DO NOT OPEN THIS TEST BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE ASKED TO DO SO

PPP-PTS-4330/092023/12

GENERAL STUDIES

ENVIRONMENT - 1
Time Allowed: One Hour Maximum Marks: 100

INSTRUCTIONS

1. IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE EXAMINATION, YOU SHOULD CHECK THAT
THIS TEST BOOKLET DOES NOT HAVE ANY UNPRINTED OR TORN OR MISSING PAGES OR ITEMS,
ETC. IF SO, GET IT REPLACED BY A COMPLETE TEST BOOKLET.
2. Please note that it is the candidate’s responsibility to encode and fill in the Roll Number carefully
without any omission or discrepancy at the appropriate places in the OMR Answer Sheet. Any
omission/discrepancy will render the Answer Sheet liable for rejection.
3. You have to enter your Roll Number on the test booklet in the Box provided
alongside. DO NOT write anything else on the Test Booklet.
4. This Test Booklet contains 50 items (questions). Each item is printed in English. Each item comprises four
responses (answers). You will select the response which you want to mark on the Answer Sheet. In case you
feel that there is more than one correct response, mark the response which you consider the best. In any case,
choose ONLY ONE response for each item.
5. You have to mark all your responses ONLY on the separate Answer Sheet provided. See directions in the
Answer Sheet.
6. All items carry equal marks.
7. Before you proceed to mark in the Answer Sheet in response to various items in the Test Booklet, you have to
fill in some particulars in the Answer Sheet as per instructions sent to you with your Admission Certificate.
8. After you have completed filling in all your responses on the Answer Sheet and the examination has concluded,
you should hand over to the Invigilator only the Answer Sheet. You are permitted to take away with you the
Test Booklet.
9. Sheets for rough work are appended in the Test Booklet at the end.
10. Penalty for wrong answers:
THERE WILL BE PENALTY FOR WRONG ANSWERS MARKED BY A CANDIDATE IN THE OBJECTIVE
TYPE QUESTION PAPERS.
(i) There are four alternatives for the answer to every question. For each question for which a wrong answer
has been given by the candidate, one-third of the marks assigned to that question will be deducted as
penalty.
(ii) If a candidate gives more than one answer, it will be treated as a wrong answer even if one of the given
answers happens to be correct and there will be same penalty as above to that question.
(iii) If a question is left blank, i.e., no answer is given by the candidate, there will be no penalty for that
question.

DO NOT OPEN THIS TEST BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE ASKED TO DO SO

1. With reference to the Environment and
Ecology, consider the following statements:
Statement-I:
Ecology is basically concerned with four levels
of biological organisation like organisms,
populations, communities and biomes.
Statement-II:
Ecology examines individual organisms and
their adaptations to their environment.
Which one of the following is correct in respect
of the above statements?
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are
correct and Statement-II is the correct
explanation for Statement-I
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II
are correct and Statement-II is not the
correct explanation for Statement-I
(c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II
is incorrect
(d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-
II is correct
O (a)
2. Consider the following statements:
1. Populations refer to groups of individuals
of the same species living in a particular
SC
area.
2. Communities consist of single population
of particular species living and interacting
in the same area.
3. Biomes are large-scale ecological regions
characterized by distinct climate,
vegetation, and animal communities.
GS
How many of the above statements are
correct?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) All three
(d) None
3. With reference to the species, consider the
following statements:
Statement-I:
The size of a population for any species is not
a static parameter.
Statement-II:
It keeps changing with time, depending on
various factors including food availability,
predation pressure and adverse weather.
2 PPP-PTS-4330/092023/12
Which one of the following is correct in respect
of the above statements?
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are
correct and Statement-II is the correct
explanation for Statement-I
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II
are correct and Statement-II is not the
correct explanation for Statement-I
(c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II
is incorrect
(d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-
II is correct
4. The population size of any species depends
upon which of the following factors?
1. Natality and immigration contribute to a
RE
decrease in population density.
2. Mortality and emigration contribute to
an increase in population density.
Select the correct answer using the code given
below.
1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
5. Match the following pairs:
1. Natality - It refers to the number of births
during a given period in the population
that are added to the initial density.
2. Mortality - It is the number of deaths in
the population during a given period.
3. Immigration - It is the number of
individuals of the same species that
have come into the habitat from
elsewhere during the time period under
consideration.
4. Emigration - It is the number of
individuals of the population who left the
habitat and gone elsewhere during the
time period under consideration.
How many of the above pairs is/are correctly
matched?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) Only three
(d) All four
6. In the context of ecosystem interaction, (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II
consider the following: is incorrect
1. Competition (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-
2. Predation II is correct

3. Mutualism
9. Consider the following statements:
4. Commensalism
1. Energy flows through an ecosystem in a
5. Parasitism multi-directional manner.
How many of the above are correct regarding 2. Nutrient cycling involves the movement
the types of Population interactions among and recycling of essential elements such
species?
as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and
(a) All five others within the ecosystem.
(b) Only two 3. Nutrient cycling ensures the availability
of vital elements for the growth and
(c) Only three
development of organisms.

RE
(d) Only four
How many of the above statements are
correct?
7. Consider the following statements regarding
the Population interactions among species: (a) Only one
1. Intense competition can lead to resource (b) Only two
partitioning, where species evolve to
occupy different ecological niches to (c) All three
increase competition.
2. Predation is a relationship in which
O
predator captures and feeds the prey.
(d) None

10. With reference to the Ecosystem, consider the

SC
Which of the above statements is/are correct? following statements:
(a) 1 only 1. Ecosystems thrive on biodiversity,
which refers to the variety of different
(b) 2 only
species and their interactions within an
(c) Both 1 and 2 ecosystem.
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 2. Forests act as carbon sinks, absorbing
GS

carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and

8. Consider the following statements: mitigating climate change.
Statement-I: Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Ecosystem structure refers to the physical (a) 1 only
and biological components that make up an
ecosystem. (b) 2 only

Statement-II: (c) Both 1 and 2

It encompasses both biotic factors and abiotic (d) Neither 1 nor 2

factors.
Which one of the following is correct in respect 11. Consider the following regarding decomposition:
of the above statements?
1. Fragmentation
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are
correct and Statement-II is the correct 2. Leaching
explanation for Statement-I 3. Catabolism
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II 4. Humification
are correct and Statement-II is not the
correct explanation for Statement-I 5. Mineralisation

PPP-PTS-4330/092023/12 3
 https://upscmaterial.online/

How many of the above are the important Select the correct answer using the code given
steps in the process of decomposition? below.
(a) All five (a) 1 only
(b) Only two (b) 2 only
(c) Only three (c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Only four (d) Neither 1 nor 2

12. Consider the following pairs:

15. Which of the following is/are the producers in
1. Fragmentation - Earthworm break down an aquatic ecosystem?
detritus into smaller particles
(a) Phytoplankton
2. Catabolism - Bacterial and fungal
enzymes degrade detritus into simpler (b) Algae
inorganic substances (c) Higher plants
Which of the above pairs is/are incorrectly
(d) All of them
matched?

RE
(a) 1 only 16. Consider the following statements:
(b) 2 only
1. The detritus food chain (DFC) begins
(c) Both 1 and 2 with dead organic matter.
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 2. It is made up of decomposers which are
heterotrophic organisms, mainly fungi
13. Consider the following statements:
O and bacteria.

Statement-I: 3. They meet their energy and nutrient

requirements by degrading dead organic
Humification leads to accumulation of a dark matter or detritus.
coloured amorphous substance called humus.
SC
How many of the above statements are
Statement-II:
incorrect?
It is highly resistant to microbial action and
undergoes decomposition at an extremely fast (a) Only one
rate.

