Vraag / Question 1

Op bladsy 292 (10de uitgawe) skryf Atkins die volgende: / On page 292 (10th edition) Atkins writes the
following:

“Such total failure of classical physics for small objects implied that its basic concepts are false. A new
mechanics – quantum mechanics – had to be devised to take its place. … by supposing that, rather than
travelling along a definite path, a particle is distributed through space like a wave.”

(i) Wat is die enkele nuwe basiese beginsel wat die kwantummeganika daargestel het? / What is the single
new basic principle that quantum mechanics put forward? [1]

Wave-particle duality. [1]

(ii) (a) Watter vergelyking het inherent bogenoemde basiese beginsel aangetoon? (b) Gee hierdie
vergelyking. / (a) Which equation inherently showed the above-mentioned basic principle? (b) Give this
equation. [2]

h
(a) De Broglie’s equation. [1] (b) p= [1]
λ

(iii) Wat is die energie van een mol fotone wat inval op ‘n stukkie yster metaal indien dit ‘n golflengte het
van 365 pm? / What is the energy of one mole of photons that are incident on a piece of iron metal if
they have a wavelength of 365 pm? [4]

[1] [½] [½] [½]

hc 23 −1 ( 6.626 x 10−34 Js )( 3 x 108 m. s−1 )
E=N A x =6.02 x 10 mol x −12
λ 365
[½]x 10 m

8 −1
¿ 3.279 x 10 J . mol

5 −1 [1]
¿ 3.279 x 10 kJ .mol

(iv) In watter deel van die elektromagnetiese spektrum val ‘n elektron wat vrygestel word vanuit
bogenoemde ystermetaal ( = 4.5 eV) met ‘n spoed van 3.782 x 10 7 m.s-1? / Within which part of the
electromagnetic spectrum does an electron fall that is emitted from the above-mentioned iron metal ( 
= 4.5 eV) with a speed of 3.782 x 107 m.s-1? [4]
[½] [½]
−34
h h 6.626 x 10 Js −11
p= =mv  λ= = =1.923 x 10 m
λ mv ( 9.109 x[½]
10 kg ) ( 3.782
−31
[½]x 10 m. s )
7 −1

−9
¿ 192.3 x 10 m

¿ 192.3[1]nm
[1]
 It falls within the UV part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

CHEN312 1/119
 Totaal van bladsy / Total of page (11)
(v) Indien die spoed, soos gegee in (iv), met redelike sekerheid bepaal is, wat is die onsekerheid in die
posisie van die elektron, wat vrygestel is vanuit die ystermetaal, in (iv)? / If the speed, as given in (iii),
was determined with reasonable certainty, what is the uncertainty in the position of the electron,
emitted from the iron metal, in (iv)? [3]

ℏ
Δ p . Δ x= Δ ( mv ) . Δ x=m. Δv . Δ x=≥
2

[½]
[½] [1]
−34
ℏ 1.055 x 10 Js −12
Δx≥ = =1.531 x 10 m
2 m. Δv 2 ( 9.109 x 10 kg ) ( 3.782 x 10 m. s )
−31 7 −1

[½] [½]

(vi) Bogenoemde vrygestelde elektron word geabsorbeer deur ‘n koolstofnanobuisie met ‘n lengte van 5 nm
(sien onder). Elektromagnetiese straling met ‘n energie van 0.165 eV wek die elektron op tussen twee
opeenvolgende energievlakke. Watter twee energievlakke is dit? / The above-mentioned emitted
electron is absorbed by a carbon nanotube with a length of 5 nm (see below). Electromagnetic
radiation with an energy of 0.165 eV excites the electron between two consecutive energy levels.
Which two energy levels are these? [6]

5 nm

[1]
2
nh 2
{( n+1 ) −n } h {2 n+1 } h
2 2 2 2
E ( n) = 2
⇒ Δ E ( n )=En +1−En = 2
= 2
=0.165 eV
8m L 8m L 8mL

[½] [½] [½] [½]

2
[½] ( 0.165 eV ) 8 m L ( 0.165 eV x 1.602 x 10 J /eV ) 8 ( 9.109 x 10
2 −19 −31
kg ) ( 5 x 10 m)
−9

−1 [½] 2
−1
h
2
( 6.626 x 10−34 Js )
n= =
2 2

¿ 5[1]

 Lower level = n = 5[½]

Higher level = n + 1 = [½]
6

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 Totaal van bladsy / Total of page (9)
Vraag / Question 2
Gebasseer op jou berekening of kennis, kies slegs een van die opsies vir elke vraag. Jou berekening word nie
gemerk nie; slegs die antwoord. / Based on your calculation or knowledge, choose only one of the options
for each question. Your calculation will not be marked; only your answer.

