GRADE 12

PHYSICAL SCIENCE

MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE

SUMMARY AND EXAMINATION TIPS

2023

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Dear Grade 12 learner

The moment you have been waiting for has finally arrived and
yes you are in your final year of high school. Therefore, work
hard and smart to make yourself proud. The subject Physical
Science is fun and easy to learn; it just need you to be able to
think critically, solve problems and so on. I believe you chose
the subject because of the curiosity and interest you have in
the natural and physical world we live in. Furthermore,
studying physics will help you to develop useful skills and Gracious Mmathuto
attitudes that will prepare you for various situations in life. “Bontle” Molebiemang,
Founder and CEO of
Therefore, study the subject with your utmost as Malcom
Kharara Academics
Gladwell would say “if you work hard enough and assert
yourself, and use your mind and imagination, you can shape
the world to your desires”.

The Physical Science Grade 12 summary and examination

tips by Kharara Academics is written to assist you to revise for
end-of-term test and final CAPS Grade 12 exam. The study
guide is a summary of each selected topic and provide tips to
answer questions, hence it does not cover the entire
curriculum. Moreover, it does focus on core content of each
knowledge area and indicate where you can easily earn
marks. Presentation of a selected topic in the guide is in the
form of explanation of terms and definition, formula to use for
calculations, summary of the key concepts of the topic, worked
example to explain and demonstrate and finally questions and
answers from previous exam papers to help you practice and
learn more. The speech bubbles used are for indicating the
tips to answer questions and give more information and hints
to help you remember a concept. Therefore, use the study
guide together with your textbook to improve your marks and
knowledge.

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On my final note, being a learner is more than just reading
some textbooks and repeating the words on test scripts. It’s
about being able to make more informed decision in life.
Hence it is quite significant to be a learner as there is so much
to learn in life if you keep your eyes open and allow yourself to
think out of the box. Best wishes! More than hard work there
is luck, I wish you all the very best and good luck.

Thank you.

Gracious Mmathuto “Bontle” Molebiemang

Founder and CEO of Kharara Academics
2023

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PHYSICAL SCIENCE................................................................................................. 5
THE MATHEMATICS NEEDED FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCE ..................................... 6
MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE .................................................................................. 12
1. Key Concepts ................................................................................................. 12
2. Terms and Definitions..................................................................................... 13
3. Formulae to use for Calculations .................................................................... 14
4. Physical Constants ......................................................................................... 16
5. Quantities, Symbols and SI units .................................................................... 16
6. Momentum and Linear Momentum ................................................................. 17
6.1 Change in Momentum.............................................................................. 18
6.2 Application of Momentum Equation and Examples .................................. 18
7. The Principle of Conservation of Linear Momentum ....................................... 19
8. Impulse-Momentum Theorem ........................................................................ 24
8.1 Application of Impulse-Momentum Theorem (Newton’s Third Law) and
Examples ........................................................................................................... 24
8.2 Elastic and Inelastic collision ....................................................................... 27
9. Activities Extracted from Previous Question Papers and Marking Guidelines 30

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 PHYSICAL SCIENCE

What is the purpose of studying

Physical Science?

What does Physical Science subject focus on? The study of Physical Science enable
learner to (extracted from National
Physical Science subject focuses on investigating Curriculum Statement, 2003):
physical and chemical phenomena through
scientific inquiry, by applying scientific models,  work in scientific ways or to apply
theories and laws. scientific principles
 stimulate curiosity of learner and
What are the skills needed to study Physical deepening their interest in the
Science? natural and physical world in which
There are numerous skills needed to study they live
physical science such as classifying,  develop useful skills and attitudes
communicating, measuring, designing an that will prepare them for various
investigation, drawing and evaluating conclusions, situations in life
formulating models, hypothesising, identifying and  allows learners to solve problems,
controlling variables, inferring, observing and think critically, make decisions, find
comparing, interpreting, predicting, problem- answers, and satisfy their curiosity
solving and reflective skills (extracted from
Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement,
2011…skills explained more in Examination
Guideline, pg. 5-6,2011 ) Quote from SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS, 2021
‘’Studying physics imparts transferable quantitative reasoning,
critical thinking and problem-solving skills. The physics of today is
the technology of tomorrow. If more learners pass and perform well
in physics at high school, South Africa will have more science,
engineering, and technology human capital skills required for the
Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) and Strategic Infrastructure
Projects (SIPs)’’

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 THE MATHEMATICS NEEDED FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCE

1. Algebra

It is very important to know and understand algebraic expression and equation as

it will enable you to do correct calculation in both physics and chemistry. The table
below shows some of the algebraic methods needed:

Algebra Examples in Physics

Know what algebraic expression is made 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 or 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎 etc.
of as shown below:

Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Calculation of Kinetic Energy:

Division of variables. For example: 1
𝐸𝑘 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
Multiplication 1
𝐸𝑘 = × 𝑚 × 𝑣 2
2

Calculation of average force using

Newton’s second law in terms of
Division momentum equation:
∆𝑷
𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 =
∆𝒕
𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = ∆𝒑 ÷ ∆𝒕

Calculation of number of moles

using formula used to calculate
concentration of solution:
𝑛
𝑐=
𝑣
𝑐 =𝑛÷𝑣
∴𝑛 =𝑐×𝑣
Know how to determine and write correct Calculation of initial velocity using
subject of the formula ‘’solve for 𝑥”. For equation of motions:
example: 𝑣𝑓 2 = 𝑣𝑖 2 + 2𝑎∆𝑦
𝑣𝑓 2 − 2𝑎∆𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖 2
𝑣𝑖 2 = 𝑣𝑓 2 − 2𝑎∆𝑦