E
(b) Only two
Which one of the following is correct in respect (c) All three

IN
of the above statements?
GS

(d) None
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are L
correct and Statement-II is the correct
explanation for Statement-I 17. Which of the following statements is/are
N

correct?
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II
.O

are correct and Statement-II is not the 1. Each trophic level has a certain mass of
correct explanation for Statement-I living material at a particular time called
(c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II as the standing crop.
L

is incorrect 2. The standing crop is measured as the

IA

(d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement- mass of living organisms (biomass) or the
II is correct number in a unit area.
R

Choose the correct option using the code given

14. Which of the following statements given below below.
E

is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
T

1. Decomposition is largely a nitrogen-

requiring process. (b) 2 only
A

2. The rate of decomposition is controlled (c) Both 1 and 2

M

by chemical composition of detritus and

climatic factors. (d) Neither 1 nor 2
C

4 PPP-PTS-4330/092023/12
S
P
U

https://t.me/visioniastestseries2024
 https://upscmaterial.online/

18. Energy flow through different trophic levels is How many of the above-mentioned is/are
a fundamental concept in ecology and describes correct?
the transfer of energy from one organism to (a) Only one
another within an ecosystem. In this regard,
consider the following pairs: (b) Only two

1. Primary Producers - Autotrophs (c) Only three

2. Primary Consumers - Herbivores (d) All four

3. Secondary Consumers - Top Predators 22. Consider the following statements:

4. Tertiary Consumers - Carnivores/ 1. Western Ghats have greater amphibian
Omnivores species diversity than the Eastern
How many of the above pairs is/are correctly Ghats.
matched? 2. India has greater ecosystem diversity
than a Scandinavian country like
(a) Only one
Norway.

RE
(b) Only two Which of the above statements is/are
(c) Only three incorrect?
(a) 1 only
(d) All four
(b) 2 only
19. Which one of the following is the second trophic
O (c) Both 1 and 2
level of a lake?
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(a) Fishes

(b) Benthos 23. Consider the following pairs in the context of

SC
vertebrates:
(c) Zooplankton
Species Examples
(d) Phytoplankton A. Amphibians 1. Bats
B. Fish 2. Seahorses

E
20. Which one of the following has the largest
C. Mammals 3. Salamanders
population in a food chain?

IN
Select the correct option using the code given
GS

(a) Producers below. L

(b) Decomposers A B C
N

(c) Primary consumers (a) 3 2 1

.O

(d) Secondary consumers (b) 1 3 2

(c) 2 1 3
21. The genetic variation shown by the medicinal
L

plant which is growing in different Himalayan (d) 1 2 3

IA

ranges might be in terms of the potency

and concentration of the active chemical 24. With reference to the biodiversity, consider
the following statements:
R

(reserpine) that the plant produces. In this

context, consider the following plants: 1. Decline in plant production
E

1. Rauwolfia 2. Lowered resistance to environmental

T

perturbations such as drought

2. Vomitoria
A

3. Decreased variability in certain ecosystem

3. Rubus ellipticus
processes such as plant productivity,
M

4. Phoenix sylvestris water use, and pest and disease cycles

C

PPP-PTS-4330/092023/12 5
S
P
U

https://t.me/visioniastestseries2024
 https://upscmaterial.online/

How many of the above may lead to loss of How many of the above places the sacred
biodiversity in a region? groves are found in India?

(a) Only one (a) Only one

(b) Only two (b) Only two

(c) All three (c) All three

(d) None (d) None

25. In the context of Biodiversity, consider the 28. In which of the following region the sacred
following: groves are the last refuges for a large number
of rare and threatened plants?
1. Habitat loss and fragmentation
(a) Gujarat
2. Alien species invasions
(b) Karnataka
3. Over-exploitation
(c) Meghalaya
4. Co-extinctions

RE
(d) West Bengal
Which of the above are the Causes of
biodiversity losses? 29. Consider the following regarding the
(a) 3 only conservation and protection of animals and
plants:
(b) 1 and 2 only
1. Zoological parks
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
O
2. Botanical gardens
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
3. Wildlife safari parks
SC
26. Regarding the Biodiversity conservation, How many of the above are the special setting
consider the following pairs: where they can be protected and given special
care?
1. In situ conservation - When we conserve
and protect the entire forest to save the (a) Only one

E
tiger. (b) Only two

IN
2. Ex situ conservation - When there are (c) All three
GS

situations where an animal or plant is

endangered or threatened and needs (d) None L
urgent measures to save it.
N

30. Consider the following statements:

Which of the above pairs is/are correct?
1. The gametes of threatened species can be
.O

(a) 1 only
preserved in viable and fertile condition
(b) 2 only for long periods using cryopreservation
L

techniques.
(c) Both 1 and 2
IA

2. The plants can be propagated using

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 tissue culture methods.
R

Which of the above statements is/are

27. With respect to the plants, consider the
incorrect?
E

following:
(a) 1 only
T

1. Khasi and Jaintia Hills in Meghalaya

(b) 2 only
A

2. Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan

(c) Both 1 and 2
M

3. Western Ghat regions of Karnataka and

Maharashtra (d) Neither 1 nor 2
C

6 PPP-PTS-4330/092023/12
S
P
U

https://t.me/visioniastestseries2024
 https://upscmaterial.online/

31. Consider the following statements in the 34. The fine particulates can be inhaled deep into
context of the Pollution: the lungs and can cause which of the following
health issues?
Statement-I:
1. Breathing and respiratory symptoms
Pollution is any undesirable change in
2. Irritation
physical, chemical or biological characteristics
of air, land, water or soil. 3. Inflammations
Statement-II: 4. Lungs Damage

The Environment (Protection) Act of 1986 was 5. Premature deaths

enacted to safeguard and improve the quality Select the correct option using the code given
of air, water, and soil. below.
Which one of the following is correct in respect (a) 1, 2, 4 and 5 only
of the above statements?
(b) 1, 2 and 4 only
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are (c) 1, 2 and 3 only
correct and Statement-II is the correct
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

explanation for Statement-I
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II
are correct and Statement-II is not the
correct explanation for Statement-I
(c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II
is incorrect
(d)
II is correct
O
Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-
SC
32. With respect to the Air Pollution, which of the
following statements is/are correct?
1. They improve growth and yield of crops
and cause premature death of plants.
RE
35. As the exhaust passes through which of the
following, where the unburnt hydrocarbons
are converted into carbon dioxide and water,
and carbon monoxide and nitric oxide are
changed to carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas,
respectively.
(a)
(b)
Catalytic Converter
Particulate Matter (PM) Control System
(c) Electrostatic Precipitator (ESPs)
(d) All of them
36. Consider the following:

E
2. Harmful effects depend on the 1. Phasing out of old vehicles
concentration of pollutants, duration of

IN
2. Use of leaded petrol
exposure and the organism.
GS

3. Use of low-sulphur petrol and diesel

Select the correct answer using the codes given
L
4. Replace the catalytic converters from
below.
vehicles
N

(a) 1 only How many of the above can use to reduce the
.O

(b) 2 only Air pollution?

(c) Both 1 and 2 (a) Only one

L

(b) Only two

(d) Neither 1 nor 2
IA

(c) Only three

33. Which one of the following can remove over (d) All four
R

99 per cent particulate matter present in the

exhaust from a thermal power plant?
E

37. Regarding the Biochemical Oxygen Demand

(a) Catalytic converters (BOD), consider the following statements:
T

Statement-I:
(b) Particulate Matter (PM) Control System
A

BOD is a critical parameter used to measure

(c) Electrostatic Precipitator (ESPs) the amount of dissolved oxygen consumed by
M

(d) None of them microorganisms in water bodies.

C

PPP-PTS-4330/092023/12 7
S
P
U

https://t.me/visioniastestseries2024
 https://upscmaterial.online/

Statement-II: 2. This happens because a toxic substance

accumulated by an organism can be
BOD is an essential measurement in
metabolised or excreted, and is thus
wastewater treatment, environmental
monitoring, and assessing the health of aquatic passed on to the next higher trophic
ecosystems. level.

Which one of the following is correct in respect Which of the statements given above is/are
of the above statements? correct?

