CHAPTER – 23

GRAPHICAL RSEPRESENTATION OF STATISTICAL DATA

Exercise 23.1
Page number 23.7

Question 1: The following table shows the daily production of T.V.

sets in an industry for 7 days of a week.

T IO S
Day Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

I
NO A D
Number 300 400 150 250 100 350 200

CO N
of T.V.
A
sets

PY
DO U A
Represent the above information by a pictograph.
T
ED PR

Solution:
The given information can be represented using a pictograph as below:
C

Day No. of T.V. sets

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Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
= 50 T.V. Sets
Question 2: The following table shows the number of Maruti cars sold
by five dealers in a particular month:
Dealer saya Bagaa links DD motors Bhasin Motors competent
cars sold 60 40 20 15 10
Represent the above information by a pictograph.
Solution:
The given information can be

T IO S
represented using a pictograph as below:

I
DealerNO A D Number of Maruti car sold

CO N
A
Saya

PY
DO U A
Bagaa links
T
ED PR

DD Motors

Bhasin Motors
C
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Competent

= 10 Cars

Question 3: The population of Delhi State in different census years is

as given below:
Cenus year 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
Population in lakhs 30 55 70 110 150
Represent the above information with the help of a bar graph.
Solutions:
Let us consider the horizontal and vertical axes represent the years and
population in lakhs respectively.
The heights of the rectangles are proportional to the population in lakhs.
Bar Graph:

T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
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Question 4: Read the bar graph shown below and answer the
following questions:
(i) What is the information given by the bar graph?
(ii) How many tickets of Assam State Lottery were sold by the agent?
(iii) Of which state, were the maximum number of tickets sold?
(iv) State whether true or false.
The maximum number of tickets sold is three times the minimum
number of tickets sold.
(v) Of which state were the minimum numbers of tickets sold?
 T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
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Solution:
(i) Bar graph represents the number of tickets of different state lotteries
sold by an agent on a day.
(ii) Number of tickets of Assam State Lottery were sold by the agent = 40.
(iii) Maximum numbers of tickets were sold is 100, in the state Haryana.
(iv) Maximum number of tickets were sold is 100, in the state Haryana.
Minimum number of tickets were sold is 20, in the state Rajasthan.
It is clear that 100 are equal to 5 times of 20.
Hence, the statement is false.
(v) The minimum numbers of tickets were sold is 20, in the state
Rajasthan.

Question 5: Study the bar graph representing the number of persons

in various age groups in a town shown in figure. Observe the bar
graph and answer the following questions:
(i) What is the percentage of the youngest age-group persons over
those in the oldest age group?

T IO S
(ii) What is the total population of the town?

I
NO A D
(iii) What is the number of persons in the age-group 60-65?

CO N
A
(iv) How many persons are more in the age-group 10-15 than in the

PY
DO U A
age group 30-35?
T
(v) What is the age-group of exactly 1200 persons living in the town?
ED PR

(vi) What is the total number of persons living in the town in the age-
group 50-55?
C
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(vii) What is the total number of persons living in the town in the age-
groups 10-15 and 60-65?
(vii) Whether the population in general increases, decreases or
remains constant with the increase in the age-group.
 T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C

Solution:
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(i) Youngest age-group is 10-15 years

The number of persons belonging to this group = 1400
The oldest age-group is 70-75 years and
The number of persons belonging to this group = 300
Now,
The percentage of youngest age-group persons over those in the oldest
group is as below:
1400
1400/300 × 100 =
3
(ii) Population of the town = 300 + 800 + 900 + 1000 + 1100 + 1200 +
1400 = 6700
(iii) Number of persons in the age group 60 – 65 = 800.
(iv) Number of persons in the age group 10 – 15 = 1400
Number of persons in the age group 30-35 = 1100.
Hence the number of more persons in the age group 10 – 15 than the group
30-35 is 1400 — 1100 = 300.

T IO S
(v) Age group of 1200 persons living in the town is 20 – 25.

I
(vi) Total number of persons living in the town in the age-group 50 – 55
NO A D
CO N
is 900.
A
(vii) Total number of persons living in the town in the age-groups 10 -15

PY
DO U A
and 60 – 65 is 1400 + 800 = 2200.
T
ED PR

(viii) We have observed that, the height of the bars decreases as the age-
group increases. Hence, the population decreases with the increases in the
age-group.
C
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Question 6: Read the bar graph shown in Fig. 23.10 and answer the
following questions:

(i) What is the information given by the bar graph?

 T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR

(ii) What was the number of commercial banks in 1977?

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(iii) What is the ratio of the number of commercial banks in 1969 to

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that in 1980?
(iv) State whether true or false:
The number of commercial banks in 1983 is less than double the
number of commercial banks in 1969.
Solution:
(1) The bar graph represents the number of commercial banks in India
during some particular years.
(2) The number of commercial banks in 1977 was
140−120
120 +
2
 20
= 120 +
2

= 120 + 10
= 130

(3) The number of commercial banks in 1969 was

100−80
80 +
2

T IO S
20
= 80 +

I
2

NO A D
CO N
= 80 + 10
A
= 90

PY
DO U A
The number of commercial banks in 1980 was
T
ED PR

160−140
140 +
2
20
= 140 +
C

2
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= 140 + 10
= 150
Hence, the required ratio is
90
150
3
=
5

= 3: 5

(4) The number of commercial banks in 1983 was

240−220
220 +
2
 20
= 220 +
2

= 220 + 10
= 230
The number of commercial banks in 1969 was 90. When we multiply this
number by 2, it becomes
2 × 90

T IO S
= 180

I
Clearly, 230 is not less than 180.
NO A D
CO N
Hence the statement is false.
A

PY
DO U A

Question 7: Given below (Fig. 23.11) is the bar graphic indicating the
T
ED PR

marks obtained out of 50 in mathematics paper by 100 students. Read

the bar graph and answer the following questions.
C
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(i) It is decided to distribute work books on mathematics to the
students obtaining less than 20 marks, giving one workbook to
each of such students. If a work book costs Rs. 5, what sum is
required to buy the work books?

