ICT 9025

Mobile Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Lecture 7
MANET
▪ stands for Mobile adhoc Network
➢ also known as adhoc wireless network

➢ An adhoc network is a wireless LAN(local area network) in

which some devices are part of the network only for the
duration of a communication session and while in some close
proximity to the rest of the network

➢ A MANET consists of a set of mobile nodes connected

wirelessly in a self-configured, self-healing network without
having a fixed infrastructure.
ICT 9025 2
MANET
➢ MANET nodes are free to move randomly as the network
topology changes frequently.
➢ Each node behaves as a router as they forward traffic to
other specified nodes in the network

ICT 9025 3
MANET
➢ A MANET may operate in a standalone fashion or they can be
part of a larger network or connected to the Internet.
➢ MANETs consist of a peer-to-peer, self-forming, self-healing
network typically communicating at radio frequencies
(30MHz-5GHz).
• This can be used in road safety, sensors for the environment,
home, health, disaster rescue operations, air/land/navy defense,
weapons, robots, etc.

ICT 9025 4
Characteristics of MANET
▪ Autonomous and spontaneous nature of nodes
➢ Distributed Algorithms to support security, reliability and
consistency of exchanged and stored information

▪ Low-power devices
➢ mostly battery based low-power devices with energy
conserving techniques

ICT 9025 5
Characteristics of MANET
▪ Dynamic topologies:
➢ Network topology which is typically multi-hop based, may
change randomly and rapidly with time, it can form
unidirectional or bi-directional links

▪ Bandwidth constrained
➢ A MANET may usually have lower reliability, efficiency,
stability, and capacity when compared to a wired network

ICT 9025 6
Characteristics of MANET
▪ Limited Security
➢ more prone to security threats. A centralized firewall is
absent due to its distributed nature of the MANET

▪ Less Human Intervention

➢ They require minimum human intervention to configure the
network

ICT 9025 7
Applications of Ad Hoc Networks
▪ Personal communications
➢ Cell phones, laptops
▪ Cooperative environments
➢ Taxi cab network
➢ Meeting rooms
▪ Emergency operations
➢ Policing and fire fighting
▪ Military environments
➢ Battlefield operations
▪ Network of sensors
➢ e.g. Vehicle sensors
ICT 9025 8
RTS-CTS handshake protocol
▪ A node that wishes to send data is required to ask for permission first, by
sending a RTS (Request to Send) to the receiving node. The receiving node
then replies with a CTS (Clear to Send)message.
➢ The CTS message can be heard by all nodes within radio range of the
receiving node, and instructs them not to use the wireless medium
since another transmission is about to take place.
➢ The node that requested the transmission can then begin sending data
to the receiving node

ICT 9025 9
MANET Routing Protocols
▪ Various routing protocols which can be used for MANET networks

Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV) routing protocol

Proactive routing
Fisheye State Routing (FSR)
Distance Routing Effect Algo. for Mobility (DREAM)
Uniform Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol
routing
Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA)
Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV)
Reactive routing
Location Aided Routing (LAR)
Associativity Based Routing (ABR) protocol
Signal Stability-base adaptive Routing (SSR)

Note, details on MANET protocol is beyond our current scope.

ICT 9025 10
MANET Routing Protocols
▪ Various routing protocols which can be used for MANET networks (cont.)

Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP)

Zone-based Hybrid Adhoc Routing Protocol (HARP)

routing Zone-based Hierarchical Link State routing (ZHLS)
Grid Location Service (GLS)
Non- Clusterhead Gateway Switch Routing (CGSR)
uniform Cluster-based
routing Hierarchical State Routing (HSR)
routing
Cluster Based Routing Protocol (CBRP)
Landmark Adhoc Routing (LANMAR)
Core-node based
Core-Extraction Distributed Adhoc Routing (CEDAR)
routing
Optimised Link State Routing protocol (OLSR)

ICT 9025 11
MANET Routing Protocols
▪ Proactive Routing
➢ topology information is distributed periodically (continuously) throughout the
network such that the network nodes can pre-calculate all possible paths.
When a change occurs, updates are spread throughout the network to keep
the routing tables updated

▪ Reactive Routing
➢ Reactive routing protocols update the routing tables on demand, i.e.
when a particular node wants to exchange information in the network.