(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are (a) 1 only

correct and Statement-II is the correct
(b) 2 only
explanation for Statement-I
(c) Both 1 and 2
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II
are correct and Statement-II is not the (d) Neither 1 nor 2
correct explanation for Statement-I
(c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II 41. Consider the following statements:
is incorrect
1. The high concentrations of

RE
(d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement- Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
II is correct disturb calcium metabolism in birds.
2. It causes thinning of eggshell and their
38. Which one of the following can lead to fish
kills and disrupt the overall balance of the premature breaking, eventually causing
ecosystem? decline in bird populations.

(a) Hypoxemia
O Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?
(b) Hypoxia
(a) 1 only
(c) Ischemia
SC
(b) 2 only
(d) None
(c) Both 1 and 2
39. Consider the following statements: (d) Neither 1 nor 2
1. Presence of large amounts of nutrients

E
in waters also causes excessive growth of 42. In the context of Eutrophication, which of the
planktonic algae.

IN
following statements is/are correct?
GS

2. Algal blooms cause deterioration of the 1. Eutrophication is the natural aging of a

water quality and fish mortality.
L
lake by nutrient enrichment of its water.
3. Some bloom-forming algae are extremely
N

2. With time, streams draining into the lake

toxic to human beings and animals.
introduce nutrients such as nitrogen and
.O

Which of the statements given above is/are phosphorus.

correct?
3. As the lake’s fertility decreases, plant
L

(a) 3 only and animal life burgeons, and organic

IA

(b) 1 and 2 only remains begin to be deposited on the lake

bottom.
(c) 1, 2and 3
R

Select the correct answer using the codes given

(d) 2 and 3 only below.
E

(a) 1 only
40. In the context of Biomagnification, consider
T

the following statements: (b) 1, 2 and 3

A

1. Biomagnification refers to decrease in (c) 2 and 3 only

concentration of the toxicant at successive
M

trophic levels. (d) 1 and 2 only

C

8 PPP-PTS-4330/092023/12
S
P
U

https://t.me/visioniastestseries2024
 https://upscmaterial.online/

43. Which of the following statements is/are How many of the above statements are correct
correct? regarding Marshland?
1. Marsh plants take root in the shallows (a) Only one
and begin to fill in the original lake
(b) Only two
basin.
(c) All three
2. The lake gives way to large masses of
floating plants (bog), which converting (d) None
into land.
Select the correct answer using the codes given 46. Match the following:
below.
Marshland Geographical
(a) 1 only Location
(b) 2 only 1. Loktak Lake Manipur
(c) Both 1 and 2 2. Keoladeo National Rajasthan
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 Park
3. Rann of Kutch Gujarat

RE
44. Consider the following statements regarding How many of the above pairs is/are incorrectly
Marshlands: matched?
Statement-I: (a) Only one
The Sundarbans is a vast mangrove forest and (b) Only two
is shared between India and Bangladesh.
(c) All three
Statement-II:
O
It is formed by the confluence of the Ganges,
Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers, creating a
(d) None

unique ecosystem of saltwater and freshwater 47. Consider the following statements:
SC
mix. 1. Sanitary landfills were adopted as the
Which one of the following is correct in respect substitute for open-burning dumps.
of the above statements? 2. The wastes are dumped in a depression
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are or trench after compaction, and covered

E
correct and Statement-II is the correct with dirt every day.
explanation for Statement-I

IN
Which of the above statements is/are
GS

(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II incorrect?

are correct and Statement-II is not the (a) 1 only
L
correct explanation for Statement-I
(b) 2 only
N

(c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II

is incorrect (c) Both 1 and 2
.O

(d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement- (d) Neither 1 nor 2

II is correct
L

48. Which of the following statements is/are

IA

45. Consider the following statements: correct?

1. The Rann of Kutch is a massive marshland 1. Irreparable computers and other
electronic goods are known as electronic
R

located in the southern part of India.

wastes.
2. The marshland transforms from a dry and
E

arid desert during the summer months to 2. E-wastes are burried in landfills or
T

a marshland filled with shallow saltwater incinerated.

during the monsoon season.
3. Recycling in developing countries often
A

3. This unique landscape is home to various involves manual participation, thus

M

migratory birds, such as flamingos, exposing workers to toxic substances

pelicans, and cranes. present in e-wastes.
C

PPP-PTS-4330/092023/12 9
S
P
U

https://t.me/visioniastestseries2024
 https://upscmaterial.online/

Select the correct answer using the codes given (c) Both 1 and 2
below.
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 1 only 50. Consider the following statements regarding
the Agro-chemicals and their effects:
(c) 2 and 3 only
1. Pesticides are used to control pests such
(d) 1 and 2 only as insects, fungi, and weeds.
2. Pesticides can contaminate soil, water
49. Consider the following statements: bodies, and air, leading to ecological
imbalances and the loss of beneficial
1. Agro-chemicals are substances used in organisms.
agriculture to enhance crop production,
protect plants from pests and diseases, 3. They may also harm non-target species
and control weeds. such as birds, bees, and aquatic life.

2. They include pesticides, fertilizers, and How many of the above statements are
herbicides. correct?
(a) Only one

RE
Which of the following statements is/are
correct? (b) Only two
(a) 1 only (c) All three
(b) 2 only O (d) None

™™™™™
SC

E
IN
GS

L
N
.O
L
IA
R
E
T
A
M
C

10 PPP-PTS-4330/092023/12
S
P
U

https://t.me/visioniastestseries2024
 https://upscmaterial.online/

Space for Rough Work

RE
O
SC

E
IN
GS

L
N
.O
L
IA
R
E
T
A
M
C

PPP-PTS-4330/092023/12 11
S
P
U

https://t.me/visioniastestseries2024
 https://upscmaterial.online/

IAS Prelims - 2024

PPP-PTS-4330/092023/12

GENERAL STUDIES

ENVIRONMENT - 1

Answer Key

E
Q. 1 (b) Q. 11 (a) Q. 21 (b) Q. 31 (b) Q. 41 (c)

IN
Q. 2 (b) Q. 12 (d) Q. 22 (d) Q. 32 (b) Q. 42 (d)