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 𝑣𝑖 = √𝑣𝑓 2 − 2𝑎∆𝑦

Calculation of acceleration using

Newton’s Second Law equation
for two objects
Know how to work with simultaneous
equation, for example addition of two For block A:
equations 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎
𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝 + (−𝐹𝑇𝐴 ) + (−𝐹𝑓𝐴 )
= 𝑚𝐴 𝑎 … … . .1

For block B:
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎
𝐹𝑇𝐵 + (−𝐹𝑓𝐵 ) = 𝑚𝐵 𝑎 … … . .2
1+2
𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝 + (−𝐹𝑇𝐴 ) + (−𝐹𝑓𝐴 ) = 𝑚𝐴 𝑎
+ 𝐹𝑇𝐵 + (−𝐹𝑓𝐵 ) = 𝑚𝐵 𝑎
𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝 − 𝐹𝑓𝐴 − 𝐹𝑓𝐵 = 𝑎(𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 )

2. Statistics

Many experiments in science and many reports in economics make use statistics.
You should therefore at least know the following (extracted from Mind the Gap,
2015):

Dependent variable: The thing that comes out of an experiment, the effect; the
results.

Independent variable(s): The things that act as input to the experiment, the
potential causes. Also called the controlled variable.

Control variable: A variable that is held constant in order to discover the

relationship between two other variables. “Control variable” must not be confused
with “controlled variable”.

The graph below is an example of how to plot a graph using the dependent and
independent variables.

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It is important to understand that correlation does not mean causation. That is, if two
variables seem to relate to each other (they seem to co-relate), it doesn’t mean that
one causes the other. A variable only causes another variable if one of the variables
is a function f(x) of the other.

Science experiment mostly provide information on what is the relationship between

two variables, i.e. if they’re merely correlated — proportional — or if they’re causally
related. For example, in momentum, it’s easy, because there are no further
variables: p = mv. However, in cases such as gravity a constant (fixed value that is
always multiplied into an equation) is introduced and given symbol G.

3. Graphs

A lot of work in science involves interpreting graphs. You get graphs of motion, graphs
of rates of chemical reactions, graphs of distance-relative strengths of force fields, and
so on. Hence it is important to know and understand that information given in words
can be presented in a form of graph. This actually means that you must be able to
interpret graphs so that you can extract correct information from it.

The diagrams below shows an examples of a straight line graph and how to calculate
gradient using information from a graph. Gradient calculation is required in most
calculation of physics e.g. the gradient of velocity vs. time is equal to gravitational
acceleration :

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 Velocity vs. Time graph

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
(0,10) Vi= 10 m.s-1
10

Velocity (m.s-1)
V = 0 m.s-1 (maximum
O height)
0 1.02 2.04
Time (s)
(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
(1.02,0)
-10 Vf= -10 m.s-1

N.B. Since the ball is thrown upwards with a velocity of 10 m.s -1 and returns ba
∆𝑦 =∆𝑣
𝑚= +𝑣= 𝑖 −𝑣𝑓 (because the ball will move down with the same velocity that
∆𝑥 ∆𝑡
 ∆𝑣
∴ 𝑣𝑖 = +10𝑚.
𝑣𝑓 −𝑣𝑖
𝑠 −1 (𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 ↑ 𝑖𝑠 +)
0−10
∴ 𝑎= ∴ = 𝑡 −𝑡 = 1.02−0 = 9.804 𝑚.↑ 𝑠𝑖𝑠−2+)
𝑠 −1 (𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒
∆𝑡 𝑣𝑓 = −10𝑚.
𝑓 𝑖
 𝑎Displacement
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 9.8 𝑚. 𝑠 −2 can be calculated using the area under the graph. For exa
1
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
2
1
𝐴 = 1.02 × 10
2
𝐴 = 5.1 𝑚
 The gradient of velocity vs. time is equal to gravitational acceleration :
∆𝑦 ∆𝑣
𝑚= =
∆𝑥 ∆𝑡
∆𝑣 𝑣𝑓 −𝑣𝑖
∴𝑎= =
∆𝑡 𝑡 𝑓 −𝑡 𝑖
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 9.8 𝑚. 𝑠 −2

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4. Measurement

Calculation of surface area for either triangle, rectangle or circle is used a lot in science
e.g. vector force diagrams, areas under graphs of velocity vs. time of vertical projectile
motion, radius of the earth and so on. Hence the need to familiarise yourself with the
following equations:

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 Area of triangle 𝐴 = 2 𝑏ℎ

 Area of a rectangle 𝐴 = 𝑙𝑏
 Area of a circle 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2

Theorem of Pythagoras having equation 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 is useful for vector addition,

e.g. if the known sides were vectors and we wanted to know the value and strength of
the force, and the direction in which it would go. Measurement is used a lot in physical
science, for example displacement can be calculated using the area under the graph.
To calculate maximum height above the building:

1
𝐴= 𝑏ℎ
2
1
𝐴 = 0.51 × 5
2
𝐴 = 1.28 𝑚

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5. Trigonometry

Trigonometry is used to calculate an unknown side and angle of triangle using

trigonometric ratios shown in the diagram below. This ratios are very important in
mechanics where you calculate the angle at which the force is applied, displacement
in an inclined surface, and so on.

