ARC 082: THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2
REVIEWER
🗒 1.0 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
AND METHODOLOGIES
Design in architecture is a process of creating
environments for people to inhabit. environments
that mold lifestyles. It is the process of and
manipulation of space, either in real space-time or
conceptually, virtually, to create functions ions
experiences. (GIRISHA SETHI)
Architecture before Architects
For the first fifty centuries, before the coming of
"formal" architecture, existed the indigenous
non-pedigreed architecture (B. Rudofsky, 1964).
The earliest civilizations had architecture resulting
from communal corporation, without the need of a
designated "architect".
Architecture drawings date as long back as
● the ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian era
- They were intuitive drawings, not created
with the purpose of solving complex design
but for orientation and communication
● The Greeks
- drew little and expressed more mods and
communicated architectural ideas with
models Instead, which date back to as early
as 725 BC at Perachora By the fifth century
BC.
- architects like Ictinusand Kall-Crates used
several means of giving builders accurate
information to guide them in the
construction of temples (M. Hewitt, 1985)
Meemasons also relied on full-scale models
which were laid geometrically and not
arithmetically Drawings were rare and
played a role in design and construction.
The very notion of scale was absent.
● the Renaissance
- there was no employment of drawing to
scale. After the Renaissance, as architects
started to explore and intellectual patterns
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of problem solving changed, the design
process became more complex. Conception
and discovery started to happen on paper
and detailed drawings to scale were
produced.
Traditional Design Methodologies
- For centuries after the Renaissance,
drawings and models were an integral part
of the design process. Architects sketched
on paper to ideate and explore, made
hand-made models as iterations to
understand their own designs and drafted
plans, sections and elevations to
communicate with the builders. Drawings
and models remained the major tools of
design for the longest time until the surge of
the digital wave.
- Over time, the realization was absorbed that
architecture drawings needed to stand out
on their own merit and required a higher
degree of precision. One early advocate of
this belief was Leon Battista Alberti who, in
1435 and 1436, wrote two works that
explored the need to incorporate more
Euclidian geometry in drawings (Wolfgang
Lefèvre, 2004). He also proposed drawings
with multiple views rather than the single
view then common.
WHAT IS DESIGN PROCESS?
▪ An architectural design process is essential in
providing a series of steps so that you end up with
the best architect designed house for you.
▪ The activity of architectural design is consist of
certain kinds of tasks done is specific order.
WHY IS THE DESIGN PROCESS IMPORTANT?
▪ The architectural design process is important
because the design of a house is complicated.
▪ There are many things to consider in a home, and
you want to get it right.
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▪ The architectural design process means that you
don’t overlook any critical aspects in the design of
your home.
▪ It also helps communicate the intention of the
house design
PRE –DESIGN /PROGRAMMING
▪ The first objective is to get-together with a client
and determine overall project vision and goals.
▪ In this phase, we carry out
▫ Client consultation
▫ Existing conditions survey and documentation
▫ Photographs
▫ Measurements
▫ Compile existing drawings if any
▫ Prepare high-level base drawings
▫ Statement of probable build/construction cost
▫ Programming space and use
▫ Code review
▪ Duration: usually 2-4 weeks
SCHEMATIC DESIGN
▪ In this phase, we do series of rough
sketches/drawings that illustrate the basic concepts
of the design
▪ Duration: usually 4-8 weeks
▪ At the end of this phase, we deliver
▫ Floor plans of all levels with generic openings
and plumbing fixtures
▫ Exterior building elevations with representative
openings and finishes
▫ Building cross-section
▫ Typical wall section
▪ At the end of this phase, we deliver
▫ Floor plans with a proposed basis of
design openings and plumbing fixtures
▫ Overall dimensions
▫ Structural grid dimensions
▫ Interior wall dimensions
▫ Exterior elevations with a proposed basis
of design openings and finishes
▫ Additional building sections
▫ Wall sections at all typical conditions
▫ Typical details
▫ Additional details to establish a basis for
design products
CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS
▪ By now we have a final design. We can begin
preparing construction drawings/blueprints, notes,
and technical specifications necessary for bidding,
construction, and permit application.
▪ Duration: usually 8-12 weeks
▪ In this phase, we deliver
▫ Floor plans fully annotated
▫ All dimensions
▫ Room, wall, door, and window identification
▫ Section and detail indicators
▫ General notes and detailed notes
▫ Exterior elevations fully annotated
▫ All building sections required for construction
▫ Wall sections at all conditions
▫ Details fully annotated
▫ Structural plans, details, and notes
▫ Plumbing plans, schedules, details, and notes
▫ HVAC plans, schedules, details, and notes
▫ Electrical power and lighting plans, schedules,
details, and notes
ADDITIONAL PROCESS

BUILDING PERMIT PHASE

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
▪ This phase involves finalizing the design and
specifying items such as materials, window and
door locations and general structural details.
▪ Duration: usually 8-12 weeks
▪ At this point, the architect must submit the permit
set of drawings as part of a larger permit
application.

