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“IMPACT OF OVERPOPULATION ON INDIA”

By

SARA FATHIMA
1JB22BA082

Submitted to

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELAGAVI

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

MRS.LAKSHMIPRIYA M.C
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MBA
SJBIT, BENGALURU

DEPARTMENT OF MBA

S J B INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
B G S HEALTH AND EDUCATION CITY
Kengeri, Bengaluru-560060.

2022-2023
Jai Sri Gurudev
Sri Adichunchanagiri Shikshana Trust ®
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S J B INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BGS Health & Education City, Kengeri, Bengaluru-560060.

DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES (MBA)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that SARA FATHIMA bearing 1JB22BA082, is a

bonafide student of Master of Business Administration course of the SJB
Institute of Technology, Batch: 2022-24, affiliated to Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belgavi. Project report on “ IMPACT OF
OVERPOPULATION ON INDIA’’ is prepared by her, under the
guidance of LAKSHMI PRIYA, in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of Master of Business Administration of
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Karnataka.

Signature of Guide Signature of HOD

LAKSHMIPRIYA M.C DR. MAMATHA J

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR PROFESSOR &
HEAD
DEPT. OF MBA DEPT. OF MBA

Signature of Principal
DR. K. V. MAHENDRA PRASHANTH
PRINCIPAL
SJBIT, BENGALURU
Viva – voce Examination Date:

Signature of Internal Examiner Signature of External Examiner

Name and affiliation Name and affiliation
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DECLARATION

I , SARA FATHIMA, hereby declare that the Societal Project entitled “IMPACT OF

OVERPOPULATION ON INDIA” prepared by me under the guidance of

MRS.LAKSHMIPRIYA faculty of MBA Department, SJB Institute of Technology. I, also

declare that this Scoietal Project is towards the partial fulfillment of the university.

Regulations for the award of degree of Master of Business Administration by Visvesvaraya

Technological University, Belagavi. I have undergone a Societal Project for a period of One

Week, I further declare that this Project is based on the original study undertaken by me and has

not been submitted for the award of any degree/diploma from any other University/Institution.

Place: Bengaluru Signature of the student

Date:
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction & euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task would
be incomplete without the mention of people who made it possible because “Success is
the abstract of hard work & perseverance, but steadfast of all is encouragement
guidance”. So I acknowledge all those whose guidance and encouragement served as a
beacon light & crowned our efforts with success.
I am grateful to his divine soul Sri Sri Sri Jagadguru Dr. Balagangadharanatha Maha
Swamiji and I am grateful to His Holiness Jagadguru Sri Sri Sri Dr. Nirmalanandanatha
Maha Swamiji for providing me an opportunity to study in this esteemed college.
I would like to express my profound gratefulness to his holiness Reverend Sri Sri
Prakashnath Swamiji, Managing Director, SJBIT for providing an opportunity to present the
Societal Project.
I am grateful to DR. K. V. Mahendra Prashanth, Principal for his kind co-operation and
encouragement.
I am extremely grateful to Dr. Mamatha J , Head of the Department of
Management Studies (MBA), for her co-operation and encouragement.
I express my deepest gratitude and sincere thanks to MRS.LAKSHMIPRIYA,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR for the valuable guidance throughout my project.
I express my deepest gratitude and sincere thanks to ,
for his valuable guidance during the course of this project and continuous suggestions to
make the project successful.
I am highly indebted to Mr. Sharath Ranjan P., Project Coordinator, who has been a
source of inspiration to me and has extended his fullest support throughout the project duration.
I also thank all the staff members of MBA Department for their help during the
course of my project.
Last but not the least I thank my parents, family members & friends, for their
continuous and great support and encouragement throughout my project.
Regards,
SARA FATHIMA
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IMPACT OF OVERPOPULATION

MODULE-01: INTRODUCTION
POPULATION -
Population is defined as a group of individuals of the same species living and
interbreeding within a given area. Members of a population often rely on the same
resources, are subject to similar environmental constraints, and depend on the
availability of other members to persist over time. As a tool for objectively studying
populations, population ecologists rely on a series of statistical measures, known as
demographic parameters, to describe that population.

Broadly defined, demography is the study of the characteristics of populations.