Q. 3 (a) Q. 13 (c) Q. 23 (a) Q. 33 (c) Q. 43 (c)

L
N

Q. 4 (d) Q. 14 (b) Q. 24 (b) Q. 34 (d) Q. 44 (b)

.O

Q. 5 (d) Q. 15 (d) Q. 25 (d) Q. 35 (a) Q. 45 (b)

Q. 6 (a) Q. 16 (d) Q. 26 (c) Q. 36 (b) Q. 46 (d)

L
IA

Q. 7 (b) Q. 17 (c) Q. 27 (c) Q. 37 (a) Q. 47 (d)

Q. 8 (a) Q. 18 (b) Q. 28 (c) Q. 38 (b) Q. 48 (a)

R

Q. 9 (b) Q. 19 (c) Q. 29 (c) Q. 39 (c) Q. 49 (c)

E
T

Q. 10 (c) Q. 20 (a) Q. 30 (d) Q. 40 (d) Q. 50 (c)

A
M
C
S
P
U

https://t.me/visioniastestseries2024
 https://upscmaterial.online/
1. Correct option: (b)
Explanation:
 Statement 1 is correct: Ecology is basically
concerned with four levels of biological
organisation like organisms, populations,
communities and biomes.
 Statement 2 is correct: Ecology examines
individual organisms and their adaptations
to their environment.
Supplementary Notes:
Environment and Ecology
 Ecology is basically concerned with four
levels of biological organisation – organisms,
populations, communities and biomes.
Organisms:
 Ecology examines individual organisms and
their adaptations to their environment.
 It explores how individual organisms
interact with the abiotic (non-living) factors,
such as temperature, light, and nutrients,
as well as the biotic (living) factors, such as
predators, prey, and competitors.
L2: Approachable
O
2. Correct option: (b)
Explanation:
SC
 Statement 1 is correct: Populations refer
to groups of individuals of the same species
living in a particular area.
 Statement 2 is incorrect: Communities
consist of multiple populations of different
species living and interacting in the same
area.
 Statement 3 is correct: Biomes are large-
GS
scale ecological regions characterized by
distinct climate, vegetation, and animal
communities.
Supplementary Notes:
Populations
 Populations refer to groups of individuals
of the same species living in a particular
area. Ecologists study population dynamics,
which involve factors such as population
size, density, growth rates, and patterns of
dispersal.
 They investigate how populations interact
with their environment, including factors
like resource availability, competition,
predation, and disease.
Communities
 Communities consist of multiple populations
of different species living and interacting in
C
the same area.
S
2 PPP-PTS-4330/092023/12
P
U
https://t.me/visioniastestseries2024
 Ecologists study the composition, structure,
and diversity of communities, as well as the
interactions among species within them.
 They examine concepts such as competition,
predation, mutualism, and the flow of energy
and nutrients through the community.
Biomes
 Biomes are large-scale ecological regions
characterized by distinct climate, vegetation,
and animal communities.
 Ecologists study the distribution and
characteristics of different biomes, such as
forests, grasslands, deserts, and aquatic
ecosystems.
 They investigate how abiotic factors, such
as temperature, precipitation, and soil type,
shape the structure and functioning of these
RE
ecosystems, as well as the adaptations of
organisms to these conditions.
L3: Real Challenge
3. Correct option: (a)
Explanation:
 Both statements are correct.
Supplementary Notes:
Population Growth of Species
 The size of a population for any species is not
a static parameter. It keeps changing with
time, depending on various factors including
E
food availability, predation pressure and
adverse weather.
IN
 In fact, it is these changes in population
density that give us some idea of what is
L
happening to the population – whether it is
flourishing or declining.
N
 The density of a population in a given
.O
habitat during a given period, fluctuates
due to changes in four basic processes, two of
which (natality and immigration) contribute
L
to an increase in population density and two
(mortality and emigration) to a decrease.
IA
L2: Approachable
R
4. Correct option: (d)
E
Explanation:
T
 Statement 1 is incorrect: Natality and
A
immigration contribute to an increase in
population density
M
 Statement 2 is incorrect: Mortality and
emigration contribute to a decrease in
population density.
 https://upscmaterial.online/

Supplementary Notes: 5. Correct option: (d)

Factors influence the population size
of the species
 Birth rate: The rate at which individuals
are born into a population affects its size.
Higher birth rates contribute to population
growth, while lower birth rates can lead to
population decline.
 Death rate: The rate at which individuals
die within a population impacts its size.
Higher death rates can result in population
decline, while lower death rates contribute
to population growth.
 Immigration: The movement of individuals
into a population from other areas can
increase its size. Immigration can introduce
new individuals with reproductive potential,
potentially boosting the population.
Explanation:
 All pairs are correctly matched.
Supplementary Notes:
Population density of Species
 Natality refers to the number of births
during a given period in the population that
are added to the initial density.
 Mortality is the number of deaths in the
population during a given period.
 Immigration is the number of individuals
of the same species that have come into
the habitat from elsewhere during the time
period under consideration.
 Emigration is the number of individuals of

RE
the population who left the habitat and gone
 Emigration: The movement of individuals
out of a population can decrease its elsewhere during the time period under
size. Emigration reduces the number of consideration.
individuals available for reproduction and
can lead to population decline. Immigration
(I)
 Resource availability: The availability
of essential resources such as food, water,
O
shelter, and habitat can significantly impact
population size. Insufficient resources can Natality
Population
Mortality
limit population growth, while abundant Density
(B) (N) (D)
resources can support larger populations.
SC
 Predation and competition: The
presence of predators and the intensity
of competition for resources can affect Emigration
population size. Predation can reduce (E)

E
population size by consuming individuals,
while competition can limit resources L3: Real Challenge

IN
available for reproduction.
Disease and parasites: The prevalence of
GS

 6. Correct option: (a)

L
diseases and parasites within a population
can impact population size. High disease Explanation:
N

or parasite burdens can lead to increased

 Option (a) is correct.
mortality and decreased reproductive
.O

success, thereby reducing population size. Supplementary Notes:

 Environmental factors: Environmental
Population interactions among species
L

conditions, such as temperature,

precipitation, and climate patterns, can Population interactions among species
IA


influence population size. Species may refer to the various ways in which different
have specific environmental requirements organisms within an ecosystem interact
R

for survival and reproduction, and changes with one another.

in these factors can affect population
These interactions can be classified into
E


dynamics.
different types, including competition,
T

 Genetic factors: Genetic diversity within predation, mutualism, commensalism,

a population plays a role in determining its and parasitism.
A

size. Populations with low genetic diversity

may be more susceptible to diseases or  These interactions play a vital role in
M

environmental changes, which can impact shaping the structure and dynamics of
their viability. ecological communities.
C

L2: Approachable L3: Real Challenge

S

PPP-PTS-4330/092023/12 3
P
U

https://t.me/visioniastestseries2024
 https://upscmaterial.online/
7. Correct option: (b)
Explanation:
 Statement 1 is incorrect: Intense
competition can lead to resource partitioning,
where species evolve to occupy different
ecological niches to reduce competition.
 Statement 2 is correct: Predation is
a relationship in which one species (the
predator) captures and feeds on another
species (the prey).
Supplementary Notes:
Population interactions among species
Competition
 Competition occurs when two or more
species compete for limited resources, such
as food, water, or shelter, that are essential
for their survival and reproduction.
 This interaction can occur between
individuals of the same species (intraspecific
competition) or between individuals of
different species (interspecific competition).
Intense competition can lead to resource
O

partitioning, where species evolve to
occupy different ecological niches to reduce
competition.
SC
Predation
 Predation is a relationship in which one
species (the predator) captures and feeds on
another species (the prey).
 This interaction has a significant impact
on population dynamics, as it regulates the
abundance and distribution of prey species.
GS
Predators exert selective pressure on

their prey, leading to adaptations such
as camouflage, defensive structures,
or behavioral strategies to avoid being
captured.
L2: Approachable
8. Correct option: (a)
Explanation:
 Both statements are correct.
Supplementary Notes:
Ecosystem Structure
 Ecosystem structure refers to the physical
and biological components that make up an
ecosystem. It encompasses both the living
organisms (biotic factors) and the non-living
C
environment (abiotic factors).
S
4 PPP-PTS-4330/092023/12
P
U
https://t.me/visioniastestseries2024
Producers
 Producers, also known as autotrophs, are
organisms capable of converting energy from
the sun (or in some cases, chemicals) into
organic matter through photosynthesis or
chemosynthesis. They form the foundation
of the food chain and include plants, algae,
and certain bacteria.
Consumers
 Consumers, also known as heterotrophs,
are organisms that obtain energy by
consuming other organisms. They can be
divided into different trophic levels based
on their feeding habits. Primary consumers
(herbivores) feed directly on producers,
while secondary consumers (carnivores) feed
on primary consumers. Tertiary consumers
RE
(top carnivores) occupy the highest trophic
level in a food chain.
Decomposers
 Decomposers play a vital role in breaking
down dead organisms and organic waste
material, returning essential nutrients to
the ecosystem. They include bacteria, fungi,
and certain invertebrates like earthworms.
Decomposers complete the nutrient cycle
by converting complex organic matter into
inorganic compounds that can be used again
by producers.
Physical Environment
E
 The abiotic factors of an ecosystem include
temperature, sunlight, water availability,
IN
soil composition, air quality, and geological
features. These factors influence the
L
distribution and abundance of organisms
within the ecosystem.
N
L2: Approachable
.O
9. Correct option: (b)
L
Explanation:
IA
 Statement 1 is incorrect: Energy flows
through an ecosystem in a unidirectional
R
manner.
E
 Statement 2 is correct: Nutrient cycling
involves the movement and recycling
T
of essential elements such as carbon,
nitrogen, phosphorus, and others within the
A
ecosystem.
M
 Statement 3 is correct: Nutrient cycling
ensures the availability of vital elements for
the growth and development of organisms.
 https://upscmaterial.online/

Supplementary Notes: 11. Correct option: (a)

