MECHANICAL

VIBRATION
Lab Report Part 1

SYED MUHAMMAD AHMAD KAZMI

2018-ME-001
MED, UET LHR
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Table of Contents
Experiment No. 1: Performing Static Balancing of Rotor ......................................................... 5
Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 5
Objective .................................................................................................................................... 5
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 5
Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 6
Results ........................................................................................................................................ 8
Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 9
Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 9
References ................................................................................................................................ 10
Experiment No. 2: Performing Dynamic Balancing of Rotor ................................................. 11
Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 11
Objective .................................................................................................................................. 11
Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 11
Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 12
Results ...................................................................................................................................... 14
Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 15
Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 16
References ................................................................................................................................ 16
Experiment No. 3: Verify Hooke’s law and to find the combined spring rate of the two helical
springs used on the spring-mass system .................................................................................. 17
Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 17
Objective .................................................................................................................................. 17
Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 17
Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 18
Results ...................................................................................................................................... 19
Observations ............................................................................................................................ 19
Graphical Analysis ................................................................................................................... 19
Sample Calculations................................................................................................................. 20
Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 20
Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 20
References ................................................................................................................................ 20
Experiment No. 4: Verify the mass-frequency relationship of a vibrating spring-mass system
and to determine the approximate values of ‘g’ and ‘w/3’ the effective weight of the spring 22
Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 22
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Objective .................................................................................................................................. 22
Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 22
Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 23
Results ...................................................................................................................................... 24
Observations ............................................................................................................................ 24
Graphical Analysis ................................................................................................................... 25
Sample Calculations................................................................................................................. 25
Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 25
Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 26
References ................................................................................................................................ 26
Experiment No. 5: To perform a Double Cantilever Test and to find out the Modulus of
Elasticity and Effective Weight of the Steel Cantilever .......................................................... 27
Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 27
Objective .................................................................................................................................. 27
Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 27
Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 28
Results ...................................................................................................................................... 28
Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 30
Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 30
References ................................................................................................................................ 30
Experiment No. 6: To perform Ball Chatter Test and Plot a Graph of Sinusoidal Amplitude
against Frequency .................................................................................................................... 32
Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 32
Objective .................................................................................................................................. 32
Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 32
Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 33
Results ...................................................................................................................................... 33
Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 34
Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 35
References ................................................................................................................................ 35
Experiment No. 7: To Perform Torsion Test and to Determine the Modulus of Rigidity of a
Mild Steel Shaft Specimen by Plotting Shear Stress (𝝉) -Strain (θ) Curve and Determine
Torsional Stiffness by Plotting Torque (T) and Deflection (θ) Curve ..................................... 36
Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 36
Objective .................................................................................................................................. 36
Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 36
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 37
Results ...................................................................................................................................... 38
Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 39
Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 40
References ................................................................................................................................ 40
Experiment No.8: Vibration Analysis of Cantilever Beam on SolidWorks ............................ 42
Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 42
Objective .................................................................................................................................. 42
Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 42
Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 43
Results ...................................................................................................................................... 44
Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 45
Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 46
References ................................................................................................................................ 46
Experiment No. 9: Performing Static Balancing of Rotor ....................................................... 47
Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 47
Objective .................................................................................................................................. 47
Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 47
Results ...................................................................................................................................... 51
Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 51
Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 52
References ................................................................................................................................ 52
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Experiment No. 1: Performing Static Balancing of Rotor

Abstract
In this experiment, vibration and balancing machine was used to perfume static balancing of
rotor using a single disturbing mass on a different plane. We add some masses on different
angles on the existing discs of balancing machine to set it out of balance. And then we add
some other weights on some angle to the other disc to make them balance. Unbalance discs
cause vibration that’s why we have to balance the disc to prevent it from vibrations. A1 was
loaded with 14g at 40mm and 180o, A2 with 24g at 40 mm and 240o. The balancing came out
to be 1331.46. Hence, the corresponding weight, radius and angle was chosen.

Objective
The objective of this experiment is to perform static balancing of rotor using a single disturbing
mass on a different plane.

Introduction
1) General Description
When a mass rotates around a certain fixed axle, respective parts of mass receive centrifugal
force perpendicularly against axle. Cut-of-balance of centrifugal force causes vibration.
There are two kinds of balancing of rotor, one is static balance and the other is dynamic balance.
Even in such a case that is balanced statically and resultant force of centrifugal force is zero, if
reaction force is generated at bearing by moment of couple of force and the direction of reaction
force differs with the rotation of mass, it is out-of-balance status of dynamic balance. By
removing this moment of couple of force, dynamic balance is obtained.

Fig. 1. Multiple Disc Vibration and Balancing Machine

Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Fig. 2. Schematic Balancing Apparatus

a1=0 (mm), a2=60 (mm), a3=120 (mm), a4=180 (mm)

2) Static Balance
Static balance is expressed by following conditional Eq. (1) and Eq. (2), and it is balanced
when the total of resultant force of centrifugal force at respective parts is zero (0) [1-3].
∑ 𝑚𝑖 . 𝑟𝑖 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑖 = 0 (1)
∑ 𝑚𝑖 . 𝑟𝑖 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑖 = 0 (2)

Methodology
1. Out-of-balance status set

First of all, we add unbalancing mass to disc rotors A1 and A2 to set out-of-balance status
which exists in general machine e.g., we put a mass of 14 grams at radius of 40mm with
fixing angle 180o on disc rotor A1. And then put 24 grams mass at the radius of 40mm with
fixing angle of 240o on disc rotor A2. It is seeming to be out-of-balance status by rotating
disc motor manually.
2. Static balance test

Then we put correction weight on correction plane B1 to complete out-of-balance status.

Mass (m1) was added, radius (r1) and angle (𝜃1) are obtained from the static balance
conditional equations.
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Fig. 3. Out of Balance Disc

Fig. 4. Correction Disc with Dimensions

 Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Table 1: Correction Disc Specifications and Dimensions

Angle B1 B2
(Degrees) Distance from centre No. Distance from centre No.
(mm) (mm)
0 180 15 2 15 2
10 190 44 2 20 2
20 200 39 2 25 2
30 210 34 2 16 30 4
40 220 29 43 4 21 35 4
50 230 24 38 4 26 40 4
60 240 19 33 4 17 31 45 6
70 250 28 42 4 22 36 4
80 260 23 37 4 27 41 4
90 270 18 32 46 6 18 32 46 6
100 280 27 41 4 23 37 4
110 290 22 36 4 28 42 4
120 300 17 31 45 6 19 33 4
130 310 26 40 4 24 38 4
140 320 21 35 4 29 43 4
150 330 16 30 4 34 2
160 340 25 2 39 2
170 350 20 2 44 2
Total 64 64

Results
Observations:
For Disc A1:
𝑚1 = 14 𝑔 𝑟1 = 40 𝑚𝑚 𝜃1 = 180°
For Disc A2:
𝑚2 = 24 𝑔 r2 = 40 mm θ2 = 240°
Sample Calculations:

∑ 𝑚𝑟𝑤 2 = 0
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

∑ 𝑚𝑟 = 0

∑ 𝑚𝑟 cos 𝜃 = 0

∑ 𝑚𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 0

𝑚1 𝑟1 cos 𝜃1 + 𝑚2 𝑟2 cos 𝜃2 + 𝑚3 𝑟3 cos 𝜃3 = 0

𝑚3 𝑟3 cos 𝜃3 = −𝑚1 𝑟1 cos 𝜃1 − 𝑚2 𝑟2 cos 𝜃2

= −1040
𝑚3 𝑟3 sin 𝜃3 = −𝑚1 𝑟1 sin 𝜃1 − 𝑚2 𝑟2 sin 𝜃2
= 831.38
√𝑚3 2 𝑟3 2 = √(831.38)2 + (1040)2
𝑚3 𝑟3 = 1331.46
𝜃3 = −38.63°
𝜃3 = 218.63°