Demographics can include any statistical factors that influence population growth or
decline, but several parameters are particularly important: population size, density, age
structure, fecundity (birth rates), mortality (death rates), and sex ratio.

OVERPOPULATION-
Overpopulation is the state whereby the human population rises to an extent exceeding
the carrying capacity of the ecological setting. In an overpopulated environment, the
numbers of people might be more than the available essential materials for survival
such as transport, water, shelter, food or social amenities. This regularly contributes to
environmental deterioration, the quality of life, or even the disintegration of the
population.

UNDERPOPULATION-
A state in which the number of people in a given region is sufficient to produce
resources from available raw materials in sufficient quantities to sustain themselves at
a standard of living they consider acceptable.

The pace of population growth is alarmingly rapid; in some areas, the population is
expanding rapidly. This population growth has led to more cultural variety, advanced
technologies, and improved living standards. On the other side, population growth is
becoming more and more expensive, especially for the environment.
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MODULE-02: BRIEF ABOUT THE TOPIC POPULATION IN

INDIA-
India is the world’s most populous country, with over 1.3 billion people. It overtakes
China to become the world’s most populated country. The current population of India
in 2023 is 1,428,627,663, a 0.81% increase from 2022. The population of India in
2022 was 1,417,173,173, a 0.68% increase from 2021. The population of India in
2021 was 1,407,563,842, a 0.8% increase from 2020. Overpopulation is a major
problem in India, as the country’s population is growing at an unsustainable rate. The
population is expected to exceed 1.5 billion by 2030, and 2 billion by 2050. This rapid
growth is putting immense pressure on India’s resources, and is contributing to
environmental degradation, poverty, and social unrest.

Today, the world is inhabited by over 7 billion people. Rapid population growth is the
bane of the economy of underdeveloped, poor and developing countries in the world.
The population figures present an ironical situation: whereas North America’s area is
16% of the world, only 6% population of the world lives there but it consumes 45% of
the world’s total income. On the other hand, Asia comprises 18% area of the world,
but it is home to 67% of the world’s population.

Still, it consumes only 12% of the world’s income. The situation in

Africa is also more worrisome. Clearly, the areas with higher population remain socio-
economically backward. Their residents get food which is not only insufficient, but is
also not good in terms of nutrients.
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Unbearable burden of population is clearly seen in four regions of the world –

Southeast Asian countries in which China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Philippines, India,
etc., are the forerunners. The population of the region consisting of the Middle East
and North Africa have also been expanding at a rapid pace over the past few decades.

INDIA VS CHINA-
India is poised to overtake China as the world's most populous 8/9+/nation, with
almost 3 million more people than its neighbour by the middle of this year, data
released on Wednesday by the United Nations showed.

India's population by mid-year is estimated at 1.4286 billion, against 1.4257 billion for
China - 2.9 million fewer - in the United Nations
Population Fund's (UNFPA) "State of World Population Report" for this year.

Although both nations will account for more than a third of the estimated global
population of 8.045 billion, population growth in both has been slowing, albeit much
faster in China than India.
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Last year, China's population fell for the first time in six decades, a historic turn
expected to usher in a long period of decline in citizen numbers, with profound
implications for its economy and the world.

Interestingly, USA, that ranks 3rd in the list of most populated countries of
the world, is inhabited by 311.1 million people who comprise just 1/4th of
India’s population. This gap become even more astonishing when considered
that the USA is three times larger than India in size.
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Some of the Indian states outnumber several countries in population.

Uttar Pradesh with a population of 166 million leaves behind the Russian

Federation, home to 146.9 million people. Similarly, Orissa’s population exceeds that
of Canada, and Chhattisgarh’s that of Australia.

Climate Change is causing an increase in the number of hurricanes and floods and is
likely to cause many more people to become displaced in the future. Overcrowding
leads to further demand for limited resources and this, in turn, can lead to more
conflict and warfare.

Despite the fact that this group drafted a new population policy in 1994, it was
reviewed by the Family Welfare Department in 1999 and passed by Parliament in
2000.

In February 2000, the central government released the "new national population
policy."
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3. NGO THAT WORK ON OVERPOPULATION-

Population Foundation of India-

Population Foundation of India (PFI) is a national non-government organization
leading policy advocacy efforts and working as a think tank on population issues in
the country.