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▪ The city or county reviews the submittals for
structural integrity and adherence to zoning laws
and building codes.
▪ Duration: usually 12-24 weeks (varies widely)
BIDDING AND NEGOTIATION PHASE
▪ If the building is a design-build project that is
designed and built by the same firm, there is no
need to field bids from construction contractors.
▪ If no contractor comes pre-attached, the client and
the architect interview contractors and solicit
competitive bids.
▪ Duration: usually 3-6 weeks
CONSTRUCTION ADMINISTRATION PHASE
▪ Finally, the construction is underway.
▪ During this phase, we will build as per the design
intent. Also if there are any changes, we discuss
changes and options with the owner.
▪ It ensures that alterations are compatible with the
owner's vision for the project.
▪ This is the last phase and at the end of this phase,
a project is ready for the use/occupancy.
▪ Duration: concurrent with construction time frame
THE PROCESS SHOULD INVOLVE THE
FOLLOWING STEPS :
1. ASSEMBLE THE TEAM
• At the outset of the project there should be a
scheduling or at least a tentative assembly of
efficient architects and consultants who identify the
project's scope and purpose.
2. CLEAR COMMUNICATION
• The communication should be always available
for any inquiry of the different involved, especially
for the owner or their representative/s.
3. BUDGET AND COST CONTROL
• critical to all the success of any project.
4. STAYING IN TRACK
• Hold regularly-scheduled job progress meetings
with the Owner’s Representative and contractors.
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ARCHITECTURAL FEES
1. Schematic Design 15% of Architectural Fees
2. Design Development 20% of Architectural Fees
3. Construction Documents 40% of Architectural
Fees
4. Bidding 5% of Architectural Fees
5. Construction Observation 20% of Architectural
Fees
ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING
▪ The process of managing information so that the
right kind of information is available at the right
stage of the design process and the best possible
decisions can be made in shaping the outcome of
the building designs.
▪ Two main areas of concern:
▫ Analysis of the existing state ;
▫ Projection of what the future state should be
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN METHODOLOGIES
▪ Systematic method of problem solving
▪ Builds upon the concept by helping to make the
best use of the design tools acquired in creativity
▪ Involves a systematic breakdown of a body of
knowledge into its workable parts
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PARADIGM
1. PRE STATEMENT
▪ This is a statement of the problem that you, the
designer will have to resolve.
2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
▪ you don’t write the problem until after you have
determined the problem. First proceed to step 3
and gather “information” and then you can state the
true problem.
3. INFORMATION -
▪ At this stage you meet the people involved in the
project, observe them, talk to them, and sometimes
get to know them.
▪ Record all of the information you will eventually
use from:
▪ Literature
▪ Experienced Persons
▪ Observation
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4.ANALYSIS ▪ Observation
▪ After completion of information search, you can
begin to analyze your data. THINK STAGE
▪ This is a “think stage” and so do not conceptualize ▪ Compartmentalizing the problem + solutions
the total solution here. ▪ Partials solutions
5. SYNTHESIS ▪ Combine solutions
▪ The conceptualization of your project’s solution
in a graphic manner CONCEPTUALIZATION
6. EVALUATION ▪ In a graphic manner
▪ The evaluation of a project may take place at ▪ All drawings, sketches, verbal descriptions,
different times. models, other visuals that relate to the project
▪ To evaluate a project before it is constructed, ask belong here
yourself questions similar in style to those
examples listed below: ARCHITECT’S DESIGN SERVICES
▪ 1. Does the space accommodate twenty Regular Services
six students in both physically active and 1. Schematic Design Phase
sedentary activities? 2. Design Development Phase
▪ 2. Is the space flexible? 3. Contract Documents Phase and
▪ 3. Does the space contain a variety of
4. Construction Phase
teaching aids and areas?
▪ 4. Are outside destructions minimal?