(ii) Every student belonging to the highest mark group is entitled to

get a prize of Rs. 10. How much amount of money is required for
distributing the prize money?

T IO S I
(iii) Every student belonging to the lowest mark-group has to solve
NO A D
5 problems per day. How many problems, in all, will be solved by

CO N
A
the students of this group per day?

PY
DO U A
T
(iv) State whether true or false.
ED PR

(a) 17% students have obtained marks ranging from 40 to 49.

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(b) 59% students have obtained marks ranging from 10 to 29.

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(v) What is the number of students getting less than 20 marks?

(vi) What is the number of students getting more than 29 marks?

(vii) What is the number of students getting marks between 9 and

40?

(viii) What is the number of students belonging to the highest mark

group?
(ix) What is the number of students obtaining more than 19 marks?
Solution:
(1) The number of students obtaining less than 20 marks is 27 + 12 =
39
Hence, the total cost to buy the work books is 5 × 39 = Rs. 195/-
(2) The highest mark group is 40-49. The number of students belonging
to this group is 17. Hence, the total amount of money required to
distribute the prize money is 10 × 17 = Rs. 170/-
(3) The lowest mark group is 0-9. The number of students belonging to
this group is 27. Hence, the total number of problems will be solved

T IO S
by the students of this group is 5 × 27 = 135

I
(4) The total number of students is 100 (given in the question).
NO A D
(a) The number of students obtaining marks ranging from 40-49 is

CO N
17
A
17. The percentage of students belonging to this group is ×
100

PY
100 = 17%
DO U A

Hence, the statement is true.

T
ED PR

(b) The number of students obtaining marks ranging from 10 to 29 is

12 + 20 = 32
C

Hence, the statement is false.

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(5) The number of students getting less than 20 marks is 27 + 12 = 39

(6) The number of students getting more than 29 marks is 24 + 17 = 41
(7) The number of students getting marks between 9 to 40 is 12 + 20 +
24 = 56
(8) The number of students belonging to the highest mark group 40 –
49 is 17.
(9) The number of students obtaining more than 19 marks is 20 + 24 +
17 = 61

Question 8: Read the following bar graph (Fig. 23.12) and answer the
following questions:
(i) What is the information given by the bar graph?

(ii) State each of the following whether true or false.

(a) The number of government companies in 1957 is that of 1982 is
1: 9.
(b) The number of government companies have decreased over the
year 1957 to 1983.

T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
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Solution:
(1) The bar graph represents the number of government companies in
India during some years.
(2) (a) The number of companies in 1957 was 50 and the number of
companies in 1982 was 375. Their ratio in that order is 50 : 375 = 2: 15
Hence, the statement is false.
(b) The height of the bar graphs increases over the years 1957 to 1983.
 Hence, the statement is false.

Question 9: Read the following bar graph and answer the following
questions:

T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
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(i) What information is given by the bar graph?

(ii) Which state is the largest producer of rice?

(iii) Which state is the largest producer of wheat?

(iv) Which state has total production of rice and wheat as its
maximum?
(v) Which state has the total production of wheat and rice
minimum?
Solution:
(1) The bar graph represents the production of rice and wheat in different
states of India.
(2) According to the height of the bars corresponding to rice, W.B. is the
largest producer of rice.

T IO S
(3) According to the height of the bars corresponding to wheat, U.P. is the
largest producer of wheat.

I
NO A D
(4) U.P. has the maximum total production of rice and wheat, which is 8

CO N
A
+ 16 = 24 units

PY
DO U A
(5) Maharashtra has the minimum total production of rice and wheat,
which are exactly 2 + 4 = 6 units.
T
ED PR

Question 10: The following bar graph (Fig. 23.14) represents the
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heights (in cm) of 50 students of Class XI of a particular school. Study

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the graph and answer the following questions:

 T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR

(i) What percentage of the total number of students have their

heights more than 149 cm?
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(ii) How many students in the class are in the range of

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maximum height of the class?

(iii) The school wants to provide a particular type of tonic to each
student below the height of 150 cm to improve his height. If
the cost of the tonic for each student comes out to be Rs. 55,
How much amount of money is required?

(iv) How many students are in the range of shortest height of the
class?

(v) State whether true or false:

(a) There are 9 students in the class whose heights are in the
range of 155-159 cm.
 (b) Maximum height (in cm) of a student in the class is 17.

(c) There are 29 students in the class whose heights are in the
range of 145-154 cm.
(d) Minimum height (in cm) of a student is the class is in the
range of 140-144 cms.
(e) The number of students in the class having their heights less
than 150 cm is 12.
(f) There are 14 students each of whom has height more than 154

T IO S
cm.

I
NO A D
Solution:

CO N
A
(1) The total number of students is 50. The number of students having
heights more than 149 cm is

PY
DO U A

Desired percentage is:

T
ED PR

17+9+5
= × 100
50
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= 62%
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(2) The maximum range of height is 164-165 cm. The number of students
belonging to this group is 5.
(3) The number of students whose heights are less than 150 cm is 7 + 12
= 19. Hence, the total cost is 19 × 55 = Rs. 1045/-
(4) The minimum range of height is 140-144 cm. The number of students
belonging to this group is 7.
(5) (a) The number of students whose heights are in the range 155-159 cm
is 9. Hence, the statement is true.
(b) The maximum possible height (in cm) of a student in the class can be
164 cm. Hence, the statement is false.
(c) The number of students whose heights are in the range 145-154 cm is
. Hence, the statement is true.
(d) The minimum range of heights of students in the class is 140-144 cm.
Hence, the statement is true.
(e) The number of students having heights less than 150 cm is 7 + 12 =
19. Hence, the statement is false.
(f) The number of students having heights more than 154 cm is 9 + 5 =
14. Hence, the statement is true.