PFI was established in 1970 by a group of socially committed industrialists led by Mr

J.R.D. Tata and Dr Bharat Ram.

PFI collaborates with central, state and local government institutions for effective
policy formulation and planning. It supports governmental and non-governmental
organisations in the implementation of programmes that focus on Reproductive and
Child Health (RCH), Family Planning, Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health
(ARSH), Community Action for Health (CAH) and Urban Health. The foundation
also works with corporate organizations as part of their Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR). PFI reaches out to the underserved and the unserved areas of
the country through NGO partners.
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FIVE YEAR PLANS BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA-

• First Five Year Plan: In 1952, India became the first country in the world to
implement a population control programme. It emphasised the use of natural
family planning devices.
• Second Five-Year Plan: Work was done in the areas of education and research,
with a focus on the clinical approach.
• Third Five Year Plan: The sterilisation technique for both men and women was
adopted under the Third Five-Year Plan in 1965.The copper- T technique was
also used. The Family Planning Department was established as a separate
entity.
• Fourth Five-Year Plan: All forms of birth control were encouraged (both
traditional and modern).
• Fifth Five Year Plan: The National Population Policy was announced on April
16, 1976, as part of the fifth five-year plan.
 The Sharda Act of 1929 set a minimum age for marriage, which was
raised under this policy.
 It raised the minimum age for boys to 21 years old and for girls to 14
years old.

 Forced sterilisation was permitted under this plan, but it was later
abolished.
 The name of the Family Planning Department was changed to Family
Welfare Department by the Janata Party government in 1977.
• Sixth to Eighth Five Year Plan: Efforts were made to control population in the
Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Plans by determining long-term demographic goals.
• Ninth Five-Year Plan: In 1993, the government established an expert group to
formulate national population policy under the chairmanship of M.S.
Swaminathan.
Despite the fact that this group drafted a new population policy in 1994,
it was reviewed by the Family Welfare Department in 1999 and passed
by Parliament in 2000.
In February 2000, the central government released the "new national
population policy."
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MODULE-04: OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

CAUSES OF POPULATION-

• Increased Life Expectancy:

While the average annual birth rate in India, which was 42 per thousand in 1951-61,
decreased to 24.8 per thousand in 2011, the country has seen its decadal death rate
decline to 8.5 in 2001-2011 from 42.6 in 1901-1911. Since the death rate has also
gone down sharply, the population has tended to grow very fast in India.

• Lack of family planning:

If we add the number of miscarriages (6.20 lakh in 2010-11) in the country with an
estimated number of births (2.05 crore in 2010-11) in one year, even in this age of
family planning, one woman, on an average, is pregnant at any time in the age group
of 15-45 years. All this happens because a large number of people in our country are
illiterate with no awareness about the various advantages of family planning and the
illeffects of overpopulation on society.

• Early marriage:
Child marriage is one of the major social problems of our country. Even today, a large
number of boys and girls are married at an age when they are not prepared for family
responsibilities either socially, emotionally, physically and mentally. Marriage at
unripe age also leads to higher mortality rate of infants.

• Lack of education:
The failure of family planning is directly related to large-scale illiteracy that also
contributes to early age of marriage, low status of women, high child-mortality rate etc
mentioned above. Uneducated families cannot grasp the issues and problems caused
by the increasing population rate. They are least aware of the various ways to control
population, usage of contraceptives and birth control measures.
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• Religious reasons:
The people who are conservative and orthodox are opposed to the use of family
planning measures. Women in such families are not allowed to take part in family
planning because they are not supposed to go against the wishes of God. There are
also women who argue that children are born with God’s will and women are destined
to give birth to children.

EFFECTS OF OVERPOPULATION-

• Burden on natural resources:

Overpopulation leads to over-exploitation of natural resources. Increasing population
puts further burden on the earth’s capacity to produce food and water and other natural
resources. As a result, the underprivileged people have to suffer malnutrition,
starvation and unhealthy living conditions Excessive increase in population leads to
grave forms of pollution and deforestation.

• Rise in poverty:
Overpopulation leads to the vicious circle of illiteracy, unemployment and poverty.
Lack of education deprives the people of the opportunities to earn their livelihood
and fulfil the bare necessities of their lives.

• Widening the rich-poor gap:

Overpopulation leads to an unequal distribution of wealth and income. Consequently,
the gap between the rich and poor is widened further.

