COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

TEST REPORT FRONT COVER SHEET

Student Name: Huda Yaqoob Ali Al-Kamyani.

Certification: I certify that the whole of this work is the result of my individual effort and that all
quotations from books, periodicals etc. have been acknowledged.

Student Signature: Submission Date:

Student Identification Number: 2009644

Student email address : 2009644@asu.edu.om

Program : Year/Level : Undergraduate

Academic Year : Semester :

Course title :

Course code:

Test title:

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 Deflection of Beams

Aim:

Bending is a deformation that occurs in some elements when they are exposed to a bending moment in a
direction perpendicular to their longitudinal axis, which is induced by their own weight. Its investigation
is critical since some structural parts, such as beams, are designed to perform primarily under flexure.

Apparatus:

1. B-1: Bending testing with three flat

metal bars. They are used to model the
behavior of beams.

2. A-1: Detachable supports for attaching

the bars.

3. E-1: Cantilever bar anchoring with

detachable anchorage.

4. GM-1: Metal guide with graded scale

for locating A-1 and E-1 supports and
anchorages.

5. R-1: Dial gauge for determining the test bar's deformation.

6. G-1: Hooks for hanging the weights applied to the test bar.

7. T-1: Screws to secure A-1 in GM-1 (in the rear of the photograph).

8. T-2: Screw to anchor E-1 into GM-1.

9. T-3: Screw to displace R-1 through GM-1.
10.T-4: Nuts to anchor the bars in E-1.
11.LL-1: Allen key to adjust T-4.

Description of the unit:

The MFV unit allows researchers to conduct tests on metal flat bars that mimic the behavior of beams in
order to investigate bending by measuring the deflection induced in the bars when they are subjected to
various loads.
The experiments are carried out with bars of various sections and lengths to investigate how the behavior
of the beams changes when bent. The MFV device may be used to investigate cantilever and simply
supported beams.
Practical possibilities:

 The bending produced in a beam supported on two ends and subjected to a central load was
investigated.
 An investigation of the bending caused by an end load on a cantilever beam.
 The bending produced in a beam supported at two places and subjected to a homogeneous
bending moment was investigated.
 The behavior of beams under bending when the distance between supporting points is reduced
(its span).

Theory:
Introduction:
Bending occurs when loads with an orthogonal component to the longitudinal axis cause deformation in
components having one main dimension in a direction perpendicular to that axis. Beams, plates, and
sheets are structural components that exhibit this behavior. Because structural elements subjected to
bending must not become overly distorted, they must meet specified stiffness standards.
The distance along every curve contained in a bending element has a dotted surface termed the neutral
axis, which does not alter with regard to the value before the deformation. The neutral axis marks the
divide of the element's compressed region from the traction area.
Bending moment Mf, is the tension produced by bending. This stress generates a displacement
perpendicular to the axis of the element of the gravity center of a full section on the structural
components. Deflection is the term for the displacement. The element's weakest axis is usually where the
most deflection occurs.

Types of bending:

The following forms of bending can be formed on the element depending on the plane across which the
bending moment operates, its inclination with respect to the longitudinal axis, and its placement with
regard to the shear center of the transverse section of the element:

PURE BENDING: when there is simply a constant bending moment in any region of the element Shear
stresses on an element are zero when it is subjected to pure bending.

SIMPLE BENDING: when the element has a bending moment and shear stress in any part As a result,
because it is a non-uniform bending, it is vital to understand what happens to stresses and strains in this
condition. The internal forces operating on the components must be understood for this purpose.

COMPOUND BENDING: when the element is subjected to bending moment, shear stress, and normal
stress in any portion (to generate a force inside the section).
Bending in beams:

Beams are structural components that primarily bend.

Geometrically, they are mechanical prisms whose stiffness is determined by the moment of inertia of the
cross section of the beams, among other considerations.

Following are some instances of deflection calculation in loaded beams:

Beam supported on two points and subjected to a uniform bending moment

For this configuration, it can be observed that the central deflection due to the support points is the
maximum for:

Where:

Fulfilling the beam:

MAIN INSTRUCTIONS, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS:

Before starting the practical exercises with the MFV unit, the following conditions must be fulfilled:

Observation:

 Verify that the working place where the MFV unit is located is clean and dry.
 Use protective goggles during the performance of the practical exercises.
 When working with the unit on a table, choose a table with such dimensions that enable the
weights to hang from the unit.
LABORATORY PRACTICAL EXERCISES:

Practical exercise 1: Study of the bending generated in a beam supported on two ends and subjected to a
central load.

Objective:

The objective of this practical exercise is to study the bending produced in a beam supported at the two
ends and subjected at a central load. For that purpose, three steel bars will be analyzed and the results
experimentally obtained will be compared with the deflection calculated theoretically in the different
tests.

Required elements:

- MFV unit.

- Set C weights (set C).

Experimental procedure:

1. Locate the MFV unit in such a way that the weights can hang freely from it.

2. Put the fixed supports in the unit at a specific distance.

3. Locate the chosen test bar on the supports.

4. Locate the dial gauge in the center of the bar at a medium distance between supports.

5. Apply loads m, in kg, in the center of the steel bar.

6. Record the deflection of the bar generated by the loads and indicated by the dial gauge, R-1, in mm.

7. Repeat this procedure for the three AISI304 bars supplied with the unit located at different length
(spans).

8. Perform the following tests with the data obtained:

THIRD TEST:

To study the behavior of beams under bending when decreasing their width (b):

a) Take data from bars 2 and 3.

b) Plot a graph with the data representing the force-strain curve for the same length of each bar.

c) Obtain the theoretical bending of the steel bars with the same formula:
- I: Moment of inertia of the bar, being:

d) Compare the theoretical results with the experimental results and draw conclusions.