2.1 Hoeveel modusse van vibrasie sal die asetileen (C 2H2) molekuul hê? / How many modes of vibration
will the acetylene (C2H2) have? [2]

A 6

B 7
X

2.2 Wat sal die kwantummeganiese zeropunt energie wees vir die H 2 molekuul wat beperk is tot ‘n gebied
met ‘n lengte van 2.7 m? / What would be the quantum mechanical zero-point energy of the H 2
molecule that is confined to a region having a length of 2.7 m? [2]

A 0J
X
B 1.2 x 10-19 J

C 6.0 x 10-20 J

D 5.4 x 10-19 J

2.3 Wat sal die kwantummeganiese zeropunt rotasie-energie wees vir die H2+ ioon wat beperk is tot ‘n
gebied met ‘n lengte van 2.7 m? / What would be the quantum mechanical rotational zero-point
energy of the H2+ ion that is confined to a region having a length of 2.7 m? [2]

A 0J
X
B 1.2 x 10-19 J

C 6.0 x 10-20 J

D 5.4 x 10-19 J

2.4 Die suurstof wat jy inasem sal slegs as ‘n ideale gas optree by 132.8 C. / The oxygen you breath will
only act as an ideal gas at 132.8 C. [2]

A Waar / True
X
B Vals / False

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2.5 Bepaal die gemiddelde aktiwiteitskoeffisiënt vir die ione in ‘n waterige oplossing van ysterkarbonaat,
Fe2(CO3)3, met ‘n molaliteit van 1 mmol kg -1 by 25 C, deur gebruik te maak van die Debye-Hückel
limiet wet. / Determine the mean activity coefficient for the ions in an aqueous solution of calcium
phosphate, Fe2(CO3)3, of molality 1 mmol kg -1 at 25 C, by employing the Debye-Hückel limiting law.
[2]

A 1.486 x 10-12

B 0.423
X
C 0.567

D 2.366

Totaal van bladsy / Total of page (10)

Vraag / Question 3
‘n Elektron se beweging is beperk tot ʼn eendimensionele gebied x waar 0< x < π . Die golffunksie van die
elektron word gegee deur ψ= A sin x . / An electron’s movement is limited to a one dimensional region x
where 0< x < π . The wave function of the electron is given by ψ= A sin x .

(a) Bepaal die normaliseringskonstante A . / Determine the normalisation constant A . [5]

[½] [½] [½]

π π

∫ ψ ¿ ψ dx=1=∫
[½]( A sin x ) ( A sin x ) dx
0 0

π
¿A
2
∫ sin2 x dx= A 2 ( 12[½]x− sin
[½]4 )[½]0
2x π
∨
[½]
0

¿A
2
({ π2 − sin42 π )−( 02 − sin4 0 )}= A {( π2 −0)−( 02 −0)}= A ( π2 )
2 2

2 2
⇒A =
π

⇒ A=
√ 2
π
[1]

(b) Gee die waarde van x waar die waarskynlikheid die grootste is om die elektron te vind. / Give the value
of x where the probability is the greatest to find the electron. [2]

[2]
CHEN312 4/119
 π
x=
2

(c) Bereken die waarskynlikheid (in persentasie) om die elektron in die eerste kwart van die totale gebied
aan te tref. / Calculate the the probability (in percentage) of finding the electron in the first quarter of
the total region. [5]

[½] [½] [½]

π /4
Probability ( P )= ∫ ψ ( x ) . ψ ( x ) dx= A
[½]
0
¿ 2
( 12 x − sin42 x )∨ π0/ 4
[½] [½] [½] [½]