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 MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE

1. Key Concepts

In this lesson you will focus on (extracted from DBE Grade 12 Physical Science
Examination Guideline, 2021):

 Defining and describing:

o Momentum (𝑝)
o Linear momentum (𝑝)
o Newton’s Third law of motion
o Isolated (closed) system
o Elastic collision (⅀𝐸𝑘𝑖 = ⅀𝐸𝑘𝑓 )
o Inelastic collision (⅀𝐸𝑘𝑖 ≠ ⅀𝐸𝑘𝑓 )
o Relative velocity
o Contact and Non-contact forces
 Defining and calculating:
o Momentum of moving objects
 Calculating momentum of moving objects using the expression;
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
 The change in momentum of moving objects using expression;
∆𝑝 = 𝑝𝑓 − 𝑝𝑖 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 ∴ ∆𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖
o The law of conversation of linear momentum
 Apply the conversation of linear momentum on calculation of
different types of collision using the expression; (⅀∆𝑝𝑖 = ⅀∆𝑝𝑓 )
for (but not limiting):
- Two objects collide and continue to move as separate
objects after the collision
- Two objects collide and unite
- Two moving objects that are initially joined, then separate
- Two stationary objects that are initially joined, separate
(e.g. during an explosion)
- An object falls vertically onto another object that is moving
horizontally below it

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 o Impulse (𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 ∆𝑡 = ∆𝑝)
 Use the impulse-momentum theorem, (𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 ∆𝑡 = ∆𝑝, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ∆𝑝 =
𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖 , ∴ 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 ∆𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖) to calculate the force exerted,
the time for which the force is applied and the change in
momentum for a variety of situations involving the motion of an
object in one dimension.
∆𝑃
o Newton’s second law of motion in terms of momentum (𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = )
∆𝑡

 Calculate the change in momentum when a resultant/net force

acts on an object and its velocity:
- Increases in the direction of motion, e.g. 2nd stage rocket
engine fires
- Decreases, e.g. brakes are applied
- Reverses its direction of motion, e.g. a soccer ball kicked
back in the direction it came fro

2. Terms and Definitions

Table 1 below presents terms and definitions important

for Momentum and Impulse.

Table 1: Terms and Definitions

MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE

Momentum The product of an object's mass and its velocity.

Newton's second The resultant/net force acting on an object is equal to
law of motion in the rate of change of momentum of the object in the
terms of direction of the resultant/net force.
momentum
Impulse The product of the resultant/net force acting on an
object and the time the resultant/net force acts on the
object.

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 Closed/Isolated A system on which the resultant/net external force is
system (in zero.
Physics)
The principle of The total linear momentum of a closed system remains
conservation of constant (is conserved).
linear momentum
Elastic collision A collision in which both total momentum and total
kinetic energy are conserved.
Inelastic collision A collision during which kinetic energy is not conserved.
Impulse The product of the resultant/net force acting on an
object and the time the resultant/net force acts on the
object.

3. Formulae to use for Calculations

Table 2 below presents the formula used for calculation (with physical
constant presented on Table 3).

Table 2: Equation of Net Force, Momentum, Impulse and Kinetic Energy

Fnet  ma p mv

Fnet t  p
p  mv f – mv i
p  mv f – mv i

1 1 Ek  Ekf  Eki OR K  K f  K i

Ek  mv 2 OR K  mv 2
2 2

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For all calculations:

 Select and write formula as appear on formula sheet (as a

mark can be awarded)
 For motion of an object, use a positive (+) sign to indicate
direction in the east and negative (−) sign to indicate
direction in the west. The signs used for both east and west
direction should be kept constant throughout the
calculation. Read question carefully as sometimes restriction
can be made to assign direction in east negative (−) sign and
the direction in the west positive (+) sign
 Expand formula if quantity value of change in momentum
(∆𝒑) is not given to substitute on the formula selected (e.g.
if given 𝒎 = 𝟐 𝒌𝒈 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒗𝒊 = 𝟐 𝒎. 𝒔−𝟏 for an object started at
rest, then for ∆𝒑 replace it 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖 because ∆𝑝 =
𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖 )
 Substitute the quantity values given on the formula
selected. Use the signs (+ 𝒐𝒓 −) for velocity (vector
quantity) to indicate direction of motion of an object.
 Use physical constant table to extract constant value if
need to be substituted on the formula selected formula
 Then write quantity asked as subject of the formula and
calculate
 Write SI unit at the end of your answer (as no mark will be
awarded if SI unit not written)
 Check mark allocation of each question as mostly a mark is
awarded for formula, substitutions of quantity value/s and
final answer that has SI unit

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 4. Physical Constants

The Table 3 below presents physical constants used in formula

for calculations.

Table 3: Physical Constants

Name Symbol Value
Acceleration due to gravity g 9,8 m·s-2

5. Quantities, Symbols and SI units

Table 4 below presents the Quantities, Symbols and Unit symbol

(SI units) used for all calculations.

Table 4: Quantities, Symbols and SI units

Quantity Preferred Alternate Unit name Unit symbol
Symbol symbol
Normal Force FN N Newton N
Friction Force Ff f
Static Fs fs Newton N
Frictional
Force
Maximum Fsmax fsmax Newton N
Static
Frictional
Force
Kinetic Fk Fk Newton N
Frictional
Force
Weight W Fg Newton N
Gravitational Fg W Newton N
Force
Tension Force FT T Newton N
Coefficient of µ, µs, µk None None
friction
Mass m Kilogram Kg
Acceleration a Meters per m.s.-2
second per
squared

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 Acceleration g Meters per m.s.-2
due to Gravity second per
squared
Theta (used to 𝜃 Degree ℃
present an Celsius
angle)
Momentum P Kilograms per Kg. m.s.-1
meter per
second
Velocity v Meters per m.s.-1
second
Kinetic Energy Ek K Joules J

6. Momentum and Linear Momentum

Momentum is defined as the product of an object's mass and its velocity.