ICT 9025 Exercise: define zone-based routing, cluster-based routing & core-node based routing
12
 MANET app to create a simple MANET
▪ MANET Manager
➢ an Android app which provides a phone or tablet with peer-
to-peer communication capabilities

Can also run on

Windows through
the use of an
Android Emulator Note: this is a somewhat older app such that the app may not
ICT 9025 run on more recent Android versions and devices
13
QoS
Quality of Service
▪ A QoS enabled network ensures:
➢ That its applications and their users have suitable QoS, while
at the same time ensuring an efficient resource usage
➢ the most important traffic should still maintain QoS during
network overload

▪ most important QoS parameters:

➢ Throughput, availability, delay, jitter and packet loss

ICT 9025 14
The need for QoS in MANETs
▪ Applications have special service requirements
➢ Needs intelligent data handling and queueing to reduce delay
and jitter
➢ MANET needs to be optimized for low bandwidth networks

▪ For use in emergency and military operations

➢ User traffic prioritization is needed
➢ user, role, situation etc.

ICT 9025 15
Solutions for QoS support in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
▪ These models which provide QoS for MANETs
➢ FQMM
➢ INSIGNIA
➢ SWAN

Can be integrated
▪FQMM
with multiple routing
▪INSIGNIA ➔ protocols ➔ Flexibility!
▪SWAN

ICT 9025 16
Flexible QoS Model for MANETs (FQMM)
▪ First QoS Model proposed in 2000 for MANETs by Xiao et al
▪ Classification is made at the source node
▪ QoS provisioning is made on every node along the path
▪ FQMM Model provisions the traffic into two portions, using link-state and
topology information:
➢ the highest priority communication is calculated by the FQMM algorithms
➢ low priority communication is transmitted after the highest priority
communication

▪ Three types of nodes defined

➢ Ingress (transmit)
➢ Interior (forward)
➢ Egress (receive)

ICT 9025 17
INSIGNIA – MANETs QoS
▪ First signalling protocol designed solely for MANETs by Ahn et
al. 1998
➢ provides QoS
▪ Includes Per-flow management
➢ packet scheduling, Flow reservation, restoration and
adaptation

▪ QoS reports periodically sent to source node

➢ Source node takes action to adapt flows to observed network
condition

ICT 9025 18
INSIGNIA – MANETs QoS (cont.)
▪ Per-flow QoS
➢ Assigns each packet stream its own queue and provides a
guaranteed rate for flows with QoS reservation
• QoS reservation (i.e. resource reservation) is one of the best
technique to guarantee QoS in MANETs, whereby priority traffic
will maintain QoS while non-priority traffic will be intentionally
delayed for priority traffic
➢ Routers(MANET nodes) can classify and manage packet flows
in real-time

ICT 9025 19
SWAN - Stateless Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
▪ An alternative to INSIGNIA with improved scalability properties
➢ a stateless network scheme designed specifically for MANETs with no
need to process complex signaling, or to keep per-flow information, to
achieve scalability and robustness

➢ Promotes rate control system that can be used at each node to treat
traffic either as real-time or best-effort

➢ Uses two level of service

• best-effort and real-time traffic
• May decide to demote part of the real-time traffic to best-effort service due to
lack of resources
• The transmission rate for the best-effort traffic is locally estimated and
adjusted to accommodate the bandwidth required by Real Time traffic

ICT 9025 20
Ad hoc QoS interconnectivity with fixed network
▪ Ad-Hoc network needs to connect to a host network in order
to gain access to the internet

▪ For QoS, the Ad-Hoc network may decide to implement

INSIGNIA, SWAN, or FQMM, while the host network may
decide to implement DiffServ or IntServ

▪ Ad-hoc networks rely on the host network resources and

services in order to access to the outside world / Internet

ICT 9025 21