T IO S I
NO A D
Question 11: Read the following bar graph (Fig. 23.15) and answer

CO N
A
the following questions:

PY
DO U A
(i) What information is given by the bar graph?
T
(ii) What was the production of cement in the year 1980-81?
ED PR

(iii) What is the minimum and maximum productions of cement and

corresponding years?
C
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Solution:
(1) The bar graph represents the industrial production of cement in
different years in India.
(2) According to the height of the 6th bar from the left, the production of
cement in the year 1980-81 was 186 lakh tonnes.
(3) According to the heights of the bars, the minimum production of
cement is 30 lakh tonnes in the year 1950-51 and the maximum production
of cement is 232 lakh tonnes in the year 1982-83.

T IO S I
NO A D
Question 12: The bar graph shown in Fig. 23.16 represents the

CO N
circulation of newspapers in 10 languages.
A

PY
Study the bar graph and answer the following questions:
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
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(i) What is the total number of newspapers published in Hindi,
English, Urdu, Punjabi and Bengali?
(ii) What percent is the number of newspapers published in Hindi of
the total number of newspaper?
(iii) Find the excess of the number of newspapers published in English
over those published in Urdu.
(iv) Name two pairs of languages which publish the name number of
newspapers.

T IO S
(v) State the language in which the smallest number of newspapers

I
are published.
NO A D
CO N
(vi) State the language in which the largest number of newspapers are
A
published.

PY
DO U A
T
(vii) State the language in which the number of newspapers published
ED PR

is between 2500 and 3500.

(viii) State whether true or false:
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(a) The number of newspapers published in Malayalam and Marathi

together is less than those published in English.
(b) The number of newspapers published in Telugu is more than those
published in Tamil.
Solution:
(1) The total number of newspapers published in Hindi, English, Urdu,
Punjabi and Bengali is
3700 + 3400 + 700 + 200 + 1100
= 9100
(2) The total number of newspapers published is
1100 + 3400 + 1100 + 3700 + 1400 + 1400 + 200 + 1000 + 400 + 700
= 14400
The number of newspapers published in Hindi is 3700. The percentage of
published Hindi newspapers is
3700
× 100
14400
3700
=
144

= 25.7%

T IO S
(3) The number of newspapers published in English and Urdu are 3400

I
and 700 respectively. Hence, the excess of the number of newspapers
NO A D
published in English over those published in Urdu is

CO N
A
3400 – 700 = 2700

PY
DO U A
(4) According to the length of the 5th and 6th bars from the top, the number
T
of newspapers published in Marathi and Malayalam are same. According
ED PR

to the length of the 1st and 3rd bars from the bottom, the number of
newspapers published in Bengali and Gujrat are same.
C

(5) According to the length of the 4th bar from the top, the smallest number
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of newspapers published in the language Punjabi.

(6) According to the length of the 4th bar from the bottom, the largest
number of newspapers published in the language Hindi.
(7) The languages in which the number of published newspapers is greater
than or equal to 2500 are English and Hindi. Among the languages Hindi
and English, the language in which the number of published newspapers
is less than or equal to 3500 is English. Hence, the language is English.
(8) (a) The number of newspapers published in Malayalam and Marathi
together is
1400 + 1400 = 2800
The number of newspapers published in English is 3400. Clearly, 2800 is
less than 3400. Hence, the statement is true.
(b) The number of newspapers published in Telugu and Tamil are 400 and
1000 respectively. Clearly 400 is not greater than 1000. Hence, the
statement is false.

Question 13: Read the bar graph given in Fig. 23.17 and answer the
following questions:

T IO S
(i) What information is given by the bar graph?

I
NO A D
(ii) What was the crop-production of rice in 1970-1971?

CO N
(iii) What is the difference between the maximum and minimum
A
production of rice?

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
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Solution:
(1) The bar graph represents the production of rice crop in India in
different years.
(2) According to the height of the 3rd bar from the left, the crop-production
of rice in 1970-71 is 42.5 lakh tonnes.
(3) The maximum product of rice is 55 lakh tonnes (height of the 4th bar
from the left) in the year 1980-81 and the minimum product of rice is 22
lakh tonnes (height of the 1st bar from the left) in the year 1950-51. Hence,
the difference between maximum and minimum production of rice (in

T IO S
lakh tonnes) is 55 – 22 = 33

I
NO A D
CO N
Question 14: Read the bar graph given in Fig. 23.18 and answer the
A
following questions:

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
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(i) What information does it give?

(ii) In which part the expenditure on education is maximum in 1980?

(iii) In which part the expenditure has gone up from 1980 to 1990?

(iv) In which part the gap between 1980 and 1990 is maximum?
Solution:
(1) The bar graph represents the public expenditure on education in

T IO S
different countries and sub continents in the years 1980 and 1990.

I
(2) The expenditure on education in Africa in 1980 is the maximum.
NO A D
CO N
(3) It is clear from the bar graph that in East Africa the expenditure has
A
gone up from 1980 to 1990.

PY
DO U A
(4) It is observed from the bar graph that the gap between expenditures in
T
1980 and 1990 is maximum in Africa, which is 18 – 14 = 4%
ED PR
C

Question 15: Read the bar graph given in Fig. 23.19 and answer the
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following questions:
(i) What information is given by the bar graph?
 T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
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(ii) In which years the areas under the sugarcane crop were the
maximum and the minimum?

(iii) State whether true or false:

The area under the sugarcane crop in the year 1982-83 is three times
that of the year 1950-51.
Solution:
(1) The bar graph represents the areas (in lakh hectares) under sugarcane
crop during different years in India.
(2) It is seen from the bar graph that the area under the sugarcane crop is
maximum in the year 1982-83 and minimum in the year 1950-51.
(3) The area under the sugarcane crop in the years 1982-83 and 1950-51
are 34 lakh hectares and 18 lakh hectares respectively. Clearly, 34 is not
equal to 3 multiplied by 18.
Hence, the statement is false.