Whereas linear momentum of an object can be described as a vector quantity
with the same direction as the velocity of the object (which means it is
momentum of an object moving in straight line). Since the object can move in
straight line and change its direction, this can results in the object retaining its linear
momentum or the momentum can be changed to angular. Angular momentum is
defined as a product of the object’s mass and its angular velocity. Therefore, the
expression 𝒑 = 𝒎𝒗 can be used to calculate momentum of an object.

Momentum is directly proportional to both the mass and velocity of an object (as shown
in Figure 1). If the mass is constant, then the greater the velocity the greater the
momentum.

Figure 1: Relationship between Momentum, Mass and Velocity

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6.1 Change in Momentum

The change in momentum of an object can be defined as the change in the product
of an object's mass and velocity. A force is required to change the momentum of an
object. This applied force can increase or decrease the momentum or even change
the object's direction. This is happening because when an object’s velocity changes
in magnitude (size) or direction due to the force applied, its momentum will also
change. Since an object's mass remains constant during a collision (assuming it does
not break up or approach light speed), it follows that the change in its velocity is what
causes a change in its momentum.

The expression ∆𝒑 = 𝒑𝒇 − 𝒑𝒊, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒑 = 𝒎𝒘 ∴ ∆𝒑 = 𝒎𝒗𝒇 − 𝒎𝒗𝒊 is used to calculate

the change in momentum of an object.

N.B. We only study objects moving in straight lines, for example, backwards and
forwards, left and right or up and down.

6.2 Application of Momentum Equation and Examples

Table 5 presents examples of how to apply law of Conversation of Linear Momentum

equation to calculate momentum, change in momentum, mass or velocity of an
object.

Table 5: Examples of how to apply law of Conversation of Linear Momentum

Example (scenario) Solution (calculations)
A cat having a mass of 30 kg is running Given: Remember to
indicate
at a velocity of 15 m·s-1. Calculate m = 30 kg direction of
momentum of the cat. v = 15 m·s-1 motion by
putting a
( 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 → 𝑖𝑠 +) positive (+) or
negative (−)
sign in front of
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 velocity (𝒗)
𝑝 = 30 𝑘𝑔 × 15𝑚. 𝑠 −1 when making
calculation
𝑝 = 450 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚. 𝑠 −1

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 A car, mass 560 kg and travelling at a Given:
speed of 30 m·s-1, fails to turn a corner m = 560 kg
and continues straight to hit a concrete vi = −30 m·s-1 ( 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 ← 𝑖𝑠−)
wall ahead. After hitting the wall, the car vf = 2 m·s-1 ( 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 → 𝑖𝑠 +)
bounces back at a speed of 2 m·s-1
before it stops. ∆𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖
∆𝑝 = [(560 𝑘𝑔 × 2 𝑚. 𝑠 −1 )] −
[( 560 𝑘𝑔 × (−30 𝑚. 𝑠 −1 )]
∆𝑝 = 15680 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚. 𝑠 −1

Calculate the change in the car's

momentum during this collision.

7. The Principle of Conservation of Linear Momentum

The principle of Conservation of Linear Momentum states that, for two or more
bodies in an isolated system acting upon each other, their total momentum
remains constant or conserved unless an external force is applied. Therefore,
momentum can neither be created nor destroyed.

The expression ⅀𝑃𝑖 = ⅀𝑃𝑓 is used to make calculation to solve problems on

conservation of linear momentum. The expression can be expanded by (for object A
and B in interaction):

⅀𝑃𝑖 = ⅀𝑃𝑓

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖

∴ ⅀𝑃𝑖 = ⅀𝑃𝑓

∴ 𝑚𝑣𝑖𝐴 + 𝑚𝑣𝑖𝐵 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓𝐴 + 𝑚𝑣𝑓𝐵

We can solve problems about the conservation of linear momentum according to the
nature of the collision or separation (explosion) of the objects involved. We usually
solve problems in which two (or more) objects are involved. The following types of
problems can be expected:

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 Two objects collide and continue to move as separate objects after the collision:

Before Collision After Collision

VA VB VA VB

mA mB mA mB

Given: Given:
mA mA
+VAi (because → is +) −VAf (because ← is −)
mB mB
− VBi (because ← 𝑖𝑠 −) +VBf (because → is +)
⅀𝑷𝒊 = ⅀𝑷𝒇
𝒎𝑨 𝒗𝑨𝒊 + 𝒎𝑩 (−𝒗𝑩𝒊 ) = 𝒎𝑨 (−𝒗𝑨𝒊 ) + 𝒎𝑩 𝒗𝑩𝒊

 Two objects collide, unite and move together:

Before Collision After Collision

VA VB VA + VB

mA mB mA mB

Given: Given:
mA mA
+VAi (because → is +) mB
mB VAf + VBf = ±? m.s-1 (because
− VBi (because ← 𝑖𝑠 −) objects move together)

⅀𝑃𝑖 = ⅀𝑃𝑓
𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴𝑖 + 𝑚𝐵 (−𝑣𝐵𝑖 ) = (𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 )𝑣𝑓

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 Two moving objects that are initially joined, then separate:

Before Collision After Collision

VA + VB VA VB

mA mB mA mB

Given: Given:
mA mA
mB +VAf (because → is +)
VAf + VBf = +? m.s-1 (because → is +) mB
+ VBf (because → is +)