Observation:

STEEL b (mm) 25 (mm)

BAR 1 d (mm) 3 (mm)

LENGTHS (mm)

FORCE L=500 L=400 L=300 L=200

DEFLECTION DEF (mm) DEF (mm) DEF (mm)

(mm)

5 1.9 1.7 1.6 0.7

10 4.1 3.8 3.6 1.4

15 5.39 5.6 3.9 1.6

20 6.8 7.5 6 2.9

 STEEL b (mm) 25 (mm)
BAR 2 d (mm) 6 (mm)

LENGTHS (mm)

FORCE L=500 L=400 L=300 L=200

DEFLECTION DEF (mm) DEF (mm) DEF (mm)

(mm)

5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.09

10 0.6 0.55 0.4 0.22

15 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.31

20 1.2 1.1 0.72 0.32

STEEL b (mm) 16 (mm)

BAR 3 d (mm) 6 (mm)

LENGTHS (mm)

FORCE L=500 L=400 L=300 L=200

DEFLECTION DEF (mm) DEF (mm) DEF (mm)

(mm)

5 0.32 0.29 0.2 0.05

10 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.21

15 1.03 0.72 0.7 0.26

20 1.5 1.3 0.9 0.38

Calculation:

E=193000

A=250

STEEL b (mm) 25 (mm)

BAR 1 d (mm) 3 (mm)

L Force

5 10 15 20

500 3.59815 7.19631 10.7944 14.3926

8 5 7 3

400 2.30282 4.60564 6.90846 9.21128

1 2 3 4

300 1.29533 2.59067 3.88601 5.18134

7 4 7

200 0.57570 1.15141 1.72711 2.30282

5 6 1

STEEL b (mm) 25 (mm)

BAR 2 d (mm) 6 (mm)

L Force

5 10 15 20

500 0.44977 0.89953 1.34930 1.79907

9 9 9

400 0.28785 0.57570 0.86355 1.15141

3 5 8

300 0.16191 0.32383 0.48575 0.64766

7 4 1 8

200 0.07196 0.14392 0.21588 0.28785

3 6 9 3
 STEEL b (mm) 16 (mm)
BAR 3 d (mm) 6 (mm)

L Force

5 10 15 20

500 0.70276 1.40553 2.10829 2.81106

5 6 1

400 0.44977 0.89953 1.34930 1.79907

9 9 9

300 0.25299 0.50599 0.75898 1.01198

5 1 6 2

200 0.11244 0.22488 0.33732 0.44977

2 5 7

Result:

BAR 1 (25mm X 3mm) BAR 2 (25mm X 6mm)

25
BAR 3 (16mm
4
X 6mm)
4.5 3.5
20 4 3
15 3.5 2.5
3 2
10 2.5 1.5
2 1
5 1.5
0.5
1
0 0
5 10 0.5 15 20 5 10 15 20
0
L=500 L=400 L=300 5 L=200 10 15 L=500 20L=400 L=300 L=200
L=500 L=400 L=300 L=200
 BAR 1&2, L=500 BAR 1&2, L=400
30 35

25 30
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5 BAR 1&3, L=500 5 BAR 1&3, L=400
300 1
0
35 1
25 30
L=500 Series2 BAR 1 BAR 2 25 L=400 Series2 BAR 1 BAR 2
20
20
15
15
10 BAR 1&2, L=300 10 BAR 1&2, L=200
5
30 255
0 0
25 1 20 1

20 L=500 Series2 BAR 1 BAR 3 L=400 Series2 BAR 1 BAR 3

15
15
10
10

5
BAR 1&3, L=300 5 BAR 1&3, L=200
30 25
0 0
25 1 20 1
20
L=300 Series2 BAR 1 BAR 2 15 L=200 Series2 BAR 1 BAR 2
15
10
10
5 5

0 0
1 1

L=300 Series2 L=200 Series2

BAR 1 BAR 3 BAR 1 BAR 3
 BAR 2&3, L=500 BAR 2&3, L=400
25 25

20 20

15
15
10
10
5
5
0
1
0
1
L=400 Series2
L=500 Series2 BAR 2 BAR 3 BAR 2 BAR 3

BAR 2&3, L=300 BAR 2&3, L=200

25 25

20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
1 1

L=300 Series2 BAR 2 BAR 3 L=200 Series2 BAR 2 BAR 3

Discussion the result:

As can be shown from the above experimental and theoretical computations, theoretical values are always
less than experimental values. This is because theoretical values are calculated based on idealized
scenarios that neglect various realities such as failing equipment, human error, and human/machine
limitations. Other factors to consider include the fact that increasing a beam's modulus of elasticity, as
well as increasing its moment of inertia, reduces deflection. During the experiment, different materials
had varied reactions.

References:

Deflection of Beams.pdf

Safety:

1. In case of emergency, call University Security on 9114 0217 and inform the instructor/lab technician
immediately.

2. Ensure that you know location of all fire exits and evacuation route(s) from the laboratory. Eating,
drinking, or smoking is NOT allowed in the laboratories. The working area is to be kept clean and free of
personal belongings.