Ecosystem Function:
 Ecosystem function refers to the processes
and interactions that occur within an
ecosystem, allowing it to maintain its
structure and perform various functions.
 These functions are crucial for the
sustainability and resilience of the
ecosystem. Some key ecosystem functions
include:
Energy Flow
 Energy flows through an ecosystem in a
unidirectional manner. Producers capture
solar energy and convert it into chemical
energy through photosynthesis.
 This energy is then transferred to consumers
as they feed on other organisms. Energy
flow is essential for sustaining life within
Explanation:
 Option (a) is correct: The important
steps in the process of decomposition
are fragmentation, leaching, catabolism,
humification and mineralisation.
Supplementary Notes:
Decomposition
 Decomposers break down complex organic
matter into inorganic substances like
carbon dioxide, water and nutrients and the
process is called decomposition.
 Dead plant remains such as leaves, bark,
flowers and dead remains of animals,
including fecal matter, constitute

RE
detritus, which is the raw material for
the ecosystem. decomposition.
Nutrient Cycling  The important steps in the process
 Nutrient cycling involves the movement of decomposition are fragmentation,
and recycling of essential elements such as leaching, catabolism, humification and
carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and others mineralisation.
within the ecosystem.
 Decomposers break down dead organic
O
matter, releasing nutrients that are taken
up by plants and reused in the food chain.
Nutrient cycling ensures the availability
SC

of vital elements for the growth and
development of organisms.
L3: Real Challenge

E
10. Correct option: (c)

IN
Explanation:
GS

L
 Both statements are correct.
N

Supplementary Notes:
L2: Approachable
Biodiversity
.O

 Ecosystems thrive on biodiversity, which

refers to the variety of different species
12. Correct option: (d)
L

and their interactions within an ecosystem. Explanation:

Biodiversity provides stability to ecosystems
IA

and contributes to their resilience.  Both pairs are correct.

 Different species play unique roles, such as Supplementary Notes:
R

pollination, seed dispersal, and pest control,

which are crucial for ecosystem function. Decomposition
E

Regulation of Environmental Conditions  Detritivores (e.g., earthworm) break down

T

detritus into smaller particles. This process

 Ecosystems help regulate environmental
is called fragmentation.
A

conditions. Forests, for example, act as

carbon sinks, absorbing carbon dioxide from  By the process of leaching, watersoluble
M

the atmosphere and mitigating climate inorganic nutrients go down into the soil
change.
horizon and get precipitated as unavailable
C

L2: Approachable salts.

S

PPP-PTS-4330/092023/12 5
P
U

https://t.me/visioniastestseries2024
 https://upscmaterial.online/

 Bacterial and fungal enzymes degrade 15. Correct option: (d)

detritus into simpler inorganic substances.
This process is called as catabolism.
L2: Approachable
13. Correct option: (c)
Explanation:
 Statement 1 is correct: Humification
leads to accumulation of a dark coloured
amorphous substance called humus.
 Statement 2 is incorrect: Humus is highly
resistant to microbial action and undergoes
decomposition at an extremely slow rate.
Supplementary Notes:
Rate of Decomposition
L1 : Elementary
 Humification and mineralisation
Explanation:
 Option (d) is correct: The producers in an
aquatic ecosystem are various species like
phytoplankton, algae and higher plants.
Supplementary Notes:
Producers in an aquatic ecosystem
 The green plants in the ecosystem are
called producers. In a terrestrial ecosystem,
major producers are herbaceous and woody
plants.
 Likewise, producers in an aquatic ecosystem
are various species like phytoplankton,
algae and higher plants.

RE
occur during decomposition in the soil.
Humification leads to accumulation of a 16. Correct option: (d)
dark coloured amorphous substance called
Explanation:
humus that is highly resistant to microbial
action and undergoes decomposition at an  All statements are correct.
extremely slow rate.
Supplementary Notes:
 Being colloidal in nature it serves as a
Detritus Food Chain
O
reservoir of nutrients. The humus is further
degraded by some microbes and release of  The detritus food chain (DFC) begins
inorganic nutrients occurs by the process with dead organic matter. It is made up
known as mineralisation. of decomposers which are heterotrophic
L2: Approachable organisms, mainly fungi and bacteria.
SC

 They meet their energy and nutrient

14. Correct option: (b) requirements by degrading dead organic
matter or detritus. These are also known as
Explanation:

E
saprotrophs (sapro: to decompose).
Statement 1 is incorrect: Decomposition Decomposers secrete digestive enzymes

 
is largely an oxygen-requiring process.
Statement 2 is correct: The rate of
GS
IN
that breakdown dead and waste materials
into simple, inorganic materials, which are

 L
decomposition is controlled by chemical subsequently absorbed by them.
composition of detritus and climatic
N

factors.
.O

Supplementary Notes:
Process of decomposition
L

 In a particular climatic condition,

decomposition rate is slower if detritus
IA

L3: Real Challenge

is rich in lignin and chitin, and quicker,
if detritus is rich in nitrogen and water-
R

soluble substances like sugars. 17. Correct option: (c)

 Temperature and soil moisture are the most
E

Explanation:
important climatic factors that regulate
decomposition through their effects on the Both statements are correct.
T


activities of soil microbes.
Supplementary Notes:
A

 Warm and moist environment favour

decomposition whereas low temperature Standing Crop
M

and anaerobiosis inhibit decomposition  Each trophic level has a certain mass of
resulting in build-up of organic materials. living material at a particular time called
C

L2: Approachable as the standing crop.

S

6 PPP-PTS-4330/092023/12
P
U

https://t.me/visioniastestseries2024
 https://upscmaterial.online/

 The standing crop is measured as the mass 19. Correct option: (c)
of living organisms (biomass) or the number
in a unit area. Explanation:
 The biomass of a species is expressed in  Option (c) is correct: Zooplankton then
terms of fresh or dry weight. Measurement consume the phytoplankton, occupying the
of biomass in terms of dry weight is more second trophic level.
accurate.
Supplementary Notes:
L2: Approachable
Trophic Level

18. Correct option: (b)  Phytoplankton makes up the first trophic

level as the primary producers, utilizing
Explanation: sunlight and nutrients to produce organic
 Pair 1 is correct: Primary Producers - matter through photosynthesis.
Autotrophs  Zooplankton then consumes the
 Pair 2 is correct: Primary Consumers - phytoplankton, occupying the second
Herbivores trophic level. They serve as a vital link in
 Pair 3 is incorrect: Secondary Consumers the transfer of energy from the lower trophic

RE
- Carnivores/Omnivores levels to higher trophic levels in the lake’s
food web.
 Pair 4 is incorrect: Tertiary Consumers
-Top Predators  The energy from zooplankton is further
transferred to the third trophic level,
Supplementary Notes:
which can consist of small fish that feed
Energy Pyramid on zooplankton or larger fish that consume

O
Energy flow through different trophic levels smaller fish.
is a fundamental concept in ecology and L1 : Elementary
describes the transfer of energy from one
organism to another within an ecosystem.
20. Correct option: (a)
SC
 Trophic levels represent different feeding
positions in a food chain or food web, ranging Explanation:
from primary producers to various levels of
 Option (a) is correct: Decomposers, which
consumers.

E
break down dead organic matter and recycle
The flow of energy through these levels nutrients back into the ecosystem, can have

IN

follows a specific pattern, known as the significant populations, but they are usually
trophic pyramid or energy pyramid. smaller than the populations of producers.
GS

L
 Primary Producers (Autotrophs) Their role in the food chain is essential for
N

 Primary Consumers (Herbivores) nutrient cycling, but their numbers are

generally not as large as the populations of
Secondary Consumers (Carnivores/
.O


producers.
Omnivores)
 Tertiary Consumers (Top Predators) Supplementary Notes:
L

 Decomposers Food Chain

IA

 In a food chain, the largest population

is typically found among the producers,
R

which are the organisms that can produce

their own food through photosynthesis or
E

chemosynthesis.
T

 Producers, such as plants or algae, form the

A

foundation of the food chain by converting

sunlight or inorganic compounds into
M

energy-rich organic molecules. This energy

is then passed on to other organisms in the
C

L3: Real Challenge food chain.