Discussion
Above calculation is done to calculate the mass to be added on 3rd disc and radius and angle at
which to be placed. Product of mass and radius is obtained which is 1331.46. Then we see the
chart and select relative mass of these specifications and place on the angle that is also
calculated. It is concluded from the experiment that vibrations caused by unbalance discs can
be prevented by adding some counter weights as we add in the lab experiment and calculate
their mass and radius by calculations. Vibration is due to unbalancing of discs. Vibration can
be prevented by adding some counter weights to make disc balance.
➢ During experiment we notice some errors that are described below:
➢ Belt that was used to transmit torque from motor to disc was not in good condition and
there was also a joint in the belt that causes error in experiment. The size of was also
not appropriate.
➢ There was also error due to angle. There was no spot to attach masses on exact angles
that causes error.
➢ Moreover, the table on which balancing machine setup was placed, was also not static.
The table causes some additional external vibration in the system that caused error in
calculation.
➢ Health and Safety rules and regulations (PPE: Gloves, Helmet, Goggles, Ear Plugs)
were followed strictly during Experiment.
The main hazards include that the weights may fly during rotation due to improper fitting. This
may lead to serious injury if the protective glass was compromised.

Conclusions
In this experiment, vibration and balancing machine was used to perfume static balancing of
rotor using a single disturbing mass on a different plane. We add some masses on different
angles on the existing discs of balancing machine to set it out of balance. And then we add
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

some other weights on some angle to the other disc to make them balance. Unbalance discs
cause vibration that’s why we have to balance the disc to prevent it from vibrations. A1 was
loaded with 14g at 40mm and 180o, A2 with 24g at 40 mm and 240o. The balancing came out
to be 1331.46. hence, the corresponding weight, radius and angle was chosen.

References

[1 D. E. Adams, “MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS,” Purdue University, 2010.

]

[2 Bellwood Rewinds., “Difference Between Static Balance and Dynamic Balancing,”

] Bellwood Rewinds., [Online]. Available: [Link]
static-balance-dynamic-
balancing/#:~:text=Static%20balancing%20definition%20refers%20to,or%20when%20s
witching%20between%20positions.. [Accessed 31 May 2022].

[3 Wikibooks, Mechanical Vibration, [Online]: WikiBooks, 2019.

]
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Experiment No. 2: Performing Dynamic Balancing of Rotor

Abstract
In this experiment, vibration and balancing machine was used to perfume dynamic balancing
of rotor using a single disturbing mass on a different plane. We add some masses on different
angles on the existing discs of balancing machine to set it out of balance. And then we add
some other weights on some angle to the other disc to make them balance. Unbalance discs
cause vibration that’s we have to balance the disc to prevent it from vibrations. The unbalancing
discs were loaded with 15g and 10g at 40mm and 0o and 60o, respectively. The balancing
combination came out to be 480 and 406, respectively for B1 and B2. Then we see the chart and
select relative mass of these specifications and place on the angle that is also calculated.
Vibration is due to unbalancing of discs.

Objective
The objective of this experiment is to perform dynamic balancing of rotor using a single
balancing mass on a different plane.

Introduction
1. General Description
When a mass rotates around a certain fixed axle, respective parts of mass receive centrifugal
force perpendicularly against axle. Cut-of-balance of centrifugal force causes vibration.
There are two kinds of balancing of rotor, one is static balance and the other is dynamic balance.
Even in such a case that is balanced statically and resultant force of centrifugal force is zero, if
reaction force is generated at bearing by moment of couple of force and the direction of reaction
force differs with the rotation of mass, it is out-of-balance status of dynamic balance. By
removing this moment of couple of force, dynamic balance is obtained.

Fig. 5. Multiple Disc Vibration and Balancing Machine

Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Fig. 6. Schematic of Balancing Apparatus

a1=0 (mm), a2=60 (mm), a3=120 (mm), a4=180 (mm)

2. Dynamic Balance
Dynamic balance is expressed by following conditional Eq. (1), Eq. (2), (3) and (4), and it is
balanced when the total of resultant force of centrifugal forces and moments at respective parts
is zero (0).
∑ 𝑚𝑖 . 𝑟𝑖 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑖 = 0 (1)
∑ 𝑚𝑖 . 𝑟𝑖 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑖 = 0 (2)
∑ 𝑎𝑖. 𝑚𝑖 . 𝑟𝑖 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑖 = 0 (3)
∑ 𝑎𝑖. 𝑚𝑖 . 𝑟𝑖 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑖 = 0 (4)

Methodology
1. Out-of-balance status set

Add unbalancing mass to disc rotors A1 and A2 to set out-of-balance status which exists in
general machine, e.g., put a mass of 15 grams at radius of 40mm with fixing angle 0o on
disc rotor A1. And put 10 grams mass at the radius of 40mm with fixing angle of 60o on
disc rotor A2. It is seemed to be out-of-balance status by rotating disc motor manually.
2. Dynamic balance test

Mount belt drive on disc rotor system which is balanced statically. Static balance test and
then drive it through speed control device by means of electrical motor. It reaches
maximum amplitude at approx. 1000 rpm. At this situation, turn the power switch off
without moving speed control knob. In static balance, disc rotor generates vibration by
moment of coupling forces. In order to balance dynamically, obtain additional mass of
dynamic balance including static balance.
Leaving out-of-balance loads on A1 and A2 as they are, put correction loads on B1 and B2.
Before it, remove loads which have been put on B1 for balancing. Use dynamic balancing
equations for balancing [1-3].
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Assume that the mass to be put on B1 as m1, radius as r1 and angle as 𝜃1 . Similarly, the
mass to be put on B2 as m4, radius as r4 and angle as 𝜃2 .
3. Correction weight of disk B2. (Calculation of m, r and 𝜃)
4. Correction weight of disk B1. (Calculation of m, r and 𝜃)

Fig. 7. Out of Balance Disc

Fig. 8. Correction Disc with dimensions

 Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Table 2: Correction Disc Specifications and Dimensions

Angle B1 B2
(Degrees) Distance from centre No. Distance from centre No.
(mm) (mm)
0 180 15 2 15 2
10 190 44 2 20 2
20 200 39 2 25 2
30 210 34 2 16 30 4
40 220 29 43 4 21 35 4
50 230 24 38 4 26 40 4
60 240 19 33 4 17 31 45 6
70 250 28 42 4 22 36 4
80 260 23 37 4 27 41 4
90 270 18 32 46 6 18 32 46 6
100 280 27 41 4 23 37 4
110 290 22 36 4 28 42 4
120 300 17 31 45 6 19 33 4
130 310 26 40 4 24 38 4
140 320 21 35 4 29 43 4
150 330 16 30 4 34 2
160 340 25 2 39 2
170 350 20 2 44 2
Total 64 64

Results
Observations:
For Disc A1:
𝑚1 = 15 𝑔 𝑟1 = 40 𝑚𝑚 𝜃1 = 0°
For Disc A2:
𝑚2 = 10 𝑔 r2 = 40 mm θ2 = 60°
Calculations:

∑ 𝑚𝑟𝑤 2 = 0
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

∑ 𝑚𝑟 = 0

B1 correction plane rotor:

∑ 𝑚𝑟 cos 𝜃 = 0

∑ 𝑚𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 0

𝑚1 𝑟1 cos 𝜃1 = −𝑚3 𝑟3 cos 𝜃3 − 𝑚2 𝑟2 cos 𝜃2 − 𝑚4 𝑟4 cos 𝜃4

= −466.2
𝑚1 𝑟1 sin 𝜃1 = −𝑚3 𝑟3 sin 𝜃3 − 𝑚2 𝑟2 sin 𝜃2 − 𝑚4 𝑟4 sin 𝜃4
= −115.3
√𝑚1 2 𝑟1 2 = √(−466.2)2 + (−115.3)2
𝑚1 𝑟1 = 480 (16 𝑔, 30 𝑚𝑚)
𝜃3 = 194°
B2 correction plane rotor:

∑ 𝑎𝑚𝑟 cos 𝜃 = 0

∑ 𝑎𝑚𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 0

𝑚1 𝑟1 cos 𝜃1 + 𝑚2 𝑟2 cos 𝜃2 + 𝑚3 𝑟3 cos 𝜃3 + 𝑚4 𝑟4 cos 𝜃4 = 0

𝑚4 𝑟4 cos 𝜃4 = −𝑚3 𝑟3 cos 𝜃3 − 𝑚2 𝑟2 cos 𝜃2
= −333.3
𝑚1 𝑟1 sin 𝜃1 + 𝑚2 𝑟2 sin 𝜃2 + 𝑚3 𝑟3 sin 𝜃3 + 𝑚4 𝑟4 sin 𝜃4 = 0
𝑚4 𝑟4 sin 𝜃4 = −𝑚3 𝑟3 sin 𝜃3 − 𝑚2 𝑟2 sin 𝜃2
= −230.9
√𝑚4 2 𝑟4 2 = √(−333.3)2 + (−230.9)2
𝑚4 𝑟4 = 406
𝜃4 = 214.7°
𝜃4 = 215°

Discussion
Above calculation is done to calculate the mass to be added on 3rd & 4th discs and radii and
angles at which to be placed. Product of mass and radius is obtained which is 480 and 406,
respectively for B1 and B2. Then we see the chart and select relative mass of these
specifications and place on the angle that is also calculated. Vibration is due to unbalancing of
discs. Vibration can be prevented by adding some counter weights to make disc balance.
During experiment we notice some errors that are described below:
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

• Belt that was used to transmit torque from motor to disc was not in good condition and
there was also a joint in the belt that causes error in experiment. The size of was also
not appropriate.
• There was also error due to angle. There was no spot to attach masses on exact angles
that causes error.
• Moreover, the table on which balancing machine setup was placed, was also not static.
The table causes some additional external vibration in the system that caused error in
calculation.
• Health and Safety rules and regulations was followed strictly during Experiment.
The main hazards include that the weights may fly during rotation due to improper fitting. This
may lead to serious injury if the protective glass was compromised.

Conclusions
In this experiment, vibration and balancing machine was used to perfume dynamic balancing
of rotor using a single disturbing mass on a different plane. We add some masses on different
angles on the existing discs of balancing machine to set it out of balance. And then we add
some other weights on some angle to the other disc to make them balance. Unbalance discs
cause vibration that’s we have to balance the disc to prevent it from vibrations. The unbalancing
discs were loaded with 15g and 10g at 40mm and 0o and 60o, respectively. The balancing
combination came out to be 480 and 406, respectively for B1 and B2. Then we see the chart and
select relative mass of these specifications and place on the angle that is also calculated.
Vibration is due to unbalancing of discs.

References

[1 D. E. Adams, “MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS,” Purdue University, 2010.

]

[2 Bellwood Rewinds., “Difference Between Static Balance and Dynamic Balancing,”

] Bellwood Rewinds., [Online]. Available: [Link]
static-balance-dynamic-
balancing/#:~:text=Static%20balancing%20definition%20refers%20to,or%20when%20s
witching%20between%20positions.. [Accessed 31 May 2022].

[3 Wikibooks, Mechanical Vibration, [Online]: WikiBooks, 2019.

]
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Experiment No. 3: Verify Hooke’s law and to find the combined

spring rate of the two helical springs used on the spring-mass
system
Abstract
Hooke's law is one of the fundamental laws of mechanics which states that extension is
directly proportional to the applied load in elastic limit. Objective of the experiment was to
prove above stated law and compute the stiffness of the spring system. By increasing the
load, resulted extension was observed and curve was drawn between them. Most portion of
the curve was linear which validated Hooke's law and slope was calculated as for stiffness
calculation which came out to be 5 load units per cm. It is stated that the distorted portion of
the curve results because of the corrosion as the apparatus was from late 80s generation or
may be because of strain hardening which if could be removed, would result in more-linear
and smooth curve.

Objective
To verify Hooke’s law and to find the combined spring rate of the two helical springs used on
the spring-mass system.

Introduction
Mass-Spring system:
In such system a mass is attached to a spring while the other end of the spring is attached to a
fix or moveable base. The system can be horizontal or vertical based on the position of the
mass and spring which is vertical in this experiment. A load or force is applied at the other end
of mass and extension is produced in the spring which stores potential energy because of this
extension which pulls mass to its initial position. Mass does not stop because of its inertia and
continue its motion even after crossing mean position which again results in extension and
store of potential energy. In this way the system continues and oscillations or vibrations are
produced which are free vibrations which is the case in this experiment. It would be forced
vibrations if the load does not disappear after initial disturbance and continue to act.
Hooke’s Law:
A helical spring, subject to extension by an applied load, conforms to Hooke’s law which states
that the stress is proportional to strain, i.e., the load is proportional to the extension it produces
within the elastic limit or simply form the origin to yield point where later is a point where load
applied above than this point results in permanent deformation.
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑆𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 ∗ 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
Calculation of Stiffness:
If a graph is drawn, after the initial loading, where some force is required to separate the turns
of the spring which are pressed against each other, a straight line is obtained of extension
against load. From this portion of graph, the stiffness of the spring ‘S’ can be obtained from
the slope of the graph according to the equation given below
∆𝐹
𝑘=
∆𝑥
Equivalent Stiffness:
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Combined effect of springs represents equivalent stiffness while it depends on the arrangement
of the springs either they are in series or in parallel.
Springs in Series:
For springs in series, their ends are connected side by side and equation for equivalent spring
stiffness is given below in case of two springs in series
𝑘𝑒𝑞 = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2
Springs in Parallel:
For springs in parallel, their respective ends are joined together and equation of equivalent
spring stiffness is given below in case of two springs in parallel which is the same in this
experiment
1 1 1
= +
𝑘𝑒𝑞 𝑘1 𝑘2

Methodology
• P1906 Linear Vibration Apparatus

Fig. 9. P1906 Linear Vibration Apparatus.

• Spring Rate Test:

Set up the vibrator as shown in the diagram. (The keeper rod is fitted to lock the vibration
spindle). Career weight is 5.75 g which acts as pre-load and source of static deflection. Adjust
the height of the suspension bar until the lower restraining spring is extended by 40 mm
without load units on the carrier. Align the rule at zero on some convenient point on the
carrier, then progressively add five (or six) load units noting the position of the carrier at end
load. Tabulate the results and then plot the graph of change in extension ‘∆x’ against change
in load ‘∆W’. (The springs are already in extension and initially loaded by the carrier). The
stiffness of the spring system ‘S’ is determined from the slope of the graph, conveniently
expressed in the ‘number of load units per cm’.
 Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Results
The equivalent stiffness of both springs which can be obtained
by the slope of the graph between load and extension is 0.5
number of load units per mm or 5 number of load units per
cm.