⅀𝑃𝑖 = ⅀𝑃𝑓
(𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 )𝑣𝑖 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴𝑓 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑣𝐵𝑓

 Two moving objects that are initially joined and stationary, then separate to
move separately (e.g. during an explosion):

Before Collision After Collision

VA + VB= 0 m.s-1 VA VB

mA mB mA mB

Given: Given:
mA mA
mB +VAf (because → is +)
VAf + VBf = 0m.s-1 (because objects mB
are stationary) + VBf (because → is +)

⅀𝑃𝑖 = ⅀𝑃𝑓
(𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 )𝑣𝑖 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴𝑓 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑣𝐵𝑓
(𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 )0 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴𝑓 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑣𝐵𝑓
0 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴𝑓 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑣𝐵𝑓
𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴𝑓 = −(𝑚𝐵 𝑣𝐵𝑓 )

21
 An object falls vertically onto another object that is moving horizontally below it:

Before Collision After Collision

VA+ VB
mB

VB= 0 m.s-1

mB
mA
mA VA

Given: Given:
mA mA
+VAi (because → is +) mB
mB VAf + VBf = +? m.s-1 (because
− VBi = 0 m.s-1(because dropped) objects move together)

⅀𝑃𝑖 = ⅀𝑃𝑓
𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴𝑖 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑣𝐵𝑖 = (𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 )𝑣𝑓
𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴𝑖 + 𝑚𝐵 0 = (𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 )𝑣𝑓
𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴𝑖 + 0 = (𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 )𝑣𝑓
𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴𝑖 = (𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 )𝑣𝑓

22
When given scenario and asked to make a calculation using the
Principle of Conservation of Linear Momentum:

 Read scenario carefully and extract information about the

motion of object/s and direction. For motion of an object,
use a positive (+) sign to indicate direction in the east and
negative (−) sign to indicate direction in the west. The signs
used for both east and west direction should be kept
constant throughout the calculation. Read question carefully
as sometimes restriction can be made to assign direction in east
negative (−) sign and the direction in the west positive (+) sign
 For calculations, write velocity (a vector quantity) with a
positive (+) or negative (−) sign to indicate direction of
motion of the object/s.
 Extract and list quantities given with their values to select
appropriate formula from formula sheet attached
 Start your calculation by writing the formula ⅀∆𝑷𝒊 = ⅀∆𝑷𝒇
(which does not appear on formula sheet, hence the need to
memorise it) and expanding it according to the scenario
given. For example, two moving objects that are
initially joined, then separate; start by writing
⅀∆𝑷𝒊 = ⅀∆𝑷𝒇 and then expand it to
(𝒎𝑨 + 𝒎𝑩 )𝒗𝒊 = 𝒎𝑨 𝒗𝑨𝒇 + 𝒎𝑩 𝒗𝑩𝒇 to further your
calculation (remember the signs for velocity).
 Furthermore, write quantity asked as subject of the formula
and calculate
 Write SI unit at the end of your answer (as no mark will be
awarded if SI unit not written)

23
 8. Impulse-Momentum Theorem

Impulse is defined as the product of the resultant/net force acting on an object

and the time the resultant/net force acts on the object. In other words, Impulse
(𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 ∆𝑡 = ∆𝑃) is another way to define momentum as it is can also be defined as a
measure of the amount of force applied to an object, for a certain period of time. Think
of it as a measure of the shock experienced by an object when another object collides
with it.

Furthermore, systems can have many colliding objects at a time, each with their
own individual masses, velocities and momenta. However, the definition of impulse
is often used to calculate the force experienced by a single object during a collision.
A key here is that the time used is that time of collision, or how long the colliding
objects are actually in contact with each other.

The expression (𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 ∆𝑡 = ∆𝑃) is used for calculations to solve problems concerning
impulse and can be expanded by:

𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 ∆𝑡 = ∆𝑝

𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 ∆𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖

N.B. When using the formula for impulse, only apply it to one object because both
objects will experience equal forces (magnitude) but in opposite directions. (Newton’s
Third Law). The contact time for both objects will always be the same. Therefore the
impulse experienced by both objects will be the same, but in opposite directions.
Impulse can be used to explain why safety belts, airbags, arrestor beds, crumple
zones etc. are so vital in ensuring our safety.

8.1 Application of Impulse-Momentum Theorem (Newton’s Third Law) and

Examples

Table 5 presents examples of how to apply Impulse (Newton’s Third Law) apply to
calculate net force or mass or impulse or change in time and velocity.

24
Table 6: Examples of applying Impulse (Newton's Third Law)
Example (Scenario) Solution (Calculations)
In a crash test, a car of mass 1,2 x 103 kg Given:
collides with a wall and rebounds as m= 1,2 x 103 kg
illustrated below. The initial and final Vi = −12 m.s-1 (because ← 𝑖𝑠 −)
velocities of the car are 12 m·s-1 to the left
Vf = +2 m.s-1 (because → is +)
-1
and 2 m·s to the right respectively. The
∆ t = 0.1 s
collision lasts 0,1 s.