S

PPP-PTS-4330/092023/12 7
P
U

https://t.me/visioniastestseries2024
 https://upscmaterial.online/

 The population size of primary consumers, rain forests, mangroves, coral reefs,
which are herbivores that feed directly on wetlands, estuaries, and alpine meadows
producers, is usually smaller compared to has greater ecosystem diversity than a
the producer population. Scandinavian country like Norway.
 Similarly, the population size of secondary L2: Approachable
consumers, which are carnivores that feed
on primary consumers, is typically smaller
than that of the primary consumers. 23. Correct option: (a)
L1 : Elementary Explanation:
 Option (a) is correct:
21. Correct option: (b)
Species Examples
Explanation:
A. Amphibians 3. Bats
 Option (b) is correct: The genetic variation
shown by the medicinal plant Rauwolfia B. Fish 2. Seahorses
vomitoria growing in different Himalayan C. Mammals 1. Salamanders
ranges might be in terms of the potency
and concentration of the active chemical Supplementary Notes:
(reserpine) that the plant produces.

RE
Supplementary Notes:
Genetic diversity
 A single species might show high diversity
at the genetic level over its distributional
range.
O
 The genetic variation shown by the medicinal
plant Rauwolfia vomitoria growing in
different Himalayan ranges might be in
terms of the potency and concentration of
the active chemical (reserpine) that the
SC
plant produces.
 India has more than 50,000 genetically
different strains of rice, and 1,000 varieties
Vertebrates
 Vertebrates are animals that have a
backbone or vertebral column. They are
a subgroup of the larger animal kingdom
and include animals with well-developed
internal skeletons. Here are some examples
of vertebrates:
 Fish: Examples include goldfish, salmon,
tuna, sharks, and seahorses.
 Amphibians: Examples include frogs,
toads, salamanders, and newts.
 Reptiles: Examples include turtles,
snakes, lizards, crocodiles, and
alligators.

E
of mango.
Rauwolfia Vomitoria  Birds: Examples include sparrows,

IN
eagles, penguins, owls, and flamingos.
Mammals: Examples include humans,
GS

 L
dogs, cats, cows, elephants, whales, and
bats.
N
.O

L3: Real Challenge

L

22. Correct option: (d)

IA

Explanation:
R

 Both statements are correct.

Supplementary Notes:
E

Biodiversity
T

 Species diversity: The diversity at the

A

species level, for example, the Western

Ghats have a greater amphibian species
M

diversity than the Eastern Ghats.

Ecological diversity: At the ecosystem
C


level, India, for instance, with its deserts, L2: Approachable
S

8 PPP-PTS-4330/092023/12
P
U

https://t.me/visioniastestseries2024
 https://upscmaterial.online/

24. Correct option: (b)  However, when there are situations

where an animal or plant is endangered
Explanation: or threatened (organisms facing a very
 Statement 1 is correct: Decline in plant high risk of extinction in the wild in the
production near future) and needs urgent measures
to save it from extinction, ex situ (off site)
 Statement 2 is correct: Lowered conservation is the desirable approach.
resistance to environmental perturbations
such as drought L2: Approachable

 Statement 3 is incorrect: Increased

variability in certain ecosystem processes
such as plant productivity, water use, and
pest and disease cycles
Supplementary Notes:
Loss of Biodiversity
 In general, loss of biodiversity in a region
may lead to (a) decline in plant production,
(b) lowered resistance to environmental
27. Correct option: (c)
Explanation:
 Option (c) is correct: Sacred groves
are found in Khasi and Jaintia Hills in
Meghalaya, Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan,
Western Ghat regions of Karnataka and
Maharashtra and the Sarguja, Chanda and
Bastar areas of Madhya Pradesh.

RE
perturbations such as drought and (c) Supplementary Notes:
increased variability in certain ecosystem Sacred groves
processes such as plant productivity, water
 In India, ecologically unique and
use, and pest and disease cycles.
biodiversity-rich regions are legally
L3: Real Challenge protected as biosphere reserves, national
parks and sanctuaries.
25. Correct option: (d)
O  India now has 14 biosphere reserves, 90
national parks and 448 wildlife sanctuaries.
Explanation: India has also a history of religious and
 Option (d) is correct. cultural traditions that emphasised
SC
protection of nature.
Supplementary Notes:
 In many cultures, tracts of forest were set
Causes of biodiversity losses aside, and all the trees and wildlife within
were venerated and given total protection.

E
 The accelerated rates of species extinctions
that the world is facing now are largely due  Such sacred groves are found in Khasi

IN
to human activities. There are four major and Jaintia Hills in Meghalaya, Aravalli
causes - Hills of Rajasthan, Western Ghat regions
GS

of Karnataka and Maharashtra and the

L
 Habitat loss and fragmentation Sarguja, Chanda and Bastar areas of
N

 Over-exploitation Madhya Pradesh.

 Alien species invasions L2: Approachable
.O

 Co-extinctions
L2: Approachable 28. Correct option: (c)
L

Explanation:
IA

26. Correct option: (c)  Option (c) is correct: In Meghalaya, the

sacred groves are the last refuges for a large
Explanation:
R

number of rare and threatened plants.

 Both pairs are correctly matched.
Supplementary Notes:
E

Supplementary Notes:
Sacred Groves: Rare and threatened
T

Biodiversity Conservation Plants

A

 When we conserve and protect the whole  In Meghalaya, a state in northeastern

ecosystem, its biodiversity at all levels is India, the sacred groves play a crucial role
M

protected - we save the entire forest to save in the conservation of rare and threatened
the tiger. This approach is called in situ (on plant species. Sacred groves are patches
C

site) conservation. of forests that are protected and preserved

S

PPP-PTS-4330/092023/12 9
P
U

https://t.me/visioniastestseries2024
 https://upscmaterial.online/
by local communities due to their cultural,
religious, and traditional significance. These
groves are considered sacred and are often
associated with deities or ancestral spirits.
 Meghalaya’s sacred groves are known
for their rich biodiversity and serve as
important habitats for a wide variety of
plant species, including many rare and
endangered ones. These groves have been
protected for generations, and the local
communities have implemented strict rules
and taboos to ensure their conservation.
 The unique combination of climatic
conditions, diverse topography, and
traditional conservation practices has
allowed these sacred groves to become
sanctuaries for numerous plant species.
Many of these plants may be rare or
threatened outside these groves due to
habitat destruction, deforestation, and
other human activities.
 By preserving the sacred groves, the local
communities in Meghalaya contribute
significantly to the conservation of
O
biodiversity and the protection of rare and
threatened plant species. These groves also
serve as living laboratories for studying
ecological processes and understanding
SC
the importance of traditional conservation
practices.
L1 : Elementary
29. Correct option: (c)
Explanation:
GS
 Option (c) is correct.
Supplementary Notes:
Ex situ Conservation
 The threatened animals and plants are
taken out from their natural habitat and
placed in special setting where they can be
protected and given special care.
 Zoological parks, botanical gardens
and wildlife safari parks serve this
purpose.
L2: Approachable
30. Correct option: (d)
Explanation:
C
 Both statements are correct.
S
10
P
U
https://t.me/visioniastestseries2024
Supplementary Notes:
Biodiversity Conservation
 In recent years ex situ conservation has
advanced beyond keeping threatened
species in enclosures.
 Now gametes of threatened species
can be preserved in viable and fertile
condition for long periods using
cryopreservation techniques, eggs can
be fertilised in vitro, and plants can
be propagated using tissue culture
methods.
 Seeds of different genetic strains of
commercially important plants can be kept
for long periods in seed banks.
L2: Approachable
RE
31. Correct option: (b)
Explanation:
 Both Statements are correct.
Supplementary Notes:
Pollution
 Pollution is any undesirable change
in physical, chemical or biological
characteristics of air, land, water or soil.
Agents that bring about such an undesirable
change are called as pollutants.
 In order to control environmental pollution,
E
the Government of India has passed the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 to
IN
protect and improve the quality of our
environment (air, water and soil).
L2: Approachable
L
N
32. Correct option: (b)
.O
Explanation:
Statement 1 is incorrect: They reduce
L

growth and yield of crops and cause
IA
premature death of plants.
 Statement 2 is correct: Harmful effects
R
depend on the concentration of pollutants,
duration of exposure and the organism.
E
Supplementary Notes:
T
Air Pollution
A
 We are dependent on air for our respiratory
needs. Air pollutants cause injury to all
M
living organisms. They reduce growth and
yield of crops and cause premature death of
plants.
PPP-PTS-4330/092023/12
 https://upscmaterial.online/
 Air pollutants also deleteriously affect
the respiratory system of humans and of
animals. Harmful effects depend on the
concentration of pollutants, duration of
exposure and the organism.
 Smokestacks of thermal power plants,
smelters and other industries release
particulate and gaseous air pollutants
together with harmless gases, such as
nitrogen, oxygen, etc.
 These pollutants must be separated/ filtered
out before releasing the harmless gases into
the atmosphere.
L2: Approachable
33. Correct option: (c)
Explanation:
Option (c) is correct: Electrostatic