7 MAJOR ARCHITECTURAL SERVICES

1. Pre-Design Services
▪ Economic Feasibility Studies
▪ Project Financing
▪ Architectural Programming
▪ Investigating, identifying and documenting the
needs of the client for use in the design of the
project
▪ Promotional Services
▪ Site Utilization and Land-Use Studies
▪ Space/Management Studies

2. Design Services
3. Specialized Allied Services
4. Construction Services
5. Post Construction Services
6. Comprehensive Architectural Services
7. Design-Build Services

ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH
▪ Related Literature
▪ Interview/ Consult with Experienced Persons

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🗒 2.0 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN WHERE DOES ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPT

CONCEPTUALIZATION AND TECHNIQUES COME FROM ?
▪ Site
Architectural production is a process that ▪ Program (Functional Reqt.)
includes the stages of thinking, designing and ▪ Socio-Cultural Aspect
drafting. This process starts with the development ▪ Technologies and Materials
of a “concept” ▪ Methods
▪ Influence and Philosophies
WHAT IS CONCEPT? ▪ Users
▪ an abstract idea, a plan or intention an idea or ▪ Movement ,Spaces and Form
invention to help sell or publicize a commodity idea, ▪ Emotions
notion, theory, conviction, opinion. ▪ Precedent Research
▪ Architectural concepts are the designers way of
responding to the design situation presented to DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO DESIGN
them. They are a means of translating the CONCEPT
non-physical design problem into the physical ▪ There are several areas the designer may focus
building product on at the early stages of design that will begin to
inform the concept and direction. These areas may
WHAT IS ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPT? be drawn upon throughout the project, weaved into
▪ Architectural concept is used to help generate a one another, as the project develops.
response to a given design based scenario,by ▪ The approaches is categorized as follows :
addressing the projects brief, context,restrictions,
issues, use and structural requirements. ▫ FUNCTIONAL
▪ Should we approach the design with function at
ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPTS the forefront of our minds?
▪ Does the project have more necessity for the
BIG IDEA functional elements rather than the aesthetic
BASIC FRAMEWORK appearance of the building?
PRIMARY ORGANIZER ▪ There are certainly some types of buildings that
DESIGN PROBLEM we would make function high up on our priority list

▫ MATERIAL
▪ We may approach our design looking at the
materials of the structure as part of our early
DESIGN SOLUTION architectural concepts.
FUNCTIONAL ZONING ▪ By focusing on a specific material, we will be
ARCHITECTURAL SPACE naturally led towards particular forms of
CIRCULATION & BUILDING FORM construction, thus creating a type of appearance
RESPONSE TO CONTEXT organically
BUILDING ENVELOPE
▫ CONTEXTUAL
▪ A contextual approach to our concept will look at
ECONOMY the context of the site and surroundings, the

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historical features of the area, and the people that

occupy the area.
▪ A contextual approach to a design does not
always mean it will sit harmoniously in its
surroundings.
▫ CONCEPTUAL
▪ A conceptual approach to a design is looking at
the idea of conceptual architecture.
▪ This suggests that every part of the project is
about the concept. The sole focus of the design is
about the idea, rather than a combination of
approaches and processes.
▪ Conceptual architecture is sometimes never built,
but rather designed as a form of thought
provocation, exploration of ideas.
WHERE DOES ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPT
COME FROM ?
▪ A “concept” starts to take “form” by including
the “functions”attached to it.Then,this “form”is
further shaped “structurally” and “materially”.
▪ Finally, the form is realized in three dimensions by
taking care of the sound related(acoustics),light
related(illumination) and spatial considerations.
GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM
Frank Lloyd Wright

▫ FORMAL
▪ A formal approach to design looks at drawing on
the formal language of architecture to develop a
concept.
▪ We look to architecture from the classical period
to inform our approach to developing the formal
rules of our design.

▫ COLLABORATIVE
▪ Most projects can be considered to be
collaborative. Whether there is a large design team
working on the different aspects of the building,
there is also the client, stakeholders, engineers,
surveyors, contractors and many more people
LEVELS OF EXPRESSIONS
involved in the design
• The concept should appeal both to :
• Normal Layman
▫ PHILOSOPHICAL
• Professional Specialist
▪ Another approach to architectural concepts is to
consider your design philosophy.
Importance of Design Concept
▪ This is a set of values you use to inform your
▪ You may design without a concept, but you need
design. The values could be the life values of the
a concept because :
designer, or could be a reflection of the design brief
▫ It gives depth and meaning to your work (the more
or context of the site, or indeed a combination of all
innovative and coherent the concept the more
three.
interesting work is.)
“Life is chaotic. Buildings should reflect it” – Frank
Gehry.