Observations

Load units ‘∆W’ Change in Extension ‘∆E’

(1 load unit =17.25 grams) (mm)
0 0
1 2
2 4
3 6
4 7
5 8
6 10

Graphical Analysis

Load vs Extension
7
Number of unit loads (unit load=17.25 g)

6 y = 0.6128x - 0.2393
R² = 0.9849
5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Extension (mm)
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Sample Calculations
2−1
Slope = 4−2 = 0.5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑚 = 5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑚

Discussion
Objective of the experiment was to validate Hooke’s law and compute the equivalent stiffness
of the springs connected in parallel through the curve of the load vs extension graph. By
increment of the load, resulted extension was observed and curve was graphed between them.
Illustration from the graph is that the load vs extension curve remains linear during the
preliminary portion which is according to the statement of the Hooke's law thus validating our
it. The value of stiffness which is calculated from the slope of the curve is 5 load units per
cm. After some points it is seen that the curve does not remain perfectly linear and represents
distortion which may be due to corrosion or strain hardening of the spring set. The trend which
must have been representing the elastic limit in which compared to proportional limit the
extension increases more with respect to applied load [1, 2]. The trend which is observed is the
complete opposite where the increasing the load the extension is not increasing relatively.
Apart from above mentioned reason, another reason could be the human error which is found
in observing the values from the scale. A major and most probable cause can be the faulty
apparatus as it was found that the used experiment was from late 80s generation and it might
have lost its strength due to corrosion throughout the decades. The curve would have been
more-smooth and reliable if modern apparatus with excellent precision and accuracy was used.
Safety guidelines should be followed when performing experiment in lab. Personal Protective
Equipment should be used. Some of the guidelines are given below:
• Understand the working of apparatus.
• Operate the apparatus under the supervision of lab instructor.
• Operate the apparatus with its cover on it, if there is any.
• Use safety helmet and safety goggles while performing experiment.

Conclusions
We have performed mass-spring experiment to verify the Hooke’s law and to compute the
value of spring rate of the system. The graph between Number of load units and extension
was plotted and its slope was used to find the spring rate of the system. Hooke’s law was
verified from the graph and value of spring rate is almost equal to the theoretical value
showing that there are no significant errors in the calculations or in the performance of
experiment.

References

[1] D. E. Adams, “MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS,” Purdue University, 2010.

[2] Wikibooks, Mechanical Vibration, [Online]: WikiBooks, 2019.

Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Experiment No. 4: Verify the mass-frequency relationship of a

vibrating spring-mass system and to determine the approximate
values of ‘g’ and ‘w/3’ the effective weight of the spring
Abstract
At resonance the forcing frequency becomes equal to natural frequency which results high
displacements which can be disastrous. Objective of this experiment was to study the relation
between the mass and forcing frequency at which resonance occurs. Also, to calculate the value
of gravitational acceleration and effective spring weight which are calculated through the graph
between load applied vs square of time period. The graph represents the direct relation between
load added and square of time period validating the theoretical relation or what is found
according to the formula. The computed value of ‘g’ is 9.8696 m/s2 which is very close to value
of ‘g’ found in literature at the same height. The calculated value of effective spring weight is
1.5681 g which represents the contribution of spring to the system total weight. The probable
reason for the error found or distortions in curve can be human or systematic error.

Objective
To verify the mass-frequency relationship of a vibrating spring-mass system and to determine
the approximate values of ‘g’ and ‘w/3’ the effective weight of the spring.

Introduction
Mass-Spring system:
In such system a mass is attached to a spring while the other end of the spring is attached to a
fix or moveable base. The system can be horizontal or vertical based on the position of the
mass and spring which is vertical in this experiment. A load or force is applied at the other end
of mass and extension is produced in the spring which stores potential energy because of this
extension which pulls mass to its initial position. Mass does not stop because of its inertia and
continue its motion even after crossing mean position which again results in extension and
store of potential energy. In this way the system continues and oscillations or vibrations are
produced which are free vibrations which is not the case in this experiment. It would be forced
vibrations if the load does not disappear after initial disturbance and continue to act which is
performed in this experiment.
Resonance:
Resonance is a phenomenon defined when the frequency of applied force becomes equal to the
natural frequency of the system which exists in case of free vibrations or oscillations. At this
point the system reaches its highest displacement or amplitude which because of high energy
fluctuations can be disastrous. This effect of resonance may also be used in some application
like receiver and acceptor circuits.
Resonant Point:
The system will vibrate or oscillate under conditions of forced vibration and the resonant
frequencies so obtained should correspond with the free natural vibration frequencies predicted
in the theory, because the vibration generator has mass and associated stiffness (compliance)
is not significant as compared with the sprig-mass system parameters. When the system is
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

excited into resonance by the vibration generator, maximum amplitude of the mass indicates
an accurate resonant point.
The relation between time-period (TP) and mass (W) of the system is given by the following
relation:

2𝜋 𝑊 + 𝑤/3
𝑇𝑝 = = 2𝜋√
𝜔 𝑆×𝑔

𝟐 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝒘
𝑻𝒑 = (𝑾 + )
𝑺×𝒈 𝟑
4𝜋 2 1
𝑔= .
𝑆 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ
𝑤
−𝑋 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ = + 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
3
Where;
S = Total stiffness of the spring system = 4 load units/cm = 6.9 kg/m
Weight of carrier = 5.75 grams

Methodology
• P1906 Linear Vibration Apparatus

Fig. 10. P1906 Linear Vibration Apparatus

Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

• Spring-Mass System Test:

Set up the apparatus as for the ‘Spring-Rate Test’, connect the

vibration generator to the drive unit and remove the keeper
rod. Vibrate the system over the frequency range 4-20 Hz and
establish the natural frequency of vibration for a full range of
mass loads.
Plot the graph of 𝑇𝑝 2 against W (mass loads) from the result.
Determine the slope and intercept to calculate a value of ‘g’
and to estimate the value of w/3.

Results
The computed value of gravitational acceleration is 9.8696
m/s2 which is very close to the value of gravitational
acceleration found at Lahore, Pakistan (altitude=217 m),
9.7931 m/s2 [1] occurring with an error of 0.78%. The
effective weight of the spring is found to be 1.5681 g.

Observations

Load units (W) Frequency (f) Time Period (𝑻𝒑 ) 𝑻𝒑 𝟐

0 16.5 0.061 0.004
1 8.5 0.117 0.014
2 6.5 0.154 0.024
3 5.4 0.185 0.034
4 4.7 0.213 0.045
5 4.3 0.231 0.054
6 4.0 0.25 0.063
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Graphical Analysis

Load vs Square of Time Period

0.07
y = 0.0099x + 0.0042
0.06 R² = 0.9995
Square of Time Period (s^2)

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-0.01
Number of unit loads (unit load=17.25 g)

Sample Calculations
𝑠2 𝑠2
Slop of the graph = 0.01 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 = 0.57971 𝑘𝑔
4𝜋 2 1
Using equation, 𝑔 = . 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ
𝑆

S = Total stiffness of the spring system = 4 load units/cm = 6.9 kg/m

𝒎
Gravitation acceleration = g = 9.8696 𝒔𝟐
x-intercept = 14/33 unit-loads = 7.31818 g
𝑤
Using equation, −𝑋 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ = + 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
3

Weight of carrier = 5.75 grams

Effective weight of the spring = w/3 = 1.5681 g

Discussion
Objective of this experiment was to study the relation between the mass and forcing
frequency at which resonance occurs as well as to calculate the value of ‘g’ and effective
spring weight which are calculated through the graph between load applied vs square of time
period. Gravitational acceleration requires slope of the graph while the effective weight of
spring requires x-intercept of the curve. The graph represents the direct relation between load
added and square of time period validating the theoretical relation. The computed value of ‘g’
is 9.8696 m/s2 which is very close to value of ‘g’ found in literature at the same height which
is 9.7931 m/s2. The error that was observed was 0.78% which is negligible and implies that
the experiment was a success in this calculation. The calculated value of effective spring
weight is 1.5681 g which accounts for weight of the spring in the total weight of the system.
Some points are seen on the curve which do not qualify for linear pattern. They may occur
because of the human error which may be present in reading values from scale or because of
faulty apparatus as the apparatus belongs to the generation of late 80s. The error in value of
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

‘g’ and smoother curve would have been gained if a more modern apparatus with excellent
precision and accuracy was used [1-3].
Safety guidelines should be followed when performing experiment in lab. Personal Protective
Equipment should be used. Some of the guidelines are given below:
• Understand the working of apparatus.
• Operate the apparatus under the supervision of lab instructor.
• Operate the apparatus with its cover on it, if there is any.
• Use safety helmet and safety goggles while performing experiment.

