets are concerned with nature, and his descriptions of nature result from his own observation of the English world of
leaves and flowers, and not from the study of books. They are entirely English and not Italianate. We do not get such picturesque ‫ تصويرية‬accounts of
Nature in the sonnets of Wyatt. He uses natural background in his poem (The Golden Gift)
1- Brittle Beauty ‫الجمال الهش‬
 The poet uses the world of nature to illustrate or express the idea that the beauty of the woman is short-lived.
 The main idea is that the beauty of woman is like the beauty of flower; it blooms then decays and dies.
The First quatrain
The brittle (short-lived) nature of Beauty was one of the stock themes of Petrarch and Brittle (easily broken) beauty, that Nature made so frail
Petrarchians. However, Surrey's treatment of this stock theme is characterized by originality, in as much (very weak),
as he has linked the decay of beauty with decay in the world of nature. The world of leaves and flowers has Whereof the gift is small, and short the season;
been used to illustrate the short-lived nature of the beauty of a woman. The Beauty of woman is as short Flowering to-day, to-morrow apt to fail;
lived as a flower, and it is more slippery than the tail of an eel. It is a treasure which it is dangerous to Tickle treasure, abhorred of reason:
possess for it is soon lost. It is of no use, it is costly and useless to safeguard it and therefore, it is as Dangerous to deal with, vain, of none avail;
worthless as two peas. It is useless to possess it. It is a worthless treasure and none should try to possess it. Costly in keeping, past not worth two peason ‫;بازالء او فول‬
Beauty is false and untrue, and it often makes a woman false and treacherous to her devoted lover. Yet Slipper in sliding, as is an eel's tail;
young people waste their youth in loving a beautiful woman, and the poet bewails this folly most of all. Hard to obtain, once gotten, not geason:
Young lovers should understand the true nature of beauty. It is, no doubt, sweet but its loss in bitter and is Jewel of jeopardy, that peril doth assail ‫;خطر االعتداء عليك‬
as injurious as it is hurtful (and therefore lovers would do well to keep away from it). False and untrue, enticed oft to treason;
The poet's lament achieves epigrammatic terseness ‫ التلخيص‬in the concluding couplet. He likens Enemy to youth, that most may I bewail;
beauty to the fruit which is soon destroyed by the frost, or grows over-ripe and rotten and falls to the Ah! bitter sweet, infecting as the poison,
ground. Such is also the beauty of woman, which is soon destroyed by the frost of old age. Therefore, no Thou farest as fruit that with the frost is taken;
woman should be proud of it and for this very reason no lover should prize it over-much. To-day ready ripe, tomorrow all to-shaken.
 The main theme is the frailty and fragility of beauty. The short-lived time of beauty.
 One of Surrey’s contributions to English poetry is his use of nature.
 The idea of the poem is that Surrey compares the beauty of his beloved to the beauty of a flower that reached its prime then starts to
wither and die quickly. The common element is the brief and short life of their beauty.
 The lyric is not personal. Therefore, it is lacking in the pathos ‫ الشفقة‬and effectiveness of a subjective treatment. The language used is elegant and
well-chiseled ‫منحوتة‬, and the versification ‫ تخطيط األبيات‬is smooth and technically perfect. It is entirely free from the metrical awkwardness of Wyatt.
Concentration of vowel sounds, liquid consonants, alliteration ("Brittle Beauty". Forest... Fruit... Frost, etc) assonance, etc., are the various devices
used to create music and melody. The structure as usual is English or Shakespearean, i.e. there are three Quatrains and a concluding couplet. The
rhyme scheme is abab, cdcd, efef, gg
2- The Golden Gift ‫الهبة الذهبية‬
THE golden gift (Beauty) that Nature did thee (Poet’s beloved) give, This exquisite love-lyric is addressed to the cruel and scornful lady
To fasten friends and feed them at thy will, whom the poet loves. He reminds her that all her physical charms are the
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 With form (charming personality) and favour (kindness to her lover), taught gifts of Nature to her. Nature has bestowed on her perfect beauty which is
me to believe, a delicious feast to her lovers, and which makes them constant and
How thou art made to shew her (Nature) greatest skill. faithful to her. Her beauty also shows great skill that Nature has in
forming such a fascinating personality.
Whose hidden virtues are not so unknown, Her beauty is perfect, and as the ancient Greek philosopher, Plato,
But lively dooms (men of quick judgements) might gather (understand) at the has taught such rare physical charms must also be associated with equally
first (first sight) perfect beauty of character. She must also have a mind and a heart of
Where beauty so her perfect seed hath sown, extraordinary nobility.
Of other graces follow needs there She must be grateful to Nature and not spoil and poison her gifts
by her fickleness, and proud and scornful treatment of her sincere lovers
Now certes, (certainly) Garret, since all this is true, like the poet. She must be kind to the poet for he has served her faithfully,
That from above (Nature/God) thy gifts are thus elect, and has always tried his best to safeguard her reputation. Therefore, she
Do not deface them (spoil Nature’s gifts) then with fancies new; must suitably reward him and show that a beautiful, body has a beautiful
Nor change of minds (fickleness or inconstancy), let not thy mind infect: soul as well.
 The idea of the poem: The poet complains from his beautiful beloved telling her “Don’t be proud of yourself because of your beauty” because it is
like the beauty of nature; short lived. She is cruel, indifferent and scornful to him. So, he reminds her that her beauty is short lived. However, he is
still determined to be constant in her service
 As a love-poet, Surrey was more interested in writing about love rather than in expressing his own passion. His love-sonnets are not the outpourings
of a personally felt emotion, but are written merely because it was a fashion to write love-lyrics and sonnets, and the present lyric is no exception in
this respect. Hence arises its artificiality and lack of intensity and immediacy of appeal.
 It is elegant ‫ أنيق‬and well-chiseled ‫ منقوش‬and the diction ‫ اختيار الكلمات‬has almost classical perfection ‫الكم*ال الكالس*يكى‬. It is the result of art, not an
outpouring of personal emotion. Alliteration ("golden gifts", fasten friends and feed, etc.), assonance, concentration of vowel sounds by the use of
monosyllabic words, and liquid consonants ‘m', 'n' etc., are the various devices used to make the language musical. Versification is smooth and
flawless. ‫الشعر سلس وال تشوبه شائبة‬. As usual it is divided into three Quatrains and a concluding couplet. The rhyme scheme is abab, cdcd, efef, gg.