Precipitator (ESPs) can remove over 99
per cent particulate matter present in the
exhaust from a thermal power plant.
Supplementary Notes:
Air Pollution and Its Control
 There are several ways of removing
O
particulate matter; the most widely used of
which is the electrostatic precipitator, which
can remove over 99 per cent particulate
matter present in the exhaust from a
SC
thermal power plant.
 It has electrode wires that are maintained
at several thousand volts, which produce a
corona that releases electrons.
 These electrons attach to dust particles
giving them a net negative charge. The
collecting plates are grounded and attract
GS
the charged dust particles.
L1 : Elementary
34. Correct option: (d)
Explanation:
 Option (d) is correct: The fine particulates
M
can be inhaled deep into the lungs and can
cause breathing and respiratory symptoms,
irritation, inflammations and damage to the
C
lungs and premature deaths.
S
PPP-PTS-4330/092023/12
P
U
https://t.me/visioniastestseries2024
Supplementary Notes:
Human Health
 According to Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB), particulate size 2.5 micrometers or
less in diameter (PM 2.5) are responsible
for causing the greatest harm to human
health.
 These fine particulates can be inhaled deep
into the lungs and can cause breathing
and respiratory symptoms, irritation,
inflammations and damage to the lungs and
premature deaths.
L2: Approachable
35. Correct option: (a)
RE
Explanation:
 Option (a) is correct: As the exhaust passes
through the catalytic converter, unburnt
hydrocarbons are converted into carbon
dioxide and water, and carbon monoxide
and nitric oxide are changed to carbon
dioxide and nitrogen gas, respectively.
Supplementary Notes:
Control of Air Pollution
 Automobiles are a major cause for
atmospheric pollution at least in the metro
cities. As the number of vehicles increase on
E
the streets, this problem is now shifting to
the other cities too.
IN
 Proper maintenance of automobiles along
with use of lead-free petrol or diesel can
L
reduce the pollutants they emit.
N
 Catalytic converters, having expensive
metals namely platinum-palladium and
.O
rhodium as the catalysts, are fitted into
automobiles for reducing emission of
L
poisonous gases.
IA
 As the exhaust passes through the catalytic
converter, unburnt hydrocarbons are
converted into carbon dioxide and water,
R
and carbon monoxide and nitric oxide are
E
changed to carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas,
respectively.
T
 Motor vehicles equipped with catalytic
A
converter should use unleaded petrol
because lead in the petrol inactivates the
catalyst.
L2: Approachable
11
 https://upscmaterial.online/
36. Correct option: (b)
Explanation:
 Option (b) is correct: In the context of
reducing vehicular pollution include phasing
out of old vehicles, use of unleaded petrol,
use of low-sulphur petrol and diesel, use of
catalytic converters in vehicles, application
of stringent pollution-level norms for
vehicles, etc.
Supplementary Notes:
Pollution Control
 CNG burns most efficiently, unlike petrol or
diesel, in the automobiles and very little of
it is left unburnt. Moreover, CNG is cheaper
than petrol or diesel, cannot be siphoned off
by thieves and adulterated like petrol or
diesel.
 The main problem with switching over to
CNG is the difficulty of laying down pipelines
to deliver CNG through distribution points/
pumps and ensuring uninterrupted supply.
 Simultaneously parallel steps taken in
Delhi for reducing vehicular pollution
include phasing out of old vehicles, use of
O
unleaded petrol, use of low-sulphur petrol
and diesel, use of catalytic converters in
vehicles, application of stringent pollution-
level norms for vehicles, etc.
SC
L2: Approachable
37. Correct option: (a)
Explanation:
Both statements are correct.