• Migration of Population:
Migration is a natural human trait. When the burden of population in any area
becomes imbalanced compared to the available financial resources, people tend to
move away from their original location. It is comparable to the phenomenon of bee
hive – when it is completely filled, flies leave it and go elsewhere. Similarly, human
beings stop at one place for a time and then feel the urge to move on again. For this
reason, human beings generally do not live anywhere permanently except for a few
exceptions.
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MODULE-05: REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Population growth is a significant global phenomenon with farreaching implications
for social, economic, and environmental systems. This review of literature aims to
provide an overview of key findings, theories, and debates surrounding population
growth. It explores various aspects of population growth, including its causes,
consequences, and policy implications. The review encompasses studies from diverse
disciplines, including demography, sociology, economics, and environmental sciences,
to present a comprehensive understanding of the subject.

This literature review provides a comprehensive analysis of population growth,

covering its historical perspectives, causes, consequences, policy interventions, and
future scenarios. By synthesizing research from various disciplines, it offers valuable
insights into the complex dynamics of population growth and its implications for
societies and the planet. Further research in this field can contribute to informed
policymaking and the development of sustainable strategies to address the challenges
posed by population growth.

MODULE-06: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

ADVANTAGES OF OVERPOPULATION-

• Greater economic growth

Population growth will lead to economic expansion since more people can produce
more goods. More money will be available in tax revenue to fund public services like
environmental and health care programs. The obvious conclusion is that GDP per
capita is the essential element rather than GDP as a whole.

• Human Resources will Increase

One obvious advantage that a large population might offer is a larger supply of human
resources. In locations where unemployment is a serious problem, this will likely not
lead to more jobs, but it will boost the number of individuals willing to work for less
pay.

• Higher population density efficiency

High population density locations are much more efficient than rural areas and regions
with low populations in terms of the per capita carbon footprint. People are more
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likely to use public transportation and live in easier-to-heat apartment complexes

when they reside in densely populated locations.

• Improved societal demographic structure

The population is declining in many western economies, which has led to a skewing of
the population toward the elderly and retired. We are struggling to pay for health care
& pensions, which is placing costs on society. Moderate population increase
contributes to rebalancing the population by increasing the proportion of young,
working adults.

• Higher Industry Demand

There will be greater demand for some industries in a nation with a higher population.
As long as it can produce enough of an item or service to satisfy demand, a company
that sells it will experience great success.
Additionally, a population increase may stimulate technological advancement that
would enable the production of more sophisticated military products.

DISADVANTAGES OF OVERPOPULATION-

• Increase Pollution
More people will produce more air, water, and land pollution. Numerous health
problems, including asthma and cancer, are linked to higher pollution levels. The
pollutants also harm animals and vegetation.

• Disturbance in Emergency Situation

Cities with a high population density frequently have traffic problems. One of the
drawbacks of the population is that locations with heavy traffic might be hard to
access for emergency vehicles like fire engines and ambulances. Emergency services
are required when there is an accident or another natural disaster.

• Infections Outbreaks
The World Health Organization (WHO) asserts that areas with high population
densities may see fewer disease outbreaks and lower infection rates. It is much simpler
for germs and viruses to move from person to person when so many people live close
to one another.
The Covid-19 pandemic provides a clearer explanation for why cities with large
densities of people saw greater incidences of viral infectionrelated fatalities.
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• Effect on climate
The consequences of climate change will also be seen because of rising greenhouse
gas emissions, a major cause of global warming. As the population continues to
increase, more damage is being done to our ecosystem.
The ecosystem is under stress due to human consumption and population density,
which has reduced biodiversity and increased greenhouse gas emissions from
processes like dairy production.