3. William Shakespeare
 The sonnets are complex works of art and as such they have both perfect harmony of expression and loftiness of subject. They reveal a true and
perfect sense of melody.
 The sonnets are perfect both in their matter and manner. The language was very powerful. of language is taxed to its utmost; it cannot do more; its
merits as a means of poetic expression, as an instrument for the expression of thousand varying emotions.
1) When in disgrace ‫عندما اشعر بالخزى أو العار‬
When, in disgrace with fortune and men’s eyes, The poet is in a state of frustration and depression. He is a failure. He is out of
I all alone beweep my outcast state, fortune; no money or position so people look down upon him. Even heaven does not listen
And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries, to him. So he looks to himself and curses his fate.
And look upon myself and curse my fate, He becomes jealous of others who have money, position and friends. He would like to be
like them. But he says “I should not be like that.” He despises himself because of his bad
Wishing me like to one more rich in hope, luck.
Featured like him, like him with friends possessed, Here we have change of thought when he thinks in his beloved/friend. His state of
Desiring this man’s art and that man’s scope, frustration turns into a state of hope. Once thinking in his beloved, he is filled with hope.
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 With what I most enjoy contented least;
Yet in these thoughts myself almost despising,
Haply I think on thee, and then my state,
(Like to the lark at break of day arising
From sullen earth) sings hymns at heaven’s gate;
He becomes like a lark singing songs of hope at heaven’s gate. Or as soon as the poet
thinks of his beloved, his soul is filled with joy. It mounts up to heaven, as the lark rises up
to the sky early in the morning to sing there in full throated joy.
His thought of his beloved changes his state to the extent that he would not change
his state with kings. He will refuse to change his state with a king.

For thy sweet love remembered such wealth brings

That then I scorn to change my state with kings.
 He uses personification “Deaf heaven” giving a human a tribute to non-human.
 He becomes like a lark ‫ طائر القبرة‬singing cheerful songs at the gates of heaven (simile).
 The poet scorns to change his newly-acquired state (the state of being in love) with that glamorous state of kings which everyone desires (exaggeration).
2) 7. Shall I compare thee
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Paraphrase
Thou art more lovely and more temperate; The poet begins his poem by a comparison between his beloved
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, and summer's day (exemplified the beauty of nature). He sees that his
And summer's lease hath all too short a date: beloved is sweeter and more temperate. Summer inevitably gives way to
winter. Strong winds blow so violently that they shake the buds of May.
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, The sun becomes sometimes too hot, and sometimes too dim. Every
And often is his gold complexion dimm'd; beautiful thing or object nature soon declines and loses its charm either
And every fair from fair sometime declines by chance or because of its changing course. In brief, the beauty of nature
By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd: is subject to change, decay, and death, but the beauty of his beloved is
everlasting because it is immortalized in the poet's lines of verse.
But thy eternal summer shall not fade Consequently, death can never defeat or destroy it. The destructive hand
Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; of time will never touch the beauty, youth, and loveliness of his beloved.
Nor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade, So long as love is written in his poetry, it (she) will live till the day of
When in eternal lines to time thou growest: judgment.

