(i) Describe the lay-out and features of the fish farm.

[4]
- Large/big/extensive
- Grid pattern/regular pattern
- Ponds/lakes/toba
- Several/at least 4 ponds
- Rectangular ponds/long (and thin)
- (Ponds separated by) earth(en) banks/embankments/raised edges/mud walls/brick/paved road/path
… wide, flat, straight
- (Line of) trees
- Trees for shade
- Rough ground/bare ground/dung on edge of ponds
(ii) How has the physical topography of the area made it easy to construct the ponds? [3]
- Flat land/plain land
- Large area
- Easy to use machinery for digging out ponds
- Unconsolidated rock/soil/alluvial deposits/soft soil
- Easy to dig/excavate
- Impervious alluvium/clay/rock/high water table
- Retains water/water collects

(b) Why is fish farming of growing importance in Pakistan? Credit will be given if you name a
species of fresh water fish reared on fish farms. [4]
Fish bred:
Grass/moore/rahu/silver/tallah (thalla)/manaseer/palla/trout/carp
Why:
- Growing population
- Lack of protein in diet/important part of diet
- Education on nutrition
- Fish are rich in protein/low in cholesterol
- Provides alternative income for farmers
- Provides employment
- Water available from irrigation schemes/lakes/reservoirs

State three ways in which fish can be stored and processed before sale. [3]
-Chilled / refrigerated
-Frozen / in freezer
-Gutted
-Filleted / de-boned
-Dried
-Salted
-Canned
(ii) Explain why more people are employed in inland fisheries than marine fishing. [3]
-More people live near rivers, lakes etc.
-Maintenance of ponds
-Hatcheries
-Feeding
-Harvesting (catching)
-Transport
-Government encouragement/loans etc.

(ii) Explain how industries can pollute river and sea water. [4]
95 | P a g e
-effluent/liquids }
-dumping/solids } sewage/garbage
-e.g. dyeing and tanning
-hot water from power stations
-oil spills
-accidents
(iii) Explain how this pollution affects farming, fishing and wildlife. [6]
-contamination of sub-soil water and irrigation,
-contamination of mangrove environment,
-toxic chemicals cause mutation and death,
-entering food chain,
-oil kills seabirds
-eutrophication reduces oxygen

Describe how marine fishing methods can be improved. [5]

-Boats with engines
-Can go further offshore
-Can stay at sea for several days
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-Cold storage on boat
-Mechanised equipment / winches
-Nylon / bigger / stronger/ nets or ropes
-Weather forecasts
-Sonar to locate fish
-Satellite navigation
-Training / education

With reference to Fig. 3, explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing the fishing
industry in Pakistan. [6]
Advantages
-More food
-Healthier food / more protein etc.
-More employment / more income/ less unemployment
-Exports to – or of – (e.g. shrimps to Japan, dried fish to Middle East, to Sri Lanka)
-Better communications with – (e.g. better roads, telecommunications in Balochistan)
-More education by teaching skills
-More technology – introduction of engines, machines, radar, satellite navigation
-Growth of other industries e.g. Processing, boat building
-Sustainability as fish are ‘free’, should not ‘run out
Disadvantages
-Education – lack of skilled labour
-Technology – costs money, imported
-Water pollution – kills, damages fish, Pakistan’s rivers are polluted, mangroves polluted
-Restrictions – marine fishing banned in June and July
– controls on net size
-Quality – some products banned by western countries
– can be poisonous / makes them unsuitable to eat
-Income – not large, delayed profit
-Sustainability – issues of over-fishing