Conclusions
We have performed mass-spring system experiment to verify mass-frequency relation and to
compute the value of gravitational acceleration and effective weight of the spring. The graph
between time period squared and loaded mass was plotted whose trend verified the mass-
frequency relation and its slope were used to find the gravitational acceleration while its x
intercept was used to find the effective weight of the spring. The gravitational acceleration
and the effective weight of spring both are almost equal to the theoretical value showing that
there are no significant errors in the calculations or in the performance of experiment.

References

[1 NASA, “What Is Gravity?,” NASA, [Online]. Available:

] [Link]
gravity/en/#:~:text=Gravity%20is%20the%20force%20by,in%20orbit%20around%20the
%20sun.. [Accessed 31 May 2022].

[2 D. E. Adams, “MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS,” Purdue University, 2010.

]

[3 Wikibooks, Mechanical Vibration, [Online]: WikiBooks, 2019.

]
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Experiment No. 5: To perform a Double Cantilever Test and to

find out the Modulus of Elasticity and Effective Weight of the
Steel Cantilever
Abstract
Modulus of elasticity of steel and effective weight of cantilever beam is determined in this
experiment. Forced vibrations are produced on double cantilever beam. Natural frequency is
determined with the help of phenomenon of resonance. Elastic modulus of steel is determined
by the slope of graph plotted between square of time period and mass added and is compared
with the actual modulus of elasticity of steel and not much deviation is noted. Also, the effective
weight of beam is determined by the x intercept of the graph and is also in acceptable range
which shows that there are no significant errors in calculations or performance.

Objective
The objective of this experiment is to find out Modulus of Elasticity and effective weight of
the steel cantilever.

Introduction
The system will vibrate or oscillate under conditions of forced vibration and the resonant
frequencies so obtained should correspond with the free natural vibration frequencies predicted
in the theory, because the vibration generator has mass and associated stiffness (compliance)
is not significant as compared with the cantilever parameters. When the system is excited into
resonance by the vibration generator, maximum amplitude of the vibrating cantilever indicates
an accurate resonant point.
Natural frequency of double cantilever beam is given by the formula below,

3𝐸𝐼
𝜔𝑛 = √
𝑀𝐿3
The time period of vibration will be given by:

𝑀𝐿3
𝑇𝑝 = 2𝜋√
3𝐸𝐼
Here, I is the area moment of inertia given by,
1
𝐼= 𝑏ℎ3
12
Modulus of Elasticity is given by
4𝜋 2 𝑀𝐿3
𝐸=
3𝑇 2 𝐼
Another task to be performed is to find the effective weight of beam. It can be done by finding
the x-intercept of the graph plotted between square of time period and weight added.
Theoretically, it is one-fourth of the weight of cantilever beam.
The slope of the graph will be T^2/M. Putting this and the formula of I in above equation gives,
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

16𝜋 2 𝐿3 1
𝐸= 3
∗
𝑏𝑑 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
The above equation will be used in this experiment to find the modulus of elasticity directly
from the slope.

Methodology
Set the apparatus to perform ‘Double Cantilever Test’ as shown in the figure below. Connect
the vibration generator to the drive unit. Produce vibrations ranging from 8 to 16 Hz and find
resonance frequency. Resonance frequency will be the frequency at which amplitude of
vibration becomes drastically large. Find the resonance frequency at all masses. To find the
ratio of square of time period and mass, we will plot a graph between these two and find the
slop of this graph. It will be used to find the modulus of elasticity of steel.
The other objective of this experiment is to find the effective weight of the cantilever beam. It
is done by finding the x-intercept of the graph.

Fig. 11. Double Cantilever Beam Apparatus

The properties of beam are shown below

Property Value
Length of beam 245.57 mm
Width of beam 11 mm
Height of beam 0.3 mm
Mass of beam 8g
E of Steel 190-210 GPa

Results

Observations
The table below is showing the masses applied and their corresponding natural frequencies.
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Load units (g) Frequency (f) Time Period (𝑻𝒑 ) 𝑻𝒑 𝟐

0 16 0.0625 0.00390625
0.4 13 0.076923077 0.00591716
0.8 11 0.090909091 0.008264463
1.2 10 0.1 0.01
1.6 9.0 0.111111111 0.012345679
2.0 8.4 0.119047619 0.014172336
2.4 8.0 0.125 0.015625
Graphical Analysis
Graph plotted between Tp^2 and mass applied to find equivalent mass and slope is shown
below.

Graph between Tp2 and Mass

0.018

0.016 y = 0.005x + 0.0041

0.014

0.012

0.01
Tp2 (sec2)

0.008

0.006

0.004

0.002

0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-0.002
Load Units (g)

Sample Calculations
Slope of the line can be found using
𝑦′ − 𝑦
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = ′ = 0.00497748
𝑥 −𝑥
Find modulus of elasticity as
16𝜋 2 𝐿3 1
𝐸= ∗
𝑏𝑑3 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
The dimensions of the beam are
L = 245.57 mm
b = 11 mm
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

d = 0.3 mm
Putting all the required parameters and converting all units to SI, we get
𝐸 = 197.7 𝐺𝑃𝑎
Effective weight is the x-intercept which can be noted from the graph and is
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 0.00082 𝑘𝑔

Discussion
From the relationship developed above, between Young’s Modulus and Slope of the graph, we
can see an inverse relationship between two parameters. But for a particular material, the slope
should remain the same. Slope is the ratio of square of time period of vibration and mass added.
As we increase the mass added, the time period of vibration also added linearly making the
slope constant and for this reason we obtained a straight-line graph. It can be seen that we have
a y-intercept on the graph as well. It is the value of square of time period when no extra mass
is present on the beam.
The value of modulus of elasticity calculated from the perform of experiment is 197.7 GPa.
While the actual value of Young’s Modulus for steel ranges from 190 GPa to 210 GPa [1-3].
It means the calculations and performance of experiment are correct.
The other thing we have calculated in this experiment is effective mass of the beam. The
effective mass of cantilever beam is one-fourth of its original mass. The mass of one side of
beam is 3.5 grams. So, theoretically effective mass would be 3.5/4= 0.875 grams. Mass
observed from the experiment is the x-intercept of the graph and is equal to 0.82 grams. It can
be seen that the error is not higher than 7%, which is acceptable.
Safety guidelines should be followed when performing experiment in lab. Personal Protective
Equipment should be used. Some of the guidelines are given below:
• Understand the working of apparatus.
• Operate the apparatus under the supervision of lab instructor.
• Operate the apparatus with its cover on it, if there is any.
• Use safety helmet and safety goggles while performing experiment.

Conclusions
We have performed double cantilever beam experiment to determine the modulus of elasticity
of steel and the effective load of the beam. The graph between time period squared and loaded
mass was plotted and its slope was used to find the modulus of elasticity while its x intercept
was used to find the effective weight of the beam. The modulus of elasticity and the effective
mass of beam both are almost equal to the theoretical value showing that there are no significant
errors in the calculations or in the performance of experiment.

References

[1 STEELONCALL, “What Is Young's Modulus Of Steel?,” 31 May 2022. [Online].

] Available: [Link]
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

steel#:~:text=Young's%20modulus%20of%20steel%20at,underneath%20as%20far%20as
%20possible..