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

The Theme: The poem deals with the theme of the immorality of love. Shakespeare draws an analogy between the beauty of his beloved and that of a
summer's day. But in his opinion the comparison is inadequate, because the beauty of his beloved is exceptional.
The ideas in the poem’
1. A comparison between his beloved and a summer’s day.
 Shakespeare’s images are drawn from nature. Summer is the best season in England. Ten Months of the year are full of fog, rain and
snow. Then, summer comes for two months. When he compares his beloved to the warmth and temperance of a summer’s day, he says
that she is lovelier and warmer than summer’s day. The beauty of his beloved is exceptional. It is extraordinary.
2. The law of nature “Changeability”
 While the whole universe is subject to the law of mutability (changeability), the beauty of his beloved defies ‫ يتحدي‬the cycle of season.

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 Though, she is a human being and she must submit and surrender to the law of nature, her beauty will be forever because Shakespeare
is going to immortalize her beauty in a poem. The poem lives for a long time. In this way, she will conquer the changeability of time.
This is immortality of the beauty of his beloved. So, the work of art (a poem) outlives its writer or the creator.
 In brief, the beauty of nature is subject to change, decay, and death, but the beauty of his beloved is everlasting because it is immortalized in the
poet's lines of verse. Consequently, death can never defeat or destroy it. The destructive hand of time will never touch the beauty, youth, and
loveliness of his beloved. So long as love is written in his poetry, it (she) will live till the day of judgment.
Figures of speech
Line 2: There is a hyperbole that shows the superiority of the poet's beloved to the beauty of a summer's day.
Line 5: There is a Metaphor. The sun is metaphorically described as 'The eye of heaven'.
Line 6: There is a personification. The sun is personified: it has a dim complexion like human beings.
Line 7: There is an alliteration.
Line 11: There is a personification. Death is personified as a person who brags of himself and of his great abilities.
Commentary
'Shall I compare thee to a summer's day' takes into its scope with complete facility and grace all the main images of the group.
 The rose metaphor is deftly (skillfully) humanized in the phrase "darling buds of May':
 'summer's lease' adds the concept of property so that its association with flowers seems quite inevitable;
 and 'the eye of heaven, introduces the correspondence between personality and the higher spheres with equal ease.
 All beauty declines - a word primarily suggesting the course of the sun.
 In contrast stands the Friend's 'eternal summer', which does not fade, like the rose, nor lose possession as one may forfeit a lease, nor wander in death's
shade. This eternal summer, with classical evocations of an earthly paradise, will be created by the Poet's eternal lines: yet even their eternity depends on
the human race,
 This Sonnet is magnificent throughout--from the perfect beauty of the opening quatrain to the sweep and rush of the triumphant final couplet.
 The rhythms are varied with the subtlest skill and the majestic line - "But thy eternal summer shall not fade"- reverberates like a stroke on a gong ‫وتر جرس‬
 The poet's boast that his poem would make his friend immortal is not peculiar, it was the fashion of the age to boast in this way.
John Donne
 The poetry is remarkable for its concentrated passion, intellectual agility and dramatic power. He is concerned with introspection (to reveal what is
inside the poet) and self-analysis: he writes of his own intellectual, spiritual and amorous experiences. His poetry is marked with a tone of realism,
even cynicism, but it is always forceful and startling. He is the founder of the so-called, “Metaphysical school”, of poetry, of which Richard Crashaw,
George Herbert, Henry Vaughan and Abraham Cowley are the other leading poets.
 John Donne uses the 'natural language of men' not when they are "emotionally excited", but when they are engaged in commerce or in scientific
speculations. It is a, 'new vocabulary', he uses, a vocabulary with no 'associative value' and entirely different from the poetic language of the
Elizabethans. He wants to convey his meanings, exactly and precisely, and searches for verbal equivalents for emotional states, and this search often
results in the use of the archaic and the strange. We do not find in him any of the 'sugared melody' of the Petrarchan; he violates every known rule of
rhyme, metre and versification
1) DONNE'S "DEATH...” ‫الموت‬
Death, be not proud, though some have called thee The poem addresses death directly, denying that it is a tyrant. Death is
Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so; deluded in thinking that it constitutes the final overthrow of man. The full meaning
For those whom thou think'st thou dost overthrow of this assertion is withheld until the end of the poem. The poet sets to undermine the
Die not, poor Death, nor yet canst thou kill me. threatening aspect of death by saying that instead of being a painful experience, it is
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 From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be, in fact a pleasurable one. Rest and sleep are mere imitations ('pictures') of death,
Much pleasure; then from thee much more must flow, and they bring pleasure. How much pleasure then must come from the real thing i.e
And soonest our best men with thee do go, death. Moreover, he says, good men die young to deliver their souls from sin, from
Rest of their bones, and soul's delivery. the body as the soul's prison, and to rest their bones. Death thus only seems to be
Thou art slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men, mighty, actually, it is not.
And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell, In the second quatrain, without changing tone, Donne lists what comprises
And poppy or charms can make us sleep as well the enslavement of death and states that death does not even enjoy the dignity of
And better than thy stroke; why swell'st thou then? being a free agent: it is the involuntary product of the accidents of fate, chance, of
One short sleep past, we wake eternally the whims of kings and irrational passions of desperate men. Death dwells with
And death shall be no more; Death, thou shalt die repulsive companions- poison, war, and sickness. It is inferior to poppy and charms
as a potion for sleep. Opium or mysticism can make people sleep well or better than
Death's 'stroke'. Thus death is foolishly puffed with pride. As soon as eternal life
takes over, death becomes non-existent and meaningless. The poet, then, moves to set
the seal on death's insignificance with the point that for the Christian enjoying the
fulfilment of the promise of eternal life, death itself is vanquished:
One short sleep past, we wake eternally,
And Death shall be no more: Death, thou shalt die!
The phrase 'Death, thou shalt die' directly addresses death with a final, powerful
statement.
 The poem is a witty display of argument which leads up to the paradoxical prophecy of the eventual death of death itself. Since the
poem is presenting a playful proof of the unimportance of death, it is appropriate that there should be a continuous sweep of argument
right through the "triumphant closing line”. The poem is a good illustration of the profound influence of the Renaissance on the poetic
practice of the Renaissance poets. After the opening lines, the sonnet is almost entirely composed of a series of ingenious causes or
reasons why death need not be regarded as 'mighty and dreadful'.