12 m·s-1 2 m·s-1 For calculating impulse of the car

during the accident:
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 ∆𝑡 = ∆𝑝
Calculate the: 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 ∆𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖
- Impulse of the car during the = (1.2 × 103 𝑘𝑔 × 2𝑚. 𝑠 −2 ) ×
accident (1.2 × 103 𝑘𝑔 × −12𝑚. 𝑠 −2 )
- Average force exerted on the car 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 ∆𝑡 = 2400 − 14400
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 ∆𝑡 = −12000 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚. 𝑠 −1

For calculating Average Force on

the car:
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 ∆𝑡 = ∆𝑝
∆𝑝
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 =
∆𝑡
𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖
=
∆𝑡
−12000
=
0.1
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = −120000 𝑁

25
When given scenario and asked to make a calculation using
the Impulse-Momentum Theorem:

 Read scenario carefully and extract information about

the motion of object and direction. For motion of an
object, use a positive (+) sign to indicate direction in
the east and negative (−) sign to indicate direction in
the west. The signs used for both east and west
direction should be kept constant throughout the
calculation. Read question carefully as sometimes
restriction can be made to assign direction in east negative
(−) sign and the direction in the west positive (+) sign
 For calculations, write velocity (a vector quantity) with
a positive (+) or negative (−) sign to indicate direction
of motion of the object.
 Extract and list quantities given with their values to
select appropriate formula from formula sheet
attached
 Start calculation by using the impulse-momentum
theorem formula as appear on formula sheet (𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 ∆𝒕 =
∆𝒑, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 ∆𝒑 = 𝒎𝒗𝒇 − 𝒎𝒗𝒊 , ∴ 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 ∆𝒕 = 𝒎𝒗𝒇 − 𝒎𝒗𝒊) to
calculate either the force exerted, the time for which
the force is applied and the change in momentum for a
variety of situations involving the motion of an object
in one dimension.
 Use newton’s second law of motion in terms of
∆𝑷
momentum equation (𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = ) to calculate the
∆𝒕
change in momentum when a resultant/net force acts
on an object and its velocity
 Furthermore, write quantity asked as subject of the
formula and calculate
 Write SI unit at the end of your answer (as no mark will
be awarded if SI unit not written)

26
8.2 Elastic and Inelastic collision

When objects collide, they can either stick together or bounce off one another
(remaining separate). If objects stick together, then a collision is perfectly inelastic.
When objects don’t stick together, we can figure out the type of collision by finding the
initial kinetic energy and comparing it with the final kinetic energy. If the kinetic energy
is the same, then the collision is elastic. Elastic collision is defined as a collision
in which both total momentum and total kinetic energy are conserved. Whereas
Inelastic collision is defined as collision during which kinetic energy is not
conserved. Table 6 below presents the difference between Elastic and Inelastic
Collision.

When given scenario to prove whether collision is Elastic

or Inelastic:

 Read scenario carefully and extract information

about the motion of object and direction. For motion
of an object, use a positive (+) sign to indicate
direction in the east and negative (−) sign to
indicate direction in the west. The signs used for
both east and west direction should be kept constant
throughout the calculation.
 Extract and list quantities given with their values to
select appropriate formula from formula sheet
attached
 For calculations, write velocity (a vector quantity)
with a positive (+) or negative (−) sign to indicate
direction of motion of the object.
 Start by calculation the sum of Kinetic Energy before
collision and after collision separately then check if
the final answer of both calculation are equal or not
to conclude whether the collision is Elastic or
Inelastic (as examples shown in Table 7 below).
 Write SI unit at the end of your answers (as no marks
will be awarded if SI unit not written)

27
Table 7: The difference between Elastic and Inelastic Collision and Examples
Elastic collision Inelastic collision
Objects collide and separate to move as separate systems Object collide and stick together/change shape and move as
one system/become stationary

Linear momentum is conserved Linear momentum is conserved

Total kinetic energy is conserved ⅀𝐸𝑘𝑖 = ⅀𝐸𝑘𝑓 Total kinetic energy is not conserved ⅀𝐸𝑘𝑖 ≠ ⅀𝐸𝑘𝑓
1 1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐸𝑘 = 𝑚𝑣 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐸𝑘 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2 2
For example two objects colliding and separate to move as two For example, two objects colliding and move as one system
separate system after collision: after collision:
Before Collision After Collision Before Collision After Collision
VA VB VA VB VA VB VA + VB

mA mB mA mB mA mB mA mB

Given (before collision): Given (before collision):

mA mA
+VAi (because → is +) +VAi (because → is +)
mB mB
− VBi (because ← 𝑖𝑠 −) − VBi (because ← 𝑖𝑠 −)
Given (after collision): Given (after collision):
mA mA
−VAf (because ← is −) mB

28
mB VAf + VBf = ±? m.s-1 (because objects move together)
+VBf (because → is +)
Then : Ek before collision : Then: : Ek before collision :
⅀𝐸𝑘𝑖 = 𝐸𝑘𝑖𝐴 + 𝐸𝑘𝑖𝐵 ⅀𝐸𝑘𝑖 = 𝐸𝑘𝑖𝐴 + 𝐸𝑘𝑖𝐵
1 1 1 1
⅀𝐸𝑘𝑖 = 2 𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴𝑖 2 + 2 𝑚𝐵 −𝑣𝐵𝑖 2 ⅀𝐸𝑘𝑖 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴𝑖 2 + 𝑚𝐵 −𝑣𝐵𝑖 2
2 2

Ek after collision : Ek after collision :

⅀𝐸𝑘𝑓 = 𝐸𝑘𝑓𝐴 + 𝐸𝑓𝐵 ⅀𝐸𝑘𝑓 = 𝐸𝑘𝑓𝐴 + 𝐸𝑓𝐵
1 1 ⅀𝐸𝑘𝑓 = (𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 )𝑣𝐴𝑓+𝐵𝑓 2
⅀𝐸𝑘𝑓 = 𝑚𝐴 − 𝑣𝐴𝑖 2 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑣𝐵𝑖 2
2 2
If ⅀𝐸𝑘 before collison≠ ⅀𝐸𝑘 after collison
If ⅀𝐸𝑘 before collison =⅀𝐸𝑘 after collison Then collision is Inelastic
Then collision is Elastic ∴ ⅀𝐸𝑘𝑖 ≠ ⅀𝐸𝑘𝑓
∴ ⅀𝐸𝑘𝑖 = ⅀𝐸𝑘𝑓

The initial kinetic energy is not transformed into any other Some of the initial kinetic energy is transformed into other
forms of energy. forms of energy e.g. heat, light, sound.