Question 16: Read the bar graph given in Fig. 23.20 and answer the
following questions:

T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
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(i) What information is given by the bar graph?

(ii) What was the expenditure on health and family planning in the
year 1982-83?

(iii) In which year is the increase in expenditure maximum over the

expenditure in previous year? What is the maximum increase?
Solution:
(1) The bar graph represents the expenditure (in 100 Crores of rupees) on
health and family planning during the Sixth Five Year Plan in India.
(2) The height of the 2nd bar from the left is 7 units, which is
corresponding to the year 1982-83. Hence, the expenditure on health and
family planning in the year 1982-83 was 700 Crores rupees.
(3) Take the year 1980-81 as the initial year of expenditure. Then

T IO S
(a) The increase in expenditure in the year 1981-82 is 5 – 4 = 1 unit.

I
(b) The increase in expenditure in the year 1982-83 is 7 – 5 = 2 units.
NO A D
CO N
(c) The increase in expenditure in the year 1983-84 is 8 – 7 = 1 unit.
A
(d) The increase in expenditure in the year 1984-85 is 10.2 – 8 = 2.2 units.

PY
DO U A

Hence, in the year 1984-85 the increase in expenditure is the maximum

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ED PR

and the maximum increase is 2.2 × 100 = 220 Crores rupees

C

Question 17: Read the bar graph given in Fig. 23.21 and answer the
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following questions:
(i) What is the information given by the bar graph?
(ii) What is the number of families having 6 members?
(iii) How many members per family are there in the maximum
number of families? Also tell the number of such families.
(iv) What are the number of members per family for which the
number of families are equal? Also, tell the number of such families?
 T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR

Solution:
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(1) The bar graph represents the number of families with different number
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of members in a locality.
(2) The number of families having 6 members is 50, the height of
the 6th bar from the left,
(3) The maximum number of families is 120. There are 3 members per
family in the maximum number of families.
(4) It is seen from the bar graph that the height of the 9th and 10th bars
from the left are same (equals to 5).
Hence, the numbers of members per family for which the number of
families are equal are 9 and 10.
The number of such families is 5.
Question 18: Read the bar graph given in Fig. 23.22 and answer the
following questions:

T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
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(i) What information is given by the bar graph?

(ii) Which Doordarshan centre covers maximum area? Also tell the
covered area.
(iii) What is the difference between the areas covered by the centres
at Delhi and Bombay?
(iv) Which Doordarshan centres are in U.P. State? What are the areas
covered by them?
Solution:
(1) The bar graph represents the area of coverage (in 1000 square km) of
some Doordarshan Centers of India.
(2) It is seen from the bar graph that the height of the 4th bar from the left
is maximum, which is corresponding to Kolkata. Hence, the Kolkata
Doordarshan covers maximum area. The area covered by Kolkata
Doordarshan is
36 × 1000 = 36000 sq. km
(3) The area covered by Delhi Doordarshan is
34 × 1000 = 34000 sq. km

T IO S
The area covered by Mumbai Doordarshan is

I
20 × 1000 = 20000 sq. km
NO A D
CO N
Their difference is 34000 – 20000 = 14000 sq. km.
A
(4) The Doordarshan centers in Kanpur and Lucknow are in the U.P. state.

PY
DO U A
The area covered by Kanpur Doordarshan is
T
ED PR

32 × 1000 = 32000 sq. km

The area covered by Lucknow Doordarshan is
C

25 × 1000 = 25000 sq. km

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 Exercise 23.2
Page number 23.23

Question 1: Explain the reading and interpretation of bar graphs.

Solution: A bar graph consists a sequence of vertical or horizontal bar
lines or rectangles. Bar lines may be either horizontal or vertical. We can
easily collect the information and conclude various observations from a

T IO S
given bar graph which is referred as the interpretation of the bar graph.

I
NO A D
CO N
Question 2: Read the following bar graph and answer the following
A
questions:

PY
DO U A
(i) What information is given by the bar graph?
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ED PR

(ii) In which year the export is minimum?

(iii) In which year the import is maximum?
C

(iv) In which year the difference of the values of export and import is
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maximum?
 T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
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Solution:
(i) The bar graph represents the import and export (in 100 Crores of
rupees) from 1982-83 to 1986-87.
(ii) 1982-83
(iii) 1986-87
(iv) 1986-87

Question 3: The following bar graph shows the results of an annual

examination in a secondary school. Read the bar graph given below,
and choose the correct alternative in each of the following:
 T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
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(i)The pair of classes in which the results of boys and girls are
inversely proportional are:
(a) VI, VIII (b) VI, IX (c) VII, IX (d) VIII, X
(ii) The class having the lowest failure rate of girls is:
(a) VI (b) X (c) IX (d) VIII
(iii) The class having the lowest pass rate of students is:
(a) VI (b) VII (c) VIII (d) IX
Solution:
(i) Option (b) is correct.
(ii) Option (a) is correct.
(iii) Option (b) is correct.
The sum of the heights of the bars for boys and girls in class VII = 95 +
40 = 135 (which is minimum)

Question 4: The following data gives the number (in thousands) of

T IO S
applicants registered with an Employment Exchange during 1995-

I
2000:
NO A D
CO N
Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
A
Number of 18 20 24 28 30 34

PY
applicants (in
DO U A

thousands)
T
ED PR

Construct a bar graph to represent the above data.