Supplementary Notes:
GS
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a

critical parameter used to measure the
amount of dissolved oxygen consumed by
microorganisms in water bodies. It serves as
an indicator of the organic pollution level in
water and provides insights into its quality
and potential ecological impact.
 BOD is an essential measurement in
wastewater treatment, environmental
monitoring, and assessing the health of
aquatic ecosystems.
L2: Approachable
38. Correct option: (b)
Explanation:
 Option (b) is correct: Hypoxia can lead to
fish kills and disrupt the overall balance of
C
the ecosystem.
S
12
P
U
https://t.me/visioniastestseries2024
Supplementary Notes:
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
 The BOD value helps wastewater treatment
plants determine the effectiveness of their
treatment processes. By comparing the
BOD of influent (incoming) and effluent
(outgoing) wastewater, the plant can assess
how well it is removing organic pollutants.
 Additionally, environmental regulatory
agencies use BOD measurements to set
standards for wastewater discharge limits,
ensuring that water bodies remain within
acceptable pollution levels.
 High BOD levels in natural water bodies
can have adverse effects on aquatic life.
When the dissolved oxygen concentration
RE
drops significantly, fish and other organisms
may struggle to survive. This phenomenon,
known as hypoxia, can lead to fish kills
and disrupt the overall balance of the
ecosystem.
 Efforts to reduce BOD levels involve various
strategies, including improved wastewater
treatment processes, implementation
of stricter pollution control measures,
and promoting sustainable agricultural
practices.
 By effectively managing and reducing
BOD, we can help preserve the health and
E
integrity of aquatic ecosystems and protect
the overall quality of our water resources.
IN
L1 : Elementary
L
39. Correct option: (c)
N
Explanation:
.O
 All statements are correct.
Supplementary Notes:
L
Algal Bloom
IA
 Presence of large amounts of nutrients
in waters also causes excessive growth of
R
planktonic (free-floating) algae, called an
E
algal bloom which imparts a distinct colour
to the water bodies.
T
 Algal blooms cause deterioration of the
A
water quality and fish mortality. Some
bloom-forming algae are extremely toxic to
M
human beings and animals.
L3: Real Challenge
PPP-PTS-4330/092023/12
 https://upscmaterial.online/
40. Correct option: (d)
Explanation:
 Statement 1 is incorrect: Biomagnification
refers to increase in concentration of the
toxicant at successive trophic levels.
 Statement 2 is incorrect: This happens
because a toxic substance accumulated
by an organism cannot be metabolised or
excreted, and is thus passed on to the next
higher trophic level.
Supplementary Notes:
Bio-magnification
 A few toxic substances, often present in
industrial waste waters, can undergo
biological magnification (Biomagnification)
in the aquatic food chain.
 Biomagnification refers to increase in
concentration of the toxicant at successive
trophic levels. This happens because a toxic
substance accumulated by an organism
cannot be metabolised or excreted, and is
thus passed on to the next higher trophic
level.
L2: Approachable
O 
41. Correct option: (c)
SC
Explanation:
 Both statements are correct
Supplementary Notes:
Health and Hazardous substance
 Biomagnification happens because a toxic
substance accumulated by an organism
GS
cannot be metabolised or excreted, and is
thus passed on to the next higher trophic
level.
 This phenomenon is wellknown for mercury
and Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT).
Biomagnification of DDT in an aquatic food
chain.
 In this manner, the concentration of DDT
is increased at successive trophic levels;
say if it starts at 0.003 ppb (ppb = parts per
billion) in water, it can ultimately reach 25
ppm (ppm = parts per million) in fish-eating
birds, through biomagnification.
 High concentrations of DDT disturb
calcium metabolism in birds, which causes
thinning of eggshell and their premature
M
breaking, eventually causing decline in bird
populations.
C
L2: Approachable
S
PPP-PTS-4330/092023/12
P
U
https://t.me/visioniastestseries2024
42. Correct option: (d)
Explanation:
 Statement 1 is correct: Eutrophication
is the natural aging of a lake by nutrient
enrichment of its water.
 Statement 2 is correct: With time, streams
draining into the lake introduce nutrients
such as nitrogen and phosphorus, which
encourage the growth of aquatic organisms.
 Statement 3 is incorrect: As the lake’s
fertility increases, plant and animal life
burgeons, and organic remains begin to be
deposited on the lake bottom.
Supplementary Notes:
Eutrophication
 Eutrophication is the natural aging of a
RE
lake by nutrient enrichment of its water.
In a young lake the water is cold and clear,
supporting little life.
 With time, streams draining into the lake
introduce nutrients such as nitrogen and
phosphorus, which encourage the growth of
aquatic organisms.
As the lake’s fertility increases, plant and
animal life burgeons, and organic remains
begin to be deposited on the lake bottom.
L3: Real Challenge
43. Correct option: (c)
Explanation:
E
 Both statements are correct.
IN
Supplementary Notes:
Effects of Eutrophication
L
 Over the centuries, as silt and organic
N
debris pile up, the lake grows shallower
and warmer, with warm-water organisms
.O
supplanting those that thrive in a cold
environment.
L
 Marsh plants take root in the shallows
and begin to fill in the original lake basin.
IA
Eventually, the lake gives way to large
masses of floating plants (bog), finally
converting into land.
R
 Depending on climate, size of the lake and
E
other factors, the natural aging of a lake
may span thousands of years.
T
 However, pollutants from man’s activities
A
like effluents from the industries and homes
can radically accelerate the aging process.
This phenomenon has been called Cultural
or Accelerated Eutrophication.
L2: Approachable
13
 https://upscmaterial.online/
44. Correct option: (b)
Explanation:
 Both statements are correct.
Supplementary Notes:
Marshlands
 In India, marshlands can be found in
various regions across the country, offering
a wide range of ecological and geographical
diversity. One of the most well-known
marshlands in India is the Sundarbans,
located in the eastern part of the country.
 The Sundarbans is a vast mangrove
forest and is shared between India and
Bangladesh. It is formed by the confluence
of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna
rivers, creating a unique ecosystem of
saltwater and freshwater mix.
 This UNESCO World Heritage Site is
renowned for its rich biodiversity, with
numerous species of flora and fauna,
including the iconic Bengal tiger, crocodiles,
dolphins, and a variety of bird species.
L2: Approachable
45. Correct option: (b)
O
Explanation:
 Statement 1 is incorrect: The Rann of
Kutch is a massive marshland located in
SC
the western part of India.
 Statement 2 is correct: The marshland
transforms from a dry and arid desert
during the summer months to a marshland
filled with shallow saltwater during the
monsoon season.
 Statement 3 is correct: This unique
landscape is home to various migratory
GS
birds, such as flamingos, pelicans, and
cranes.
Supplementary Notes:
Rann of Kutch
 Moving towards the western part of India,
we encounter the Rann of Kutch, a massive
marshland located in the state of Gujarat.
 This seasonal salt marsh spans thousands of
square kilometers and is one of the largest
such deserts in the world.
 The Rann of Kutch undergoes a dramatic
transformation throughout the year, from
a dry and arid desert during the summer
months to a marshland filled with shallow
saltwater during the monsoon season.
 This unique landscape is home to various
migratory birds, such as flamingos, pelicans,
and cranes, making it a popular destination
for birdwatchers.
C
L3: Real Challenge
S
14
P
U
https://t.me/visioniastestseries2024
46. Correct option: (d)
Explanation:
 All pairs are correctly matched.
Supplementary Notes:
Geographical Location of Marshlands
 In addition to these prominent marshlands,
India has several other wetland ecosystems
scattered across the country. The Loktak
Lake in Manipur, the largest freshwater
lake in Northeast India, is famous for its
floating phumdis (heterogeneous mass of
vegetation, soil, and organic matter).
 It serves as an essential habitat for the
endangered Sangai deer, also known as the
Manipur brow-antlered deer.
 Another notable marshland is the Keoladeo
National Park in Rajasthan, formerly
RE
known as Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary.
 This UNESCO World Heritage Site is a bird
watcher’s paradise, attracting thousands of
migratory birds, including Siberian cranes,
herons, ducks, and geese.
 The park’s marshy terrain, with its shallow
lakes, swamps, and dense vegetation,
creates an ideal breeding and resting ground
for avian species.
 Moving towards the western part of India,
we encounter the Rann of Kutch, a
massive marshland located in the state of
Gujarat.
L2: Approachable
E
47. Correct option: (d)
IN
Explanation:
 Both statements are correct.
L
N
Supplementary Notes:
Solid Waste Management
.O
 Sanitary landfills are engineered disposal
sites for solid waste that are designed to
L
minimize environmental impact and protect
public health.
IA
 Sanitary landfills were adopted as the
substitute for open-burning dumps. In a
R
sanitary landfill, wastes are dumped in a
depression or trench after compaction, and
E
covered with dirt every day.
T
 They are carefully constructed and managed
to prevent the contamination of air, soil,
A
and water. The waste is compacted and
covered with layers of soil daily to reduce
M
odors, control pests, and prevent the spread
of diseases.
L2: Approachable
PPP-PTS-4330/092023/12
 https://upscmaterial.online/
48. Correct option: (a)
Explanation:
 All statements are correct.
Supplementary Notes:
E-wastes
 Irreparable computers and other electronic
goods are known as electronic wastes
(e-wastes). E-wastes are burried in landfills
or incinerated.
 Over half of the e-wastes generated in the
developed world are exported to developing
countries, mainly to China, India and
Pakistan, where metals like copper, iron,
silicon, nickel and gold are recovered
during recycling process. Unlike developed
countries, which have specifically built
facilities for recycling of e-wastes, recycling
in developing countries often involves
manual participation thus exposing workers
to toxic substances present in e-wastes.
 Recycling is the only solution for the
treatment of e-waste, provided it is carried
out in an environment friendly manner.
L3: Real Challenge
O and the loss of beneficial organisms. They
49. Correct option: (c)
Explanation:
SC
 Both statements are correct.
Supplementary Notes:
Agro-Chemicals and their effects
 Agro-chemicals, also known as agricultural
chemicals or agrochemicals, are substances
GS
™™™™™
M
C
S
PPP-PTS-4330/092023/12
P
U
https://t.me/visioniastestseries2024
used in agriculture to enhance crop
production, protect plants from pests and
diseases, and control weeds.
 They include pesticides, fertilizers, and
herbicides. While these chemicals can
be beneficial in improving agricultural
productivity, they also have potential effects
on the environment, human health, and
biodiversity.
L2: Approachable
50. Correct option: (c)
Explanation:
 All statements are correct.
Supplementary Notes:
Agro-chemicals and their effects
RE
 Pesticides are used to control pests such as
insects, fungi, and weeds. Their effects can
vary depending on the type of pesticide used
and its application. Some potential effects
include:
 Pesticides can contaminate soil, water bodies,
and air, leading to ecological imbalances
may also harm non-target species such as
birds, bees, and aquatic life.
 Prolonged exposure to pesticides can pose
health risks to farmers, farmworkers, and
consumers. These chemicals may have
acute or chronic toxic effects, leading to
skin irritation, respiratory problems,
neurological disorders, and even certain
E
cancers.
IN
L3: Real Challenge
L
N
.O
L
IA
R
E
T
A
15