• Low Quality of Life

Most Indians have a poor quality of life due to the country's rapidly expanding
population. According to Human Development Report, low quality of life is
demonstrated by a lack of knowledge due to illiteracy, a lack of economic security due
to the number of people without access to health care and clean water, and a high
proportion of children under the age of five who are severely underweight.
The pace of population growth is alarmingly rapid; in some areas, the population is
expanding rapidly. This population growth has led to more cultural variety, advanced
technologies, and improved living standards. On the other side, population growth is
becoming more and more expensive, especially for the environment. Some countries
require population expansion to maintain social equilibrium, while others must take
immediate action to limit the numbers.
Even though population density might be a sign of economic expansion, it has other
negative environmental effects, including a lack of fresh water. It might boost
economies and industries while also encouraging greater innovation. Additionally, it
can put food, property, and other limited resources like water at risk.
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SOLUTIONS FOR OVERPOPULATION-

Preventing the rapid growth of the population is the key to the victory over poverty,
illiteracy, unemployment, economic backwardness, etc in the modern world. The
increasing population will only swallow the growing development of the nation and
the benefit of advanced technology. Therefore, the following measures should be
taken to curb the excessive growth in population:

• Increase in marriage age:

Minimum age of marriage of boys and girls should be increased. The age of marriage
in India has been fixed for girls at 18 years and for boys at 21 years. It should be
complied with firmly in all the states. For this, we require a strong political will,
accompanied by an effective system of governance.

• Balanced ratio:
It is also necessary to make qualitative improvement in the population. The gap
between the children should be at least five years and the number of offspring should
not exceed two children per family.

• Improvement in public health services:

It is necessary to pay attention to public health and cleanliness to increase man’s
economic capacity. In each state, emphasis should be on pollution-free and clean
environment in urban and rural areas.

• Need for education:

To improve the condition of the farmers, they need to be educated and attached with
some cooperatives. With the help of government, cooperatives and other useful
institutions, the farmers continue to get the opportunity to learn about loans, proper
agriculture methods, education and technology. They, thus, realize that illiteracy is a
curse that leads to only deprivation and destruction.

• Promoting family planning:

Spreading awareness about the contraception measures and birth control techniques is
most effective method to keep the population within limit. We need to make people
aware about benefits and ways of family planning in order to overcome the problem of
overpopulation. It will also help them to understand the need of having one or two
children at the most.

 Age of girl child marriage should be raised further.

 Emphasis to be laid on economic development.
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 Rapid awareness campaign to be run by the government and non-

governmental organizations
 New, innovative contraceptives should be explored.
 Reduction in birth and fertility rates.
 Emphasis on gender parity priority for girl education.

 Empowering women:
Any woman who has many children for parenting and who passes through child
deliveries repeatedly spends most of her life as a mother and wife. She is imprisoned
in the four-walls of her house. She cannot play any meaningful role in her community
and society until she is able to limit her family to a proper size. Family planning will
not only improve family welfare, but also contribute to achieving social prosperity and
personal happiness.

Once people know that unemployment, poverty, illiteracy, unhealthy living

conditions, depletion of natural resources and environmental problems are all results
of overpopulation; they will themselves take initiatives to control the population
growth.
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MODULE-07: CONCLUSION
From 1960 to 2023 the population of India increased from 450.55 million to
1.43 billion people. This is a growth of 216.5 percent in
63 years. The highest increase in India was recorded in 1974 with 2.36
percent. The smallest increase in 2023 with 0.61 percent.
In the same period, the total population of all countries worldwide increased
by -100.0 percent.The average age in India rose by 2.63 years from 2012 to
2021 from 26.07 to 28.70 years (median value).Around 35 percent of the
inhabitants live in the country's larger cities. This growing trend of
urbanization is increasing by 2.1 percent annually.
It is a threat to our national development ,all efforts must be made to limit the
size of the families.

MODULE-08: LEARNING EXPERIENCE

This study helped me know about how population growth impacts on the
planet.It is one of the major problems due to which earth is loosing its
balance . By recognizing the complex nature of this issue and implementing
comprehensive solutions, we can work towards a more balanced and
sustainable world for current and future generations.
I have gained the knowledge about the birth rate whcich is increasing rapidly
due to lack of family plannings and lack of awareness ,the birth rate has
increased more than the death rate.I believe that poverty is another
reason,poor people believe that more the number of people in the
family ,more will be the number of persons to earn bread .Several families
demand for a male child that leads to increase in the birth rate .
Population has badly effected the sociey and environment as it has led to the
problem of unemployment as large number of people want to feed their large
families but the resources are less so it has createsd choas in the emplyment
sector too .more number of people means more requirement of food , clothing
and shelter.

MODULE-09: REFERENCES

• https://www.issuesonline.co.uk/articles/what-isoverpopulation
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3987379/
• https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/population