C
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Solution:
Let us consider that the horizontal and vertical axes represent the years
and the number of applicants registered in thousands respectively.
Bar Graph:
 T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C

Question 5: The production of saleable steel in some of the steel plants

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of our country during 1999 is given below:

Plant Bhilai Durgapur Rourkela Bokaro
Production 160 80 200 150
(in thousands)

Construct a bar graph to represent the above data on a graph paper

by using the scale 1 big divisions = 20 thousand tonnes.
Solution:
Let us consider that the horizontal and vertical axes represent the plants
and the production in thousand tonnes respectively.
 T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR

Question 6: The following table gives the route length (in thousand
kilometres) of the Indian Railways in some of the years:
C
©

Year 1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-2001

Route length 56 60 61 74 98
(in thousand km)

Represent the above data with the help of a bar graph.

Solution:
Let us consider that the horizontal and vertical axes represent the years
and the route lengths in thousand km respectively.
Bar Graph:
 T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR

Question 7:
C

The following data gives the amount of loans (in crores of rupees)
©

disbursed by a bank during some years:

Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Loan
(in crores of rupees) 28 33 55 55 80

(i) Represent the above data with the help of a bar graph.
(ii) With the help of the bar graph, indicate the year in which amount
of loan is not increased over that of the preceding year.
Solution:
To represent the given data by a vertical bar graph, we first draw
horizontal and vertical axes. Let us consider that the horizontal and
vertical axes represent the years and the amount of loan in Crores of
rupees respectively. We have to draw 5 bars of different lengths given in
the table.
At first we mark 5 points in the horizontal axis at equal distances and erect
rectangles of the same width at these points. The heights of the rectangles
are proportional to the amount of loan disbursed by the bank.

T IO S
(1) The vertical bar graph of the given data is following:

I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
©

(2) It is seen from the bar graph that the heights of the bars in the years
1994 and 1995 are same.
Hence, the amount of loan is not increased in the year 1995 over the
preceding year 1994.

Question 8: The following table shows the interest paid by a company

(in lakhs):
Year 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000
Interest
(in lakhs of 20 25 15 18 30
rupees)

Draw the bar graph to represent the above information.

Solution:

T IO S
To represent the given data by a vertical bar graph, we first draw

I
horizontal and vertical axes. Let us consider that the horizontal and
NO A D
CO N
vertical axes represent the years and the interests in lakhs of rupees
A
respectively. We have to draw 5 bars of different lengths given in the

PY
table.
DO U A
T
At first we mark 5 points in the horizontal axis at equal distances and erect
ED PR

rectangles of the same width at these points. The heights of the rectangles
are proportional to the interests paid by the company.
C

The vertical bar graph of the given data is following:

©
Question 9: The following data shows the average age of men in
various countries in a certain year:
Country India Nepal China Pakistan U.K U.S.A
Average age
55 52 60 50 70 75
(in years)

Represent the above information by a bar graph.

T IO S
Solution:

I
To represent the given data by a vertical bar graph, we first draw
NO A D
CO N
horizontal and vertical axes. Let us consider that the horizontal and
A
vertical axes represent the countries and the average age of men’s

PY
respectively. We have to draw 6 bars of different lengths given in the
DO U A

table.
T
ED PR

At first we mark 6 points in the horizontal axis at equal distances and erect
rectangles of the same width at these points. The heights of the rectangles
C

are proportional to the average age of men’s in different countries.

©

The vertical bar graph of the given data is following:

Question 10: The following data gives the production of food grains
(in thousand tonnes) for some years:
Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Production
120 150 140 180 170 190
(in thousand tonnes

Represent the above with the help of a bar graph.

T IO S
Solution:

I
To represent the given data by a vertical bar graph, we first draw
NO A D
CO N
horizontal and vertical axes. Let us consider that the horizontal and
A
vertical axes represent the years and the production of food grains in

PY
thousand tonnes respectively. We have to draw 6 bars of different lengths
DO U A

given in the table.

T
ED PR

At first we mark 6 points in the horizontal axis at equal distances and erect
rectangles of the same width at these points. The heights of the rectangles
C

are proportional to the production of food grains.

©

The vertical bar graph of the given data is following:

Question 11: The following data gives the amount of manure (in
thousand tonnes) manufactured by a company during some years:
 Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Manure
15 35 45 30 40 20
(in thousand tonnes)

(i) Represent the above data with the help of a bar graph.

(ii) Indicate with the help of the bar graph the year in which the
amount of manufactured by the company was maximum.

T IO S I
(iii) Choose the correct alternative:
NO A D
CO N
A
The consecutive years during which there was maximum decrease in

PY
manure production are:
DO U A
(a) 1994 and 1995
T
(b) 1992 and 1993
ED PR

(c) 1996 and 1997

(d) 1995 and 1996
C
©

Solution:
To represent the given data by a vertical bar graph, we first draw
horizontal and vertical axes. Let us consider that the horizontal and
vertical axes represent the years and the amount of manure in thousand 9
ones respectively. We have to draw 6 bars of different lengths given in
the table.
At first we mark 6 points in the horizontal axis at equal distances and erect
rectangles of the same width at these points. The heights of the rectangles
are proportional to the amount of manures manufactured by the company.
(1) The vertical bar graph of the given data is following:
 (2) It is seen from the bar graph that the height of the 3rd bar from the left

T IO S
is maximum, which is corresponding to the year 1994. So in 1994 the

I
quantity manufactured by the company was maximum.
NO A D
CO N
(3) It is seen from the bar graph that the manure production is decreased
A
in the years 1995 (1.5 scale divisions) and 1997 (2 full scale divisions).

PY
DO U A
So, the maximum decrease is in the year 1997.
T
Hence, the correct choice is (c).
ED PR
C

Question 12: The following data gives the demand estimates of the
©

Government of India, Department of Electronics for the personnel in

the Computer sector during the Eighth Plan period (1990-95):
MCA DCA DCE CL ST
(Master in (Diploma in (Diploma in (Certificate (Short-
Qualifications:
Computer Computer Computer Level term
applications) Applications) Engineering) Course) Course)
Personnel
40600 181600 18600 670600 1802900
Required

Represent the data with the help of a bar graph. Indicate with the
help of the bar graph the course where estimated requirement is least.
ANSWER:
To represent the given data by a vertical bar graph, we first draw
horizontal and vertical axes. Let us consider that the horizontal and
vertical axes represent the qualifications and the personnel required in
hundreds respectively. We have to draw 5 bars of different lengths given
in the table.
At first we mark 5 points in the horizontal axis at equal distances and erect
rectangles of the same width at these points. The heights of the rectangles
are proportional to the number of personnel required.