¿
2
π ({ π8 − sin4π /2 )−( 02 − sin4 0 )}= 2π { π8 − 14 }= 14 − 21π =0.091
[1]
⇒ 9.1 %

Totaal van bladsy / Total of page (12)

Vraag / Question 4
(i) Die toegelate vibrasie-energievlakke vir ‘n diatomiese molekuul asook die vibrasie-terme word gegee
deur die volgende twee vergelykings: / The permitted vibrational energy levels for a diatomic molecule
as well as the vibrational terms are given by the following two equations:

Eυ = υ + ( 12 )ℏω en / and
~ 1
( )
Gυ = υ + ~ν
2

~ ~
Toon hoe jy G υ sal aflei vanuit Eυ . Toon al jou stappe. / Show how you would derive G υ from Eυ .
Show all your steps. [4]

( 12 )ℏω
Eυ = υ +
[½]
[½]

( )
¿ υ+
1 h
2 2π
.2 πν

[½]

( )1 ν
¿ υ+ hc . [½]
2 c

( 12 ) hc .~ν
¿ υ+ [1]

[1]
CHEN312 5/119
 ( )
Eυ 1
⇒ G ( υ )= = υ+ ν
hc 2

(ii) Bereken die fundamentele absorpsie oorgang, asook die eerste twee botone (‘overtones’), in cm -1, van
1 35
H Cl vir die harmoniese ossillator benadering. / Calculate the fundamental absorption transition, as
well as the first two overtones, in cm-1, of 1H35Cl for the harmonic oscillator approximation. [6]

~
( )1
Gυ = υ + ~ν [½]
2
[½] [½]

(
G υ+1 ← υ= υ +1+
1
2 ) ( )
1
ν− υ+ ν
2

¿ υ+( 32 ) ν −(υ + 12 ) ν
3 1
¿ υ ν + ν −υ ν− ν
2 2

¿ ν [½]

⇒ G1 ← 0=G2 ←1=G3 ← 2=ν [1]

∴ G1← 0=ν=2990.95 c m−1 [1]

[1]
∴ G2← 0=2 ν=2 ( 2990.95 c m−1 ) =5981.90 c m−1

∴ G3← 0=3 ν=3 ( 2990.95 c m−1 )=8972.85 c m−1 [1]

Totaal van bladsy / Total of page (10)

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Vraag / Question 5
Die suiwer rotasie spektrum van 12C16O het oorgange by 3.863 cm-1 en 7.725 cm-1. / The pure rotational
spectrum of 12C16O has transitions at 3.863 cm-1 and 7.725 cm-1.

(i)Aan watter oorgange (J: y  x) behoort hierdie golfgetalle, m.a.w. wat is die waardes van x en y vir elke
oorgang? Motiveer jou antwoord deur berekening. / To which transitions (J: y  x) do these
wavenumbers belong to, i.e. what are the values for x and y for each transition? Motivate your answer
through calculation. [4]

F ( J ) =B J ( J +1 ) [½]

F J+ 1← J =B ( J +1 ) ( J +1+1 )−B J ( J +1 )=2 B ( J +1 ) [½]

[½] [½] [½]
∴ F 1 ← 0=2 B ( J +1 )=2 B=2 ( 1.9313 c m )=3.863 c m ∴ x=0 ; y=1
−1 −1

[½] [½]
[½]
∴ F 2 ←1 =2 B ( J +1 )=4 B=4 ( 1.9313 c m ) =7.725 c m ∴ x=1; y =2
−1 −1

(ii) Bereken die internukliêre afstand (R) vir 12C16O deur te begin met die waarde van die rotasiekonstante. /
Calculate the internuclear distance (R) for 12C16O by starting with the value of the rotational constant.
[8]

2 B=2 ( 4 ℏπcI )=2(1.9313 c m −1

)=3.863 c m−1
[½]
[1]

−34
[½]
ℏ 1.055 x 10 Js 46 2
∴I = = [½] [½]−1 =1.449 x 10 J . s
4 πc ( 1.9313 c m ) 4 π ( 2.998 x 10 m. s ) c ( 1.9313 c m )
−1 8 −1