[2 D. E. Adams, “MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS,” Purdue University, 2010.

]

[3 Wikibooks, Mechanical Vibration, [Online]: WikiBooks, 2019.

]
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Experiment No. 6: To perform Ball Chatter Test and Plot a

Graph of Sinusoidal Amplitude against Frequency
Abstract
Relationship between amplitude of vibration and frequency of vibration is determined in this
experiment. Ball chatter test is done to get the experimental value of amplitude while
theoretical value is calculated using formula. The value of acceleration is taken as 1g or 9.81
m/s^2. The graph is plotted between experimental and theoretical values and there is not
deviation is results. The relationship between frequency and amplitude is inverse.

Objective
To perform ball chatter test and compare experimental and theoretical amplitudes at various
frequencies.

Introduction
The apparatus used to produce vibrations in this experiment is P1906 Linear Vibration
Apparatus. Chatter is the irregular vibration of objects about their mean position. It occurs
when body is forced to move away from the mean position and a restoring force is also acting
on it to stay at mean position. The amplitude of this vibration is not very large. The vibration
produced by this apparatus is Simple Harmonic. The motion in which acceleration is directly
proportional to the distance from mean position and is directed towards the mean position is
called simple harmonic motion. Graph between amplitude and time is a sinusoidal curve. The
maximum distance from mean position which is also known as amplitude is represented as ‘X’
here.

Fig. 1. Analogy Between Angular and Circular Motion

The velocity of the moving point or ball at any point is determined by the formula,
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑣 = 𝑋𝜔
Here, omega is the rotational velocity at the time when velocity is to be calculated. Similarly,
acceleration is determined using
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑎 = 𝑋𝜔2
Amplitude calculated from the theory and the amplitude obtained from the experiment will be
compared by plotting a graph between them.
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Methodology
Set the apparatus to perform ‘Ball Chatter Test’ as shown in the figure below. Connect the
vibration generator to the drive unit. Rest the ball on the top mount. Apply the vibration within
the frequency range of 15 to 50 Hz with increment of 5 Hz. Adjust the amplitude of the ball
until it ceases to chatter. This is the amplitude at which acceleration of vibration is equal to
acceleration due to gravity i.e., a=1g. Now, increase the frequency and repeat the same
experiment to find the amplitude at this frequency. Do this for the frequency range of 15-50
Hz. Compare this experimental amplitude with the theoretical one which can be calculated
using the formula.

Fig. 2. Ball Chatter Test Apparatus

Results

Observations
The table below is showing the frequency, their corresponding experimental and theoretical
amplitude.
Frequency (f) f2 𝝎𝟐 g/𝝎𝟐 = Acalc Atest
(Hz) (𝝎 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇) (mm) (mm)
10 100 3947.84176 2.48 -
15 225 8882.643961 1.10 1.0
20 400 15791.36704 0.62 0.61
25 625 24674.011 0.397 0.405
30 900 35530.57584 0.29 0.28
35 1225 48361.06157 0.20 0.20
40 1600 63165.46817 0.155 0.152
45 2025 79943.79565 0.122 0.109
50 2500 98696.04401 0.099 0.10
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Graphical Analysis
The graph below is comparing the calculated and observed amplitude of the ball.

Graph between Amplitude and Frequency

1.2

1
Amplitude (mm)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Frequency (Hz)

Calculated Test

Sample Calculations: (For reading no. 2)

f = 15 Hz
f2 = 225
ω = 2 π f = 30 π rad/s
ω2 = 8882.643961 (rad/s)2
Acal = g / ω2 = 1.10 mm

Discussion
The plot between calculated and tested value of amplitude against frequency is shown in figure
3. It can be seen that increase in frequency of vibration decreases the amplitude required to get
specific acceleration value which is equal to one ‘g’ is this experiment. From the figure, it can
be noted that both the curves are also overlapping showing that there is not deviation in
experimental results from the theoretical results [1, 2]. This relationship is same as present in
sinusoidal waves. The increase in frequency decreases the amplitude i.e., inverse relation.
The purpose of perform the ball chatter experiment is to determine the parameters that will
excite the system to chatter and also determine the safe operating conditions.
Safety guidelines should be followed when performing experiment in lab. Personal Protective
Equipment should be used. Some of the guidelines are given below:
• Understand the working of apparatus.
• Operate the apparatus under the supervision of lab instructor.
• Operate the apparatus with its cover on it, if there is any.
• Use safety helmet and safety goggles while performing experiment.
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Conclusions
In this experiment, we have performed ball chatter test to calculate the amplitude of vibration
required to maintain acceleration of 1g at various frequency. The graph between these two
quantities shows that they are inversely proportional. Calculated and test values both are almost
same.

References

[1] D. E. Adams, “MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS,” Purdue University, 2010.

[2] Wikibooks, Mechanical Vibration, [Online]: WikiBooks, 2019.

Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Experiment No. 7: To Perform Torsion Test and to Determine the

Modulus of Rigidity of a Mild Steel Shaft Specimen by Plotting
Shear Stress (𝝉) -Strain (θ) Curve and Determine Torsional
Stiffness by Plotting Torque (T) and Deflection (θ) Curve
Abstract
In this lab session, we have performed torsion test on a mild steel specimen to find its modulus
of rigidity. It is done by applying torque on one end of the shaft and noting the angle of twist
for this torque. A graph is plotted between shear stress and shear stress. The relationship
between these two is direct as present in literature. Slope of this graph is used to find the
modulus of rigidity. There is an error of only 2% in the value obtained showing the correctness
of performance and calculations. Another graph is plotted between torque and deflection to
find the torsional stiffness of the shaft and relationship is linear between these two quantities.

Objective
To determine modulus of rigidity of mild steel and plot a graph between shear stress and strain
and to determine torsional stiffness of the shaft from the graph between torque and deflection.

Introduction
Torsion is a moment that twists the shaft along its longitudinal axis. It happens when a shear
force acts in such direction that it does not bends the shaft but causes it to twist at the fixed
location.
Let us consider a solid shaft of length L, having maximum outer radius c. The modulus of
rigidity of material is G. When a force is applied such that if produces stress on the shaft, shear
strain will also generate as a result.

Fig. 12. A shaft under shear stress

Shear force on the shaft is given as

𝐹 =𝜏×𝐴
Torque applied on the shaft due to this force is,
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

𝑑𝑇 = 𝜏 × 𝐴 × 𝑐
Taking the integral of the above equation over the radius of shaft, we get
𝜏𝐽
𝑇=
𝑐
Here,
T is the torque or torsion applied
J is the polar moment of inertia, J=pi/2*c^4, where c is the radius of shaft.
The angle of twist of the shaft under torsion is determined using the formula,
𝑇𝐿
𝜃=
𝐽𝐺
Torsion apparatus is used in this experiment in which torsion force is a load that is applied to
a material through torque. The torque that is applied creates a shear stress. If a torsion force is
large enough, it can cause a material to undergo a twisting motion during elastic and plastic
deformation.

Fig. 13. Torsion Apparatus

Methodology
First of all, measure all the dimensions of specimen which is to be tested with the help of
vernier calliper. Move the groove slide to move carriage box close to the other hexagonal socket
so that the specimen can be placed properly. Fix the specimen in the hexagonal sockets. Set the
level indicator and torsion meter. Now rotate the handle to apply load on the specimen. Measure
the angle in degree and torsion on the torsion meter. From this calculate the remaining factors
and plot a graph to calculate the Modulus of Rigidity and torsional rigidity.
The properties of equipment are given in table below,
Property Value
Effective Length of Specimen 9.7 in
Diameter of shaft 0.157 in
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Radius of torque pulley 2.5 in

G of Mild Steel 11,460 ksi

Results

Observations
Shear strain is calculated using,
𝑟𝜃 0.157 ∗ 0.0174
𝜑= = = 0.0001408 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠
𝑙 2 ∗ 9.7
Shear stress is calculated as
𝑇𝑟 1.25 ∗ 0.157
𝜏= = = 1645.058 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐽 2 ∗ 5.96 ∗ 10−4
The table below is showing the observations and calculations of the experiment.