T IO S
The vertical bar graph of the given data is following:

I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C

It is seen from the bar graph that the height of the 3rd bar from the left is
©

least, which is corresponding to DCE. Hence, the requirement is least in

DCE.

Question 13: The income and expenditure for 5 years of a family is

given in the following data:
Years 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000
Income
100 140 150 170 210
(Rs. In thousands)
Expenditure
80 130 145 160 190
(Rs. in thousands)
Represent the above data by a gar graph.
Solution:
To represent the given data by a vertical bar graph, we first draw
horizontal and vertical axes. Let us consider that the horizontal and
vertical axes represent the years and the income or expenditure in
thousand rupees respectively. We have to draw 5 bars for each income
and expenditure side by side of different lengths given in the table.
At first we mark 5 points for each income and expenditure in the

T IO S
horizontal axis at equal distances and erect rectangles of the same width

I
at these points. The heights of the rectangles are proportional to the
NO A D
CO N
corresponding income or expenditures.
A
The vertical bar graph of the given data is following:

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
©

Question 14: The investment (in ten crores of rupees) of Life

Insurance Corporation of India in different sectors are given below:
 Investment
Sectors (in ten crores of
rupees)
Central Government Securities 45
State Government Securities 11
Securities guaranteed by the Government 23
Private Sectors 18
Socially oriented sectors (Plans) 46

T IO S
Socially oriented sectors (Non-Plan) 11

I
NO A D
Represent the above data with the help of bar graph.

CO N
A
Solution:

PY
DO U A
To represent the given data by a vertical bar graph, we first draw
T
horizontal and vertical axes. Let us consider that the horizontal and
ED PR

vertical axes represent the sectors and the investment in ten Crores of
rupees respectively. We have to draw 6 bars of different lengths given in
C

the table.
©

At first we mark 6 points in the horizontal axis at equal distances and erect
rectangles of the same width at these points. The heights of the rectangles
are proportional to the investments of Life Insurance Corporation of India.
The vertical bar graph of the given data is following:
The short forms used in the graph are
(a) C.G.S.: Central Government Securities
(b) S.G.S.: State Government Securities
(c) S.G.G.: Securities Guaranteed by Government
(d) P.S.: Private Sectors
(e) S.O.S.(P): Socially Oriented Sectors (Plan)
(f) S.O.S.(NP): Socially Oriented Sectors (Non-Plan)

T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
Question 15: The following data gives the value (in crores of rupees)
A
of the Indian export of cotton textiles for different years:

PY
DO U A
1983- 1984- 1985- 1986-
Years 1982
T
1984 1985 1986 1987
ED PR

Value of Export
of Cotton Textiles
C

300 325 475 450 550

(in crores of
©

rupees)

Represent the above data with the help of a bar graph. Indicate with
the help of a bar graph the year in which the rate of increase in
exports is maximum over the preceding year.
Solution:
To represent the given data by a vertical bar graph, we first draw
horizontal and vertical axes. Let us consider that the horizontal and
vertical axes represent the years and the value of Indian export of cotton
textiles in Crores of rupees respectively. We have to draw 5 bars of
different lengths given in the table.
At first we mark 5 points in the horizontal axis at equal distances and erect
rectangles of the same width at these points. The heights of the rectangles
are proportional to the values of Indian export of cotton textiles in
different years.
The vertical bar graph of the given data is as follows:

T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
©

The export increases in the years 1983-84, 1984-85 and 1986-87. Now,
(a) The rate of increase in the year 1983-84 is
325−300 25
× 100 = = 8.33%
300 3

(b) The rate of increase in the year 1984-85 is

475−325 15000 600
× 100 = = = 46.15%
325 325 13

(c) The rate of increase in the year 1986-87 is

550−450 10000
× 100 = = 22.22%
450 450

Hence, in the year 1984-85 the rate of increase of export is the maximum
over the preceding year.
Question 16: The following tables gives the quantity of goods (in crore
tonnes)
Year 1950-51 1960-61 1965-66 1970-71 1980-81 1982-83
Quantity
of Goods
9 16 20 20 22 26
(in crore
tonnes)

T IO S
Represent this information with the help of a bar graph.

I
NO A D
Explain through the bar graph if the quantity of goods carried by the

CO N
Indian Railways in 1965-66 is more than double the quantity of goods
A
carried in the year 1950-51.

PY
DO U A
Solution:
T
ED PR

To represent the given data by a vertical bar graph, we first draw

horizontal and vertical axes. Let us consider that the horizontal and
vertical axes represent the years and the quantity of goods in crores tonnes
C

respectively. We have to draw 6 bars of different lengths given in the

©

table.
The heights of the rectangles are proportional to the quantity of goods
carried by Indian railways in different years.
The vertical bar graph of the given data is as follows:
 T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
It is seen from the bar graph that the quantity of goods carried in the years
A
1950-51 and 1965-66 are 20 Crores tonnes and 9 Crores tonnes. Clearly

PY
DO U A
20 is more than 2 multiplied by 9.
T
Hence, the statement is true.
ED PR
C

Question 17: The production of oil (in lakh tonnes) in some of the
©

refineries in India during 1982 was given below:

Refinery: Barauni Koyali Mathura Mumbai Florida

Production of oil
30 70 40 45 25
(in lakh tonnes)

Construct a bar graph to represent the above data so that the bars
are drawn horizontally.
Solution:
To represent the given data by a vertical bar graph, we first draw
horizontal and vertical axes. Let us consider that the vertical and
horizontal axes representing the refineries and the production of oil in lakh
tonnes respectively. We have to draw 5 bars of different lengths given in
the table.
At first we mark 5 points in the vertical axis at equal distances and erect
rectangles of the same width at these points. The lengths of the rectangles
are proportional to the productions of oil.
The horizontal bar graph of the given data is following:

T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR

Question 18: The expenditure (in 10 crores of rupees) on health by

C
©

the Government of India during the various five year plans is shown
below:

Plans: I II III IV V VI
Expenditure on health
7 14 23 34 76 182
(in 10 crores of rupees)

Construct a bar graph to represent the above data.