29
 9. Activities Extracted from Previous Question Papers and Marking
Guidelines

QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions.
Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers
(1.1 to 1.5) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.11 D.
1.1 A ball is dropped from height h and strikes the floor with momentum p.
Ignore air resistance.
The ball
The ball is NOW is NOW
dropped from dropped
height 2h.from height 2h.

2h
h

Which ONE of the following represents the momentum with which

the ball NOW strikes the floor?

A p
B 2p Answer:
C 2 p 1.1 B  
D 2p (2)
1.2 Ball M, moving at speed v to the right, collides with a stationary ball
N on a smooth horizontal surface. Immediately after the collision,
ball M comes to rest and ball N moves to the right with speed v.
Which ONE of the following statements about the collision of the
balls is CORRECT?
A Total momentum is conserved and the masses of the balls
are unequal.
B Total kinetic energy is conserved and the masses of the
balls are unequal
C Total momentum and total kinetic energy are conserved and the Answer:
masses of the balls are equal. 1.2 C  
D Total momentum is conserved but total kinetic energy is
not conserved and the masses of the balls are equal. (2)

30
1.3 Ball P and ball Q, of the same mass, are dropped onto a concrete
floor. Both balls hit the concrete floor at the same speed, v. Ball P
rebounds with the same vertical speed, v, but ball Q rebounds with
speed ½v.

Refer to the diagram below. Ignore air resistance.

P Q

v ½v

concrete floor
Which ONE of the following statements regarding the collision of
EACH ball with the concrete floor is CORRECT?
Answer:

A Kinetic energy is conserved for both balls P and Q. 1.3 B  

B The change in momentum of ball P is greater than that of ball Q.

C The contact time with the floor is the same for both balls P and Q.
D Momentum is conserved for the collision of ball P, but not for
that of ball Q. (2)
1.4 The diagram below shows a cricket player moving his hands
downwards from position 1 to 2 to 3 while catching a ball.

Which ONE of the following statements CORRECTLY explains

why the cricket player moves his hands downwards?
A The impulse on the ball is decreased.
Answer:
B The change in momentum of the ball is increased.
1.4 D  
C The change in momentum of the ball is decreased.
D The time it takes to change the momentum of the ball is increased. (2)

31
QUESTION 4 (Question 4, NSC, DBE, May/June 2022)

4.1 What is meant by an isolated system in physics? (2)

During an experiment, a rocket of unknown mass is mounted on a toy cart
of mass 20 kg. The cart-rocket combination moves at a constant speed of
2,5 m∙s-1 along a horizontal floor.

At a certain instant, the rocket is fired horizontally in the direction of motion at

a speed of 30 m∙s-1. As a result, the cart slows down to a speed of 0,6 m∙s-1,
as shown in the diagram below.

Ignore frictional effects.

2,5 m∙s-1 30 m∙s-1

0,6 m∙s-1

Before rocket is fired After rocket is fired

4.2 Use relevant physics principles to explain why the firing of the rocket
will slow down the cart. (2)
4.3 Calculate the mass of the rocket at the instant the rocket was fired
from the toy cart. (5)

[9]

32
QUESTION 4 ANSWERS (Question 4, NSC, DBE, May/June 2022)

4.1 A system on which the resultant/net external force is zero   (2)

4.2 1. According to Newton 3rd Law  the rocket exerts a force on the
toy cart to the left/opposite to direction of motion. 
OR
2. The toy cart exerts a force on the rocket to the right and the
rocket exerts a force on the toy cart to the left/opposite to
direction of motion. 
OR
3. The rocket experiences a change in momentum to the right ,
the toy cart experiences a change in momentum to the left. 
OR
4.
∆ptoy cart =∆procket
OR
5. Total momentum is conserved / remains constant. 
The momentum of the rocket increases. Therefore, the
momentum of the toy cart must decrease. 
OR
6. The rocket experiences an impulse to the right  therefore, the
toy cart experiences an impulse to the left. 
OR
7. Impulserocket = -Impulsetoy cart 

N.B. Full exam marking

guideline can be used
together with the answers
provided in this study
guide as more options are
provided in it.

33
4.3 OPTION 1
RIGHT AS POSITIVE
∑p = ∑p i f
(m1+ m2)vi = m1v1f + m2v2f Any one
mvi = m1v1f + m2v2f
(20 + m2)2,5 = 20(0,6) + m2(30)
m2 = 1,38 kg 
LEFT AS POSITIVE
∑pi = ∑pf
(m1+ m2)vi = m1v1f + m2v2f Any one
mvi = m1v1f + m2v2f
(20 + m2)(-2,5) = 20(-0,6) + m2(-30)
m2 = 1,38 kg 
OPTION 2
RIGHT AS POSITIVE
∆ptoy cart = -∆procket
Any one
m1 (v1(f) – v1(i)) = - m2(v2(f) - v2(i))
(20) (0,6 – 2,5)  = - (m)(30 - 2,5)
m2 = 1,38 kg 
LEFT AS POSITIVE
∆ptoy cart = -∆procket
Any one
m 1(v 1(f)– v1(i)) = - m2(v2(f) - v2(i))
(20) [-0,6 – (-2,5)]  = - (m)[(-30 – (-2,5)] 
m2 = 1,38 kg  (5)
[9]

34
QUESTION 4 (Question 4, NSC, DBE,May/June 2019)

A soccer player kicks a ball of mass 0,45 kg to the east. The ball travels
horizontally at a velocity of 9 ms-1 along a straight line, without touching
the ground, and enters a container lying at rest on its side, as shown in
the diagram below. The mass of the container is 0,20 kg.