Angle of Twist Torque 𝒓𝜽 Shear Stress

𝝋=
(𝜽) (T) 𝒍 𝑻𝒓
𝝉=
𝑱
(Degree) (Radian) ([Link]) (Radian) (psi)
0.996946564 0.0174 1.25 0.000140814 1645.057815
1.999622705 0.0349 2.5 0.000282438 3290.11563
3.088242516 0.0539 3.75 0.000436201 4935.173446
3.987786254 0.0696 5 0.000563258 6580.231261
5.282670871 0.0922 6.25 0.000746155 8225.289076
5.981679381 0.1044 7.5 0.000844887 9870.346891

Slope of the graph between stress and strain will give modulus of rigidity of shaft material.
Below is the graph between two quantities.
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Graph between Shear stress and strain

12000

10000
Shear stress (psi)
8000

6000

4000

2000

0
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001
Shear strain (radians)

Sample Calculations for Graph 1

𝑦′ − 𝑦
𝐺 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = ′ = 11,682 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑥 −𝑥
Graph between torque and deflection is given below which is used to find the torsional stiffness
of the shaft.

Graph between Torque and Deflection

8

6
Torque (lb-in)

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
Deflection (radians)

Sample Calculations for Graph 2

The slope of this graph gives torsional stiffness of the shaft.
7.5 − 1.25
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 𝑘𝑡 = = 71.84 𝑙𝑏. 𝑖𝑛
0.1044 − 0.0174

Discussion
Torsion test is performed on the specimen to find the modulus of rigidity of material. Similarly,
we have performed the test in laboratory to find the value of G for mild steel. For the different
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

values of torque applied, angle of twist was determined. Using these values, shear stress and
shear strain was calculated. A graph is plotted between these two quantities as shown is figure
6. Direct relationship between shear stress and shear strain can be observed from the graph
which is same as present in literature showing that there are not significant errors in
observations and calculations. The slope of this graph gives modulus of rigidity of material. It
is 11,682 ksi while the value of G for mild steel is 11,460 ksi [1-3]. The error in this value is
not more than 2%. Another graph between torque and deflection is plotted. Its slope is used to
find the value of torsional stiffness. Torsional stiffness is the resistance of shaft against twist
and its value is 71.84 [Link], it depends upon the geometry as well as the material used in shaft.
The relationship between torque and deflection is direct which is similar to Hooke’s law which
gives relationship between force and linear deflection.
Safety guidelines should be followed when performing experiment in lab. Personal Protective
Equipment should be used. Some of the guidelines are given below:
• Understand the working of apparatus.
• Operate the apparatus under the supervision of lab instructor.
• Operate the apparatus with its cover on it, if there is any.
• Use safety helmet and safety goggles while performing experiment.

Conclusions
We have performed torsion test in this lab session to find the modulus of rigidity of mild steel.
A graph is plotted between shear stress and shear strain. It can be observed that increase in
stress increases the strain. Slope of the graph gives the modulus of rigidity. The value calculated
from the experiment is almost same as present in literature. Another graph is plotted between
torque and twist angle. The relationship between these two quantities is direct as present in
literature. Slope of this graph is torsional stiffness of shaft.

References

[ PUNCHLIST ZERO, “Modulus of Rigidity – Equation, Steel Selection, and Values,”

1 PUNCHLIST ZERO, [Online]. Available: [Link]
] rigidity-equation-steel-selection-and-
values/#:~:text=Modulus%20of%20Rigidity%20of%20Steel&text=The%20modulus%20o
f%20rigidity%20for,values%20of%20commercially%20available%20metals.. [Accessed
31 May 2022].

[ D. E. Adams, “MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS,” Purdue University, 2010.

2
]
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

[ Wikibooks, Mechanical Vibration, [Online]: WikiBooks, 2019.

3
]
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Experiment No.8: Vibration Analysis of Cantilever Beam on

SolidWorks
Abstract
The present study was conducted for carrying out vibration analysis of cantilever using
SolidWorks. First three natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes were determined.
A cantilever of dimensions 410 x 25.4 x 3.2 mm & made up of Aluminium Alloy 3003 was
used. The SolidWorks simulation “Frequency Analysis” was used for this study. The
frequencies come out to be 15.623 Hz, 97.872 Hz and 123.19 Hz, respectively.

Objective
The objective of this experiment is to perform vibration analysis of a cantilever beam using
SolidWorks.

Introduction
“Beams are the structural members that support load perpendicular to their axis of
symmetry.”
1.1 Classification
1.1.1 Based on the Supports
a) Simply supported beam
The beam supported by a roller (allowing rotation and horizontal movements) and pin
(allowing rotation) support is called simply supported. No reaction moments act at the
supports.
b) Fixed beam
The beam supported by fixed supports on either end (providing reaction forces as well
as moments) is called fixed beam.
c) Cantilever beam
The beam having one end free and the other as fixed is called cantilever beam.
d) Continuous beam
The beam having more than two supports is called continuous beam. The large number
of supports are to support the increased length or larger load applied.
e) Over-hanging beam
The beam having its ends reaching fairly beyond the supports is called over hanging.
f) Propped beam
The beam having one end fixed and the other as roller-supported is called propped
beam.
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Fig. 14. Types of beams based on supports

Methodology
The vibration analysis was performed for the cantilever beam using SolidWorks. The
dimensions of the beam used were 410 x 25.4 x 3.2 mm and the material was Aluminium Alloy
3003, which is the most common one used practically. The physio-mechanical properties are
as follows [1, 2]:
TABLE 1. AL- PROPERTIES

Property Value Units

Elastic Modulus 6.9e+10 N/m^2
Poisson's Ratio 0.33 N/A
Shear Modulus 2.7e+10 N/m^2
Mass Density 2700 kg/m^3
Tensile Strength 110297000 N/m^2
Yield Strength 41361300 N/m^2
SolidWorks simulation study “Frequency Analysis” was conducted. One end of the beam was
applied with fixed supports while the other was free. No external loads were applied. Only first
three modes of vibration were used for this study. The details of the mesh generated are as
follows:
Table 2. Mesh Properties

Property Details
Mesh type Solid Mesh
Mesher Used Standard mesh
Element size 3.21913 mm
Tolerance 0.160956 mm
Mesh quality High
Total nodes 21062
Total elements 12117
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

The virtual experimental setup in SolidWorks is as shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 15. Virtual Experimental Setup of Cantilever Beam

Results
The results for the first three natural frequencies are shown in Fig. 3, Fig. 4, and Fig. 5.

Fig. 16. SolidWorks Simulation for first natural frequency of cantilever beam

Fig. 17. SolidWorks Simulation for second natural frequency of cantilever beam
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Fig.18. SolidWorks Simulation for third natural frequency of cantilever beam

The associated transverse mode shapes of the first three natural frequencies are shown in their
respective pictures. The respective natural frequencies are:
n1 = 15.623 Hz
n2 = 97.872 Hz
n3 = 123.19 Hz
The natural frequency vs. mode shape plot for first five modes is as follows:

Discussion
The natural frequencies corresponding to first three mode shapes have been determined via
simulation in SolidWorks. These come out to be 15.623 Hz, 97.872 Hz and 123.19 Hz,
respectively. There is 5.26 times increase between the first two mode frequencies and a mere
25.86% between the second and the third. The SolidWorks simulation runs on certain
mathematical models, based on some assumptions. These limitations affect the accuracy of
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

results as compared to practical scenarios. The refinement of mesh may play a crucial role in
improving the accuracy.