Solution:
To represent the given data by a vertical bar graph, we first draw
horizontal and vertical axes. Let us consider that the horizontal and
vertical axes representing the years and the expenditures on health in 10
crores of rupees respectively. We have to draw 6 bars of different lengths
given in the table.
At first we mark 6 points in the horizontal axis at equal distances and erect
rectangles of the same width at these points. The heights of the rectangles
are proportional to the expenditures on health by the government of India
in different years.
The vertical bar graph of the given data is following:

T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
©
 Exercise 23.3
Page number 23.41

Question 1: Construct a histogram for the following data:

Monthly 30-60 60-90 90-120 120-150 150-180 180-210 210-240
school fee
(in Rs.)

T IO S
No. of 5 12 14 18 10 9 4
schools

I
NO A D
CO N
A
Solution:

PY
DO U A
Let us consider that the horizontal and vertical axes represent the monthly
school fees and the number of schools respectively. Construct rectangles
T
ED PR

with class-intervals as bases and respective frequencies as heights as

below.
C

Histogram:
©
Question 2: The distribution of heights (in cm) of 96 children is given
below. Construct a histogram and a frequency polygon on the same
axes.
Height 124 128 132 132 140 144 148 152 156 160
(in cm) to to to to to to to to to to
128 132 136 140 144 148 152 156 160 164
No. of 5 8 17 24 16 12 6 4 3 1
Children

T IO S
Solution:

I
NO A D
Let us consider that the horizontal and vertical axes represent the height

CO N
A
(in cm) and the number of children respectively. Construct rectangles with
class-intervals as bases and respective frequencies as heights as below.

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
©
Question 3: The time taken, in seconds, to solve a problem by each of
25 pupils is as follows:
16, 20, 26, 27, 28, 30, 33, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 46, 46, 46, 48, 49, 50, 53, 58,
59, 60, 64, 52, 20
(a) Construct a frequency distribution for these data, using a class
interval of 10 seconds.
(b) Draw a histogram to represent the frequency distribution.

T IO S
Solution:

I
Arrange raw data into ascending order:
NO A D
CO N
16, 20, 20, 26, 27, 28, 30, 33, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 46, 46, 46, 48, 49, 50, 52,
A
53, 58, 59, 60, 64

PY
DO U A
(a) Frequency distribution for the given data, using a class interval of 10
T
seconds.
ED PR

Class Interval Frequency

C

10-20 16 1
©

20-30 20, 20, 26, 27, 28 5

30-40 30, 33, 37, 38 4
40-50 40, 42, 43, 46, 46, 46, 48, 49 8
50-60 50, 52, 53, 58, 59 5
60-70 60, 64 2

(b)
Consider horizontal and vertical axes represent the seconds and frequency
respectively. Frequencies are the heights of rectangles.
 T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
©

Question 4: Draw, in the same diagram, a histogram and a frequency

polygon to represent the following data which shows the monthly cost
of living index of a city in a period of 2 years:
Cost of living 440- 460- 489- 500- 520- 540- 560- 580-
index: 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600
No. of months: 2 4 3 5 3 2 1 4

Solution:
Consider horizontal as cost of living (in Rs.) and vertical axis represent
the number of months.
Histogram and a frequency polygon:
 T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR

Question 5: The following is the distribution of total household

expenditure (in Rs.) of manual worker in a city:
C

Expenditure 100- 150- 200- 250- 300- 350- 400- 450-

©

(in Rs): 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
No. of manual
25 40 33 28 30 22 16 8
workers:

Draw a histogram and a frequency polygon representing the above

data.
Solution:
To represent the given data by a histogram, we first draw horizontal and
vertical axes. Let us consider that the horizontal and vertical axes
represent the class-limits and the frequencies of the class-intervals
respectively.
The given data is a continuous grouped frequency distribution with equal
class-intervals. Construct rectangles with class-intervals as bases and
respective frequencies as heights. It should be noted that the scale for
horizontal axis may not be same as the scale for vertical axis. To draw the
frequency polygon of the given data using histogram, obtain the mid-
points of the upper horizontal side of each rectangle and then join these
mid-points of the adjacent rectangles of the histogram by line segments.
Obtain the mid-points of two class-intervals of 0 frequencies, i.e. on the
horizontal axis, one adjacent to the first, on its left and one adjacent to the

T IO S
last, on its right. These class-intervals are known as imagined class-

I
intervals. Complete the polygon by joining the mid-points of first and last
NO A D
class-intervals to the mid-points of imagined class-intervals adjacent to

CO N
A
them. Let us take one vertical division is equal to 5 workers.