2) DONNE'S "THE FUNERAL" ‫الجنازة‬

WHOEVER comes to shroud ‫ يكفنى‬me, do not harm, Nor question much,
That subtle wreath of hair ‫خصلة شعر‬, which crowns my arm ;
The mystery ‫السرية‬, the sign, you must not touch ;
For 'tis my outward soul ‫روحى الخارجية‬,
Viceroy ‫ بالنيابة‬to that, which then to heaven being gone,
Will leave this to control
And keep these limbs ‫أطراف‬, her provinces, from dissolution ‫ذوبان‬.
7 Mr. Hani M Attia 2nd Year Poetry Dr. Ali Moustafa
Some body gives speech before his death to tell I am going to die.
Giving some kind of instruction to any one come to shroud him; put him in the
coffin, don’t harm or question much about the hair bracelet wrapped around
his hand. He has a problem that he is afraid. You must not touch this kind of
wreath of hair because it is my outward soul. It is very mysterious. Then he
adds “this bracelet plays the role of my soul. My soul will go to heaven and this
wreath of hair will play the role of the same role of the soul by connecting my
body together; saving my body from disintegration.
His soul is compared to a king or a monarch, it will depart to the
heaven leaving this wreath as a viceroy over the kingdom of his body. His body
becomes the provinces ‫ المقاطع**ات‬that the viceroy is ruling from dissolution;
keeping his body from disintegration into soil and keeping my body as a
unified whole.
W.A.V.E Team 2021 Different Sensations
 The language is very heightened and full of far-fetched techniques.
 He uses the word harm to indicate that this wreath of hair is alive; full of life.
 Crown: to dignify something and put it in a high place. It indicates his appreciation to this wreath of hair. Most probably, he got this
wreath from the lady he loves.
For if the sinewy ‫ الشوكى‬thread ‫ الحبل‬my brain lets fall
Through every part
Can tie those parts, and make me one of all,
Those hairs which upward ‫ الى اعلى‬grew, and strength and art
Have from a better brain,
Can better do 't; except she meant that I
By this should know my pain,
As prisoners then are manacled ‫يكلبش‬, when they're condemn'd to die.
Here we have one of the characteristics metaphysical poets. He starts to
use science, medicine; anatomy. His brain is connected with specific thread to his
body “the spinal cord”. This thread lets fall through every part in his body can tie
or able to unify all the parts of his body making him a unified one identity. Then
he is shifting to speak about the wreath of hair. He says that this wreath of hair
which he took from his beloved goes upward; he means that those hairs are
connected to heaven. They have this strength and heart given to them by the
creator and from a better brain; his beloved has a better brain because she is
inspired giving her this kind of power. Once she has a better brain so it can
connect his body in a better way so his soul was unifying the body but this wreath
of hair plays the role of the soul.
Upward: Metaphysical poetry is always connected to something heavenly
or celestial. Wreath of hair goes upward because it is connected to heaven.
At the same time, his spinal cord is unifying his body. This wreath of hair
is playing the role of the spinal cord which existed before his death. At the same
time, the spinal cord comes from his brain but this wreath of hair comes from the
woman who has a better brain since God ordered to be so once she has a better
brain so this wreath of hair is better than his spinal cord.
Now we have a sudden turn of thought comes with the word “except”. The
woman who we are supposed to know as his beloved and supposedly gave him a
wreath of her hair is not in love with him Truely but she gave this wreath as a
way of torture. She wants to torture him make him suffer and to make him her
prisoner at the same way of prisoners with their hands and legs cuffed. He
elaborates more that he will be manacled prisoner condemned to death (tied legs
and tied hands) before death or execution; so, he is going to die. The man loves
her but she does not love him. She did not care about him but she gives the
wreath to her as a prison-warden (handcuffs). This is a twist in thought.