Conclusions
The vibration analysis of cantilever has been performed on SolidWorks and the first three
natural frequencies with corresponding mode shapes have been determined. These come out to
be 15.623 Hz, 97.872 Hz and 123.19 Hz, respectively. The SolidWorks-simulation
mathematical models are based on assumptions. These limitations affect the accuracy of results
as compared to practical scenarios. The refinement of mesh may play a crucial role in
improving the accuracy.

References

[1] D. E. Adams, “MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS,” Purdue University, 2010.

[2] Wikibooks, Mechanical Vibration, [Online]: WikiBooks, 2019.

Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Experiment No. 9: Performing Static Balancing of Rotor

Abstract

In this experiment, vibration and balancing machine was used to perfume static balancing of
rotor using a single disturbing mass on a different plane. We add some masses on different
angles on the existing discs of balancing machine to set it out of balance. And then we add
some other weights on some angle to the other disc to make them balance. Unbalance discs
cause vibration that’s why we have to balance the disc to prevent it from vibrations. A1 was
loaded with 15g at 40mm and 00, A2 with 10g at 40 mm and 600. The balancing came out to be
1331.46. Hence, the corresponding weight, radius and angle was chosen.

Objective
The objective of this experiment is to perform static balancing of rotor using a single disturbing
mass on a different plane.

Introduction
1) General Description
When a mass rotates around a certain fixed axle, respective parts of mass receive centrifugal
force perpendicularly against axle. Cut-of-balance of centrifugal force causes vibration.
There are two kinds of balancing of rotor, one is static balance and the other is dynamic balance.
Even in such a case that is balanced statically and resultant force of centrifugal force is zero, if
reaction force is generated at bearing by moment of couple of force and the direction of reaction
force differs with the rotation of mass, it is out-of-balance status of dynamic balance. By
removing this moment of couple of force, dynamic balance is obtained.
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Fig. 19. Multiple Disc Vibration and Balancing Machine

Fig. 160. Schematic Balancing Apparatus

a1=0 (mm), a2=60 (mm), a3=120 (mm), a4=180 (mm)

2) Static Balance
Static balance is expressed by following conditional Eq. (1) and Eq. (2), and it is balanced
when the total of resultant force of centrifugal force at respective parts is zero (0).
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

∑ 𝑚𝑖 . 𝑟𝑖 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑖 = 0 (1)
∑ 𝑚𝑖 . 𝑟𝑖 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑖 = 0 (2)
Methodology
3. Out-of-balance status set
First of all, we add unbalancing mass to disc rotors A1 and A2 to set out-of-balance status
which exists in general machine e.g., we put a mass of 15 grams at radius of 40mm with
fixing angle 0o on disc rotor A1. And then put 10 grams mass at the radius of 40mm with
fixing angle of 60o on disc rotor A2. It is seeming to be out-of-balance status by rotating
disc motor manually.
4. Static balance test
Then we put correction weight on correction plane B1 to complete out-of-balance status.
Mass (m1) was added, radius (r1) and angle (𝜃1) are obtained from the static balance
conditional equations [1-3].

Fig. 21. Out of Balance Disc

Fig. 22. Correction Disc with Dimensions

 Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

Table 3: Correction Disc Specifications and Dimensions

Angle B1 B2

(Degrees)
Distance from centre No. Distance from centre No.

(mm) (mm)

0 180 15 2 15 2

10 190 44 2 20 2

20 200 39 2 25 2

30 210 34 2 16 30 4

40 220 29 43 4 21 35 4

50 230 24 38 4 26 40 4

60 240 19 33 4 17 31 45 6

70 250 28 42 4 22 36 4

80 260 23 37 4 27 41 4

90 270 18 32 46 6 18 32 46 6

100 280 27 41 4 23 37 4

110 290 22 36 4 28 42 4

120 300 17 31 45 6 19 33 4

130 310 26 40 4 24 38 4

140 320 21 35 4 29 43 4

150 330 16 30 4 34 2
 Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

160 340 25 2 39 2

170 350 20 2 44 2

Total 64 64

Results
Calculations:
For Disc A1:
𝑚1 = 15 𝑔 𝑟1 = 40 𝑚𝑚 𝜃1 = 0°
For Disc A2:
𝑚2 = 10 𝑔 r2 = 40 mm θ2 = 60°

∑ 𝑚𝑟𝑤 2 = 0

∑ 𝑚𝑟 = 0

∑ 𝑚𝑟 cos 𝜃 = 0

∑ 𝑚𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 0

𝑚1 𝑟1 cos 𝜃1 + 𝑚2 𝑟2 cos 𝜃2 + 𝑚3 𝑟3 cos 𝜃3 = 0

𝑚3 𝑟3 cos 𝜃3 = −𝑚1 𝑟1 cos 𝜃1 − 𝑚2 𝑟2 cos 𝜃2

= −800
𝑚3 𝑟3 sin 𝜃3 = −𝑚1 𝑟1 sin 𝜃1 − 𝑚2 𝑟2 sin 𝜃2
= −346.4
√𝑚3 2 𝑟3 2 = √(−800)2 + (−346.4)2
𝑚3 𝑟3 = 872
𝜃3 = 23.4°
𝜃3 = 203°

Discussion
Above calculation is done to calculate the mass to be added on 3rd disc and radius and angle at
which to be placed. Product of mas and radius is obtained which is 872. Then we see the chart
and select relative mass of these specifications and place on the angle that is also calculated. It
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

is concluded from the experiment that vibrations caused by unbalance discs can be prevented
by adding some counter weights as we add in the lab experiment and calculate their mass and
radius by calculations. Vibration is due to unbalancing of discs. Vibration can be prevented by
adding some counter weights to make disc balance. During experiment we notice some errors
that are described below:
➢ Belt that was used to transmit torque from motor to disc was not in good condition and
there was also a joint in the belt that causes error in experiment. The size of was also
not appropriate.
➢ There was also error due to angle. There was no spot to attach masses on exact angles
that causes error.
➢ Moreover, the table on which balancing machine setup was placed, was also not
static. The table causes some additional external vibration in the system that caused
error in calculation.

➢ Health and Safety rules and regulations (PPE: Gloves, Helmet, Goggles, Ear Plugs)
were followed strictly during Experiment.
The main hazards include that the weights may fly during rotation due to improper fitting. This
may lead to serious injury if the protective glass was compromised.

Conclusions
In this experiment, vibration and balancing machine was used to perfume static balancing of
rotor using a single disturbing mass on a different plane. We add some masses on different
angles on the existing discs of balancing machine to set it out of balance. And then we add
some other weights on some angle to the other disc to make them balance. Unbalance discs
cause vibration that’s why we have to balance the disc to prevent it from vibrations. A1 was
loaded with 14g at 40mm and 180o, A2 with 24g at 40 mm and 240o. The balancing came out
to be 1331.46. hence, the corresponding weight, radius and angle was chosen.

References

[1 D. E. Adams, “MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS,” Purdue University, 2010.

]

[2 Bellwood Rewinds., “Difference Between Static Balance and Dynamic Balancing,”

] Bellwood Rewinds., [Online]. Available: [Link]
static-balance-dynamic-
balancing/#:~:text=Static%20balancing%20definition%20refers%20to,or%20when%20s
witching%20between%20positions.. [Accessed 31 May 2022].
Laboratory Report Part 1 Mechanical Vibration 2018-ME-001

[3 Wikibooks, Mechanical Vibration, [Online]: WikiBooks, 2019.

]