BEFORE N

9 m∙s-1
ball W E

0.45 kg
S

0,20 kg container at rest

The ball is stuck in the container after the collision. The ball and container
now move together along a straight line towards the east. Ignore friction and
rotational effects.

AFTER

0,45 kg

0,20 kg container

4.1 State the principle of conservation of linear momentum in words. (2)

4.2 Calculate the magnitude of the velocity of the ball-container
system immediately after the collision. (4)
4.3 Determine, by means of a suitable calculation, whether the collision
between the ball and container is elastic or inelastic. (5)
[11]

35
QUESTION 4 ANSWERS (Question 4, NSC, DBE,May/June 2019)

4.1 The total (linear) momentum in a isolated/closed system remains

constant./ is conserved
.

OR
In an isolated/closed system the total momentum before a collision is
equal to the total momentum after the collision.

NOTE:
-1 for each key word/phrase omitted.
Take the whole statement in context (2)

4.2 OPTION 1
∑p i = ∑p f
1 mark for any
m 1 v 1i + m 2 v 2i = m 1 v 1f + m 2 v 2f
m 1 v 1i + m 2 v 2i = (m 1 +m 2 )vf

{0,45(9) + 0,20(0)} = (0,45 +

0,20)vv = 6,23 ms-1

OR
∆p ball = - If – sign omitted from formula 0/4
∆p cont 0,45(v – 9)  = -
0,2(v – 0) v = 6,23 ms-1
OPTION 2


∑ i=∑ f
p f Total = p i Total
(Thus change in total momentum = 0 )
f
0 = (0,65v ) – (9)(0,45)
vf = 6,23 m∙s-1








36

4.3 POSITIVE MARKING FROM 4.2
K = ½ mv2 (or E K = ½ mv2)
Total kinetic energy before collision:
½ (0,45)(9)2 + 0= 18,225J

Total kinetic energy after collision:

½ (0,45 + 0,20)(6,23)2 = 12,614J

∑K before ≠ ∑K after
Collision is inelastic.
If start with ∑E Ki =∑E Kf 4/5 max No
calculation
(5) [11]

37
QUESTION 4 (Question 4, NSC, DBE,November, 2018)

Initially a girl on roller skates is at rest on a smooth horizontal pavement.

The girl throws a parcel, of mass 8 kg, horizontally to the right at a
speed of 4 ms-1. Immediately after the parcel has been thrown, the girl-
roller-skate combination moves at a speed of 0,6 ms-1. Ignore the effects of
friction and rotation.

4 m∙s-1

4.1 Define the term momentum in words. (2)

4.2 Will the girl-roller-skate combination move TO THE RIGHT or TO
THE LEFT after the parcel is thrown?
NAME the law in physics that can be used to explain your choice of
direction. (2)
The total mass of the roller skates is 2 kg.
4.3 Calculate the mass of the girl. (5)
4.4 Calculate the magnitude of the impulse that the girl-roller-skate
combination is experiencing while the parcel is being thrown. (3)
4.5 Without any further calculation, write down the change in
momentum experienced by the parcel while it is being thrown. (2)
[14]

38
QUESTION 4 (Question 4, NSC, DBE,November, 2018)

4.1 Momentum is the product of the mass of an object and its velocity

[NOTE: 2 or 0] (2)

4.2 - To the left

Newton's third law
4.3 OPTION 1
∑p i = ∑p f Allocate mark if 0 is substituted on
m 1 v 1i + m 2 v 2i = m 1 v 2f + m 2 v 2f left hand side
mass of girl is m

{(m + 2)(0)} + {8(0)} = {(m + 2)(-0,6)} + (8)(4)

NOTE: Penalise only
m = 51,33 kg
once for the incorrect
sign of the 0,6.
OPTION 2
∑p i = ∑p f
m 1 v 1i + m 2 v 2i = m 1 v 2f + m 2 v 2f
0 = m 1 v 1f + m 2 v 2f
0 = (8)(4) + m 2 (-0,6)
∴ m 2 = 53,33 kg
∴ m girl = 53,33 – 2
∴ m girl = 51,33 kg

OPTION 3
Δp girl = -Δp parcel m(v f
– v i ) = -m(v f – v i )
(m + 2)(-0,6 - 0) = – 8(4 – 0)
m = 51,33 kg

4.4 POSITIVE MARKING FROM 4.3

Impulse = Δp = m(v f – v i )
= (51,33 + 2)(-0,6 – 0)
= -32 N·s / kgms-1
Magnitude of impulse is 32 N∙s /32 kgm·s-1
OR
Impulse = Δp parcel = m(v f – v i ) Δp
-1
= (8)(4 – 0) = 32 kg m∙s
Δp girl = 32 kg m∙s-1
(
3)

4.5 POSITIVE MARKING FROM 4.4

32 kgms-1 / N·s to the right/opposite direction
(
2
)
[
1
4
]
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