Whate'er she meant by it, bury it with me, This is some kind of a reconciliation between how he loves her and how he
For since I am will deal with such wreath of her. I don’t care whatever she meant of it, no problem
Love's martyr ‫الشهادة‬, it might breed ‫ فصيلة‬idolatry‫الوثنية‬, whatsoever, bury it with me. He considers himself a martyr of love dying because of
(Inversion) her. but be careful, this is very dangerous so you have to bury it with me. Because if
If into other hands these relics came. this wreath of hair remains on earth and not buried with me, people will start to
As 'twas humility worship this wreath as an idol. This is another unexpected turn of thought; he started
To afford to it all that a soul can do, to regain control of himself back saying I am ok and I am not this bad person. I am so
So 'tis some bravery, modest to make this wreath of her my soul. It is very modest and humble from me to
8 Mr. Hani M Attia 2nd Year Poetry Dr. Ali Moustafa W.A.V.E Team 2021 Different Sensations
 That since you would have none of me, I bury some of you. attribute all this power to the wreath. Now I will take revenge since you are not truly
love me in life. Once in life we did not be together; not loving me the same way, I will
bury some of you. I will bury this wreath of hair.
 The wreath of hair is an example of Donne's stunning use of a condensed conceit. It is an appropriately grisly symbol for a poem on the
contemplation of the poet's death.
 The idea of the wreath of hair change all over the poem Death, love, suffering, punishment until we reached at the end to some kind of
burial as a sort of punishment to her. He also discusses the idea of hair in his poem “relic” as a means of meeting in the afterlife.
This poem is preoccupied with the metaphysical concept of death.
‫شرح تانى‬
 The poet thinks of his death, and speaks to "whoever comes to shroud me" for the grave, cautioning him not to touch the "wreath of hair
which crowns mine arm". This mysterious hair wreath he calls his "outward soul", acting as deputy to his spirit, gone to heaven, to keep
his physical body from decay.
 In Stanza (2), he says that the hair wreath, coming from a "better brain", can hold his body together better than the "sinewy thread" of
his spinal chord which descends from his brain. And his lady, whose wreath of hair it is, must have meant that her lover should know
pain at her death, like manacled prisoners "condem'd to die".
 Yet in Stanza (3), he says that whatever the lady's mysterious meaning was in giving him the wreath it is to be buried with him who calls
himself "love's martyr", and compares the hair wreath to a "relique". As it was "humility" on his part to ascribe to the wreath of hair
the qualities of a soul so it is some "bravery" on his part in asking that the wreath be buried with him; for, since the lady would have
none of him in life, he may yet take part of her with him in death.

9 Mr. Hani M Attia 2nd Year Poetry Dr. Ali Moustafa W.A.V.E Team 2021 Different Sensations