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▫ Concepts open the door for more related ideas, it
makes you think and research (the richer the
concept means a richer building)
▫ Concepts distinguish architects.
NOTE: You cannot begin to generate a concept
until you understand the project's brief, site and
context, and so this should be your first point of call
and the starting point to gathering all of the
project's required parameters.
This includes site analysis, design brief appraisal,
building typology appraisal, archetype appraisal,
precedent studies and so on.
HOW TO CREATE AN ARCHITECTURAL
CONCEPT ?
▪ Four areas are summarized :
▫ Site Analysis
▫ Design Brief
▫ Building typology
▫ Project Narrative
How to communicate with your concept
Multiple tools can be used to express your idea,
such as:
• Drawings
• Conceptual models
• Text
Using of different materials, colors, or methods
might help you understand better what you are
doing, hence, expressing your concept
DIAGRAMS
drawing of geometric shapes to show different
relationships within any given space
PARTI
A type of diagram that serves as a General idea to
figure out a building‘s program or layout, usually in
the form of quick sketches or 3D models
MORPHOLOGY
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the study of forms of things
Conceptual Models can be used to express:
• Layers (vertical, horizontal, or rotated planes)
• Outer shell
• Circulation
• Materials & colors
• Construction issues
• Coherency with topography
• Any idea
ANALOGY
An analogy is more like a simile, a similarity
between like features of two things, on which a
comparison may be based. A cognitive process of
transferring information from particular subject
(source)to another subject
(target).
• superficial analogy – to take the same
shape of something without any changes
• structural analogy – to make a structure of
building from a shape of something
• holistic analogy – combination of both
METAPHOR
A metaphor is more like an allegory. A metaphor is
an implicit simile, while analogy is an explicit one.
Put differently, a metaphor is literally false, while an
analogy is literally true.
Metaphors need a bit more imagination to interpret,
while analogies are readily apparent.
The process of transformation of intangible or
abstract aspects into physical or visual image is
known as the “Metaphoric Process”.
CONCEPTUALIZATION TECHNIQUES OF
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
▪ Traditional Architectural concepts been designers
way of responding to the designation presented in
the program .
▪ Some general categories under which the
concerns and issues of a building may be listed and
addressed in design are:
▫ Functional Zoning
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▫ Architectural Space EXAMPLES OF BUILDINGS

▫ Circulation and Building Form
▫ Response Context St. Andrew Parish Church, Makati
▫ Building Envelope Leandro Locsin, 1968

CONTEXTS FOR CONCEPT GETTING

1.VALUES
- General philosophy and life values of the
designer.
• Motivation and interest
• Enhancement of self-image
• Dependence on or independence of
outside reinforcement of self-worth
• Concern for fellow man
• Immediate and deferred goals UP Chapel, Quezon City
• Conservation of what is scarce and valued Leandro Locsin, 1955
• Quest for simplification
• The material and the spiritual

2. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
- A set of postures or values about design which he
relies upon for making form in building design.
3. VIEW/PERCEPTION
- The way the designer perceives, understands and
describes the project/ design problem.
• Does the project call for an architectural solution?
• Project limits in terms of the designer’s Bank of China, Hongkong, IM Pei
responsibility? HSBC Hong Kong HQ, 1985, Norman Foster
• Design: essence + uniqueness of the problem
• Physical limits/ opportunities
• Design checklist includes:
o FUNCTION
o SPACE
o GEOMETRY
o CONTEXT
o ENCLOSURE
o SYSTEMS
o ECONOMIC
o HUMAN FACTORS

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London City Hall, London

Sir Norman Foster, 2002

Basílica y Templo Expiatorio de la Sagrada

Familia
Swiss Re London Headquarters
Barcelona, Antoni Gaudí, 1883+
Sir Norman Foster, 2004

Reichstag Dome, Berlin

Baha’i LotusTemple, New Delhi India
Sir Norman Foster, 1999

Sydney Opera House, Sydney, Australia

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• EXTENSION – expansion of an existing product

L’Hemisfèric is one of the structures within or service
the City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia, • SYNTHESIS – combining several products or
Spain. services into something unique

CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION

▪ Creativity is the ability to develop new ideas and
to discover new ways of looking at problems. While
INNOVATION is the ability to apply creative
solutions to problems or opportunities to enhance
or enrich

ELEMENTS OF CREATIVITY
UNIQUE
(original)
Samuel Beckett Bridge, Dublin, Ireland
VALUED
(useful)

INTENT
(having purpose)

CONTINUOUS
(excellence in implementation)

⬇️
PREPARATION
3 ESSENTIALS TO DEVELOPMENT OF

⬇️
CREATIVE SKILLS INVESTIGATION
▪ IDEATION

⬇️
▪ IDEA QUANTITY TRANSFORMATION
▪ IMAGINEERING

⬇️
INCUBATION
What is a CREATIVE PROCESS?

⬇️
• An accumulated background information and ILLUMINATION
knowledge

⬇️
• Mental incubation or doing unrelated things VERIFICATION
• Developing several alternatives or solutions
• Being able to evaluate and implement IMPLEMENTATION
• It is not a short process

Types of creativity
• INVENTION – the creation of a complete new
product

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