¿ 1.449 x 10 46 ( kg .m2 s−2 ) . s 2

46 2
¿ 1.449 x 10 kg .m
2
¿ meff [½]
R

[½] [½] [½]

mC mO ( 12.011 mu ) ( 15.9994 mu )
( )
1 /2
I
. ( 1.6605 x 10 kg /mu)
−27
⇒ R= ∧meff = =
meff mC + mO 12.011mu +15.9994 mu

−26
¿ 1.139 x 10 kg
[1]

[1]

( ) ( )
1/ 2 46 2 1 /2
I 1.449 x 10 kg . m −10 [1]
∴ R= = −26
=1.128 x 10 m=112.8 pm
meff 1.139 x 10 kg

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 Totaal van bladsy / Total of page (12)
Vraag / Question 6
Die molêre warmtekapasiteit van ‘n monster van ‘n gas by konstante druk varieer met temperatuur volgens
−1 c
die volgende vergelyking, C p ,m (J . K )=a+ bT + 2 . Bereken die verandering in entalpie van CO 2(g)
T
wanneer die temperatuur verhoog word van 25C na 350C. / The molar heat capacity of a sample of gas at
−1 c
constant-pressure varies with temperature according to the following equation, C p ,m (J . K )=a+ bT + 2.
T
Calculate the change in enthalpy of CO2(g) when the temperature is raised from 25C to 350C. [6]

For CO2 gas: a=44.22 ; b=8.79 x 10−3 K −1 ; c=−8.62 x 105 K 2

T2

H=∫ C p ( T ) dT
T1

[½]
1
¿ a ( T 2−T 1 ) + b ( T 22−T 21) −c
2
− (
1 1 [½]
T2 T1 [½]
)
[½] [½] [½] [½] [½]
1
¿ 44.22 ( 623.15−298.15 ) + ( 8.79 x 10−3 ) ( 623.152−298.15 2) −(−8.62 x 105 )
2
1
−
1
623.15[½]298.15
[½] ( )
4
¿ 1.418 x 10 J

¿ 14.18 kJ[1]

Vraag / Question 7
‘n Oplossing bestaan uit 0.020 mol.kg-1 NaCl(aq) en 0.035 mol.kg-1 Ca(NO3)2(aq). Vir Ca(NO3)2(aq),
bereken (i) die gemiddelde aktiwiteitskoëfissient, asook (ii) die aktiwiteite van Ca 2+ en NO3. / A solution
consists of 0.020 mol.kg-1 NaCl(aq) and 0.035 mol.kg-1 Ca(NO3)2(aq). For Ca(NO3)2(aq), calculate (i) the
average activity coefficient, and (ii) the activities of Ca 2+ and NO3.
[6]

(i) log γ ± =−¿ z +¿ z

−¿∨A I
1/2 ¿ ¿

I=
1
∑ ( )
bi 2 1
z= ¿
2 i b❑ i 2

1
¿
2
[ ( 0.02 x 12 ) + ( 0.02 x (−1 )2 ) + ( 0.035 x 22 ) + ( 2 x 0.035 x (−1 )2) ]

¿ 0.125 [1]
[½] [½] [½]
[1]
CHEN312 8/119
 1
∴ log γ ±=−|( +2 ) (−1 )| 0.509 x ( 0.125 ) 2 =−0.36 ⇒ γ ±=0.437
[½] [½]
(ii) a Ca
2+ ¿
=γ± bCa ¿
2+¿
=0.437 x0.035=0.013¿
[½] [½] [½]
a NO =γ ± b NO =0.437 x ( 2 x 0.035 )=0.031
❑
3
❑
3

Totaal van bladsy / Total of page (12)

Vraag / Question 8
Beskou die volgende elektrochemiese sel by 25 C: / Consider the following electrochemical cell at 25 C:

Pt|H2(g,p)|HCl(aq), 0.010 mol.kg-1|AgCl(s)|Ag

Vir hierdie sel is die selreaksie as volg: / For this cell the cell reaction is as follows:

2AgCl(s) + H2(g)  2Ag(s) + 2HCl(aq)

