Climate refers to the average weather conditions in a region over a long period, typically

over 30 years. It encompasses patterns of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure,

wind, precipitation, and other meteorological elements in a given area. Unlike weather, which
describes short-term atmospheric conditions, climate provides a broader understanding of
the long-term atmospheric behavior.

Key Factors Influencing Climate:

Latitude: Determines the intensity of solar radiation received, affecting temperature
and sunlight duration.
Altitude: Higher altitudes have cooler temperatures due to thinner air and lower
atmospheric pressure.
Ocean Currents: Warm and cold currents can significantly influence climate by
affecting coastal temperatures and precipitation.
Topography: Mountains can block weather patterns, creating wet conditions on the
windward side and dry conditions (rain shadows) on the leeward side.
Distance from the Sea: Coastal areas generally have milder climates, while inland
areas experience more extreme temperatures (continental climate).

Climate Classification:
1. Tropical: Hot and humid year-round, with lots of rainfall.
2. Arid (Desert): Very dry, with extreme temperature variations between day and night.
3. Mediterranean: Warm to hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters.
4. Temperate: Moderate temperatures with distinct seasons.
5. Polar: Very cold, with long, harsh winters and short, cool summers.
6. Climate Change:Climate change refers to significant changes in global temperatures
and weather patterns over time. While climate has changed throughout the Earth's
history, recent decades have seen unprecedented changes due to human activities,
notably the emission of greenhouse gases.