PY
DO U A
The heights of the different rectangles are as follows:
T
1. The height of the rectangle corresponding to the class-interval 100-150
ED PR

25
is = 5 big divisions.
5
C

2. The height of the rectangle corresponding to the class-interval 150-200

©

40
is = 8 big divisions.
5

3. The height of the rectangle corresponding to the class-interval 200-250

33
is = 6.6 big divisions.
5

4. The height of the rectangle corresponding to the class-interval 250-300

28
is = 5.6 big divisions.
5

5. The height of the rectangle corresponding to the class-interval 300-350

30
is = 6 big divisions.
5

6. The height of the rectangle corresponding to the class-interval 350-400

22
is = 4.4 big divisions.
5
 7. The height of the rectangle corresponding to the class-interval 400-450
16
is = 3.2 big division.
5

8. The height of the rectangle corresponding to the class-interval 450-500

8
is = 1.6 big divisions.
5

The histogram of the given data is as follows:

T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
©

Question 6: The following table gives the distribution of IQ's

(intelligence quotients) of 60 pupils of class V in a school:
125.5 118.5 111.5 104.5 97.5 90.5 83.5 76.5 69.5 62.5
IQ's: to to to to to to to to to to
13.25 125.5 118.5 111.5 104.5 97.5 90.5 83.5 76.5 69.5
No.
of 1 3 4 6 10 12 15 5 3 1
pupils:

Draw a frequency polygon for the above data.

Solution:
We first draw horizontal and vertical axes. Let us consider that the
horizontal and vertical axes represent the class-limits and the frequencies
of the class-intervals respectively.
The given data is a continuous grouped frequency distribution with equal
class-intervals. To draw the frequency polygon of the given data without
using histogram, obtain the class-limits of the class intervals. Obtain the
class-limits of two class-intervals of 0 frequencies, i.e. on the horizontal

T IO S
axis, one adjacent to the first, on its left and one adjacent to the last, on its

I
right. These class-intervals are known as imagined class-intervals. Then
NO A D
plot the frequencies against class-limits.

CO N
A
The following table is useful to draw the frequency polygon of the given

PY
data.
DO U A
T
Class – Intervals Class - Marks Frequency
ED PR

55.5 – 62.5 59 0
62.5 – 69.5 66 1
C

69.5 – 76.5 73 3
©

76.5 – 83.5 80 5
83.5 – 90.5 87 15
90.5 – 97.5 94 12
97.5 – 104.5 101 10
104.5 – 111.5 108 6
111.5 – 118.5 115 4
118.5 – 125.5 122 3
125.5 – 132.5 129 1
132.5 – 139.5 136 0

We represent class marks on X-axis on a suitable scale and the frequencies

on Y-axis on a suitable scale.
 To obtain the frequency polygon we plot the points (66, 1), (73, 3), (80,
5), (87, 15), (94, 12), (101, 10), (108, 6), (115, 4), (122, 3), (129, 1).

Now we join the plotted points by line segments. The end points (66, 1)
and (129, 1) are joined to the mid-points (59, 0) and (136, 0) respectively
of imagined class intervals to obtain the frequency polygon.

T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
©

Question 7: Draw a histogram for the daily earnings of 30 drug

stores in the following table:
Daily earning (in Rs): 450-500 500-550 550-600 600-650 650-700
Number of Stores: 16 10 7 3 1
Solution:
To represent the given data by a histogram, we first draw horizontal and
vertical axes. Let us consider that the horizontal and vertical axes
represent the class-intervals and the frequencies of the class-intervals
respectively.
The given data is a continuous grouped frequency distribution with equal
class-intervals. Construct rectangles with class-intervals as bases and
respective frequencies as heights. The scale for horizontal axis may not
be same as the scale for vertical axis. Let us take one vertical division is
equal to 1 unit.
The heights of the different rectangles are as follows:

T IO S
1. The height of the rectangle corresponding to the class-interval 450-500

I
is 16 big divisions.
NO A D
CO N
2. The height of the rectangle corresponding to the class-interval 500-550
A
is 10 big divisions.

PY
DO U A
3. The height of the rectangle corresponding to the class-interval 550-600
T
ED PR

is 7 big divisions.
4. The height of the rectangle corresponding to the class-interval 600-650
C

is 3 big divisions.
©

5. The height of the rectangle corresponding to the class-interval 650-

700is 1 big divisions.
The histogram of the given data is as follows:
 T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR

Question 8: The monthly profits (in Rs.) of 100 shops are distributed
as follows:
C
©

Profits per
0-50 50-100 100-50 150-200 200-250 250-300
shop:
No. shops: 12 18 27 20 17 6

Draw a histogram for the data and show the frequency polygon for it.
Solution:
To represent the given data by a histogram, we first draw horizontal and
vertical axes. Let us consider that the horizontal and vertical axes
represent the class-intervals and the frequencies of the class-intervals
respectively.
The given data is a continuous grouped frequency distribution with equal
class-intervals. Construct rectangles with class-intervals as bases and
respective frequencies as heights. The scale for horizontal axis may not
be same as the scale for vertical axis. Let us take one vertical division is
equal to 3 shops.
The heights of the different rectangles are as following
1. The height of the rectangle corresponding to the class-interval 0-50 is
12
= 4 big divisions.
3

2. The height of the rectangle corresponding to the class-interval 50-100

T IO S
18
is = 6 big divisions.
3

I
NO A D
3. The height of the rectangle corresponding to the class-interval 100-150

CO N
27
= 9 big divisions.
A
is
3

PY
4. The height of the rectangle corresponding to the class-interval 150-200
DO U A
20
T
is = 6.67 big divisions.
ED PR

5. The height of the rectangle corresponding to the class-interval 200-250

17
= 5.67big divisions.
C

is
3
©

6. The height of the rectangle corresponding to the class-interval 250-300

6
is = 2 big divisions.
3

The histogram of the given data is as follows:

 T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR

For frequency polygon, first we will obtain the class marks as given in the
following table.
C
©

Profits per shop Class Marks Number of shops

0-50 25 12
50-100 75 18
100-150 125 27
150-200 175 20
200-250 225 17
250-300 275 6

We plot the points (25, 12), (75, 18), (125, 27), (175, 20), (225, 17) and
(275, 6).
Now, we join the plotted points by line segments. The end points (25, 12)
and (275, 6) are joined to the mid-points (−25, 0) and (325, 0) respectively
of imagined class-intervals to obtain the frequency polygon.

The frequency polygon of the given data is as follows:

T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
©