(a) Gee die elektrode halfreaksies en bereken die standaard selpotensiaal. / Give the electrode half-
reactions and determine the standard cell potential. [5]
❑
R: AgCl(s) + e  Ag(s) + Cl(aq)
[1] E =0.22V [1]
❑
L: HCl(aq) + e  1/2H2(g) + Cl(aq)
[1] E [1]=0 V
❑
(2 x R) – (2 x L): 2AgCl(s) + H2(g)  2Ag(s) + 2HCl(aq) Ecell =0.22
[1] V

(b) Skryf die reaksiekwosiënt (Q) en die Nernst vergelyking vir hierdie selreaksie uitgedruk in terme van
aktiwiteitskoëffisiënte. / Write the reaction quotient (Q) and the Nernst equation for this cell reaction
expressed in terms of activity coefficients. [3]
[½] [½]
2 [1]
RT a
Ecell =E°cell − ln Q ; Q= HCl =¿ ¿ ¿
nF aH 2

RT 2 RT ❑
∴ Ecell=E °cell− 4 °
ln ( γ ± b HCl ) =E cell− ln ( γ ± b HCl ) [1]
2F F

(c) Bereken die standaard Gibbs vrye energie vir die selreaksie. / Calculate the standard Gibbs free
energy for the cell reaction.
[3]

[½] [½] [½] [½] [1]

G =−nF E =−2 ( 96485 C .mol−1 ) ( 0.22V )=−42.45 x 103 J . mol−1=−42.45 kJ . mol−1
° °
cell

CHEN312 9/119
(d) Indien the gemiddelde aktiwiteitskoëffisiënt ‘n waarde het van 0.889, bereken die selpotensiaal van
hierdie sel. / If the mean activity coefficient has a value of 0.889, calculate the cell potential for this
cell.
[4] [½] [½] [½]
[½] [½]
2 RT 2 ( 8.314 J . K−1 . mol−1 ) ( 298.15 K )
∴ Ecell=E °cell− ln ( γ ± b HCl )=0.22V − −1
ln ( 0.889 x 0.01 )
F 96485
[½] C . mol

¿ 0.22 V +0.24 V

¿ 0.46[1]V

Totaal van bladsy / Total of page (15)

Vraag / Question 9
Tydens ‘n eksperiment op ‘n Pt|H 2|H+ elektrode in verdunde H2SO4 is die volgende stroomdigthede
waargeneem by 25 C. Bepaal (i) die ladingoordragkoëffisiënt (en lewer kommentaar oor die waarde wat jy
verkry), en (ii) die uitruilstroomdigtheid vir die elektrode, deur van die verskafte grafiekpapier gebruik te
maak. / During an experiment on a Pt|H 2|H+ electrode in dilute H 2SO4 the following current densities were
observed at 25 C. Determine (i) the transfer coefficient (and comment on the value that you have obtained),
and (ii) the exchange current density for the electrode, by making use of the supplied graph paper. [9]

/(mV) 50 100 150 200 250

j/(mA.cm-2) 2.66 8.91 29.9 100 335

[1]
( 1−α ) fη F
For positive overpotentials,  > 0: j= j o e ;f =
RT

(1−α ) F [1]
ln j= . η+ ln j o
RT

Plot ln j against 

/(mV) 50 100 150 200 250

ln j 0.98 2.19 3.40 4.61 5.81 [1]

5.81−0.98 8
=0.0242 mV =24.2 V [1]
−1 −1
Slope =
250−50
6

[½]
4
( 1−α ) F
-2

=24.2 V −1 [1]
RT 2
ln j /mA.cm

-2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Overpotential /mV

[½]

[1]
CHEN312 10/119
 −1
24.2 V RT 24.2V −1
( 8.314 J . K −1 . mol−1 ) ( 298.15 K )
α =1− =1− −1
=0.38
F 96485 C .mol

[1]
As α is closer to zero than to 1, the transition state exhibits reagent character

y-intercept = ln jo = -0.22,  jo = 0.80 mA.cm-2 [1]

Totaal van bladsy / Total of page (9)

TOTAAL/TOTAL: 100

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