Think about definitions, causes, effects, analogies, importance, advantages,

disadvantages, origins, changes, examples...

Protectionism
● Definition - Safegauring a country’s domestic industries from foreign competition
● Effects - This is done through taxing imports or trade restrictions
● Analogy - Protectionism is like locking yourself in a dark room, which blocks out
the snow and rain, but also hides the air and sunshine

Collectivism
● Definition - International cooperation among nations for shared goals
● Causes - When countries have shared interests, mutual benefits, and recognition
of common challenges with each other, they form alliances
● Example - An example is NATO and how countries in North America and Europe
have partnered up to provide political and economic support to Ukraine.

Individualism
● Definition - Primacy of indivudal rights, freedoms, and independence in society
● Advantages - promotes personal freedom and creativity, encourages innovation
● Disadvantages - May lead to social fragmentation and inequality, and undermine
collective efforts for the common good.

Globalization
● Definition - process of interconnection among countries, cultures, and economics
on a global scale
● Origins - Globalization can be traced back to ancient trade routes and expansion
of empires, such as Roman and Silk Road civilizations
● Changes - It has significantly accelerated with advancements in transportation,
communication, and technology during the 20th century
Developed country
● A country characterized as flourishing, with a high standard of living and strong
economy
● Having stable political establishment, access to education, access to healthcare,
technological advancemenets, strong economic growth
● Allowing for high standard of living, improved quality of life, good economic
opportunities, access to resources for citizens
● Examples: Canada, USA, Australia, UK

Emerging country
● A country characterized as developing, with improving living standards and
advancing economy
● Having ongoing economic growth, industrialization, increasing access to
education and technology, limited infrastructure, political instability, facing
income inequality challenges
● Examples: India, Brazil, Mexico, Malaysia

Third world country

● A country characterized as lacking, with bad standard of living and facing great
economic problems
● Limited industrialization, weak infrastructure, political instability
● Inadequete access to education and healthcare, inequality for its population, no
access to oppurtinities
● Examples: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Ethiopia
Identity
● Definition - Refers to characteristics, beliefs, values, and sense of self of an
individual or group.
● Causes - Identity is shaped by cultural, religious, ethnic, national, and
socio-economic influences. It’s formed through interactions with own
environment and community.
● Effects - Shapes their perception of who they are and their purpose in the world.
● Analogies - Identity is like a puzzle. Each puzzle piece represents a different
aspect of a person, including their background, beliefs, and experiences. This
contributes to the overall picture; the universe
● Changes - The digital age has accelerated the interconnectedness of cultures and
backgrounds, which has lead to rapid changes in how identities are formed and
expressed.

Transnationals
● Definition - Transnationals (TNCs) are large companies/corporations that operate
in multiple countries which have a strong presence globally
● Examples - Tesla, Amazon, Nike, McDonalds, Apple, Shell
● Importance - TNCs drive economics, politics, and societies. They contribute to
economic growth, political power, and innovation
● Advantages - TNCs allow for job creation, technology sharing, and international
trade between countries. They stimulate economic development.
● Disadvantages - TNCs can exploit resources and labor, tax evasions, leading to
social and environmental impacts. They might have too much influence on
governments and policies, forming a monopoly.
● Analogies - TNCs are like the queens on the chess board. They are the most
powerful, can establish themselves in different regions with ease, make strategic
moves, and influence the direction of the game (global economy)
● Identity is influenced by many factors:
○ Language shapes how individuals communicate and connect with others
○ Appearance conveys ethnic and and racial background
 ○ Traditions as they give cultural and social context, providing a sense of
belonging and history
○ Religious or social groups influence the individual’s values and beliefsa
○ Context as it can evolve based on specific environmental circumstances
● The coltan connection relates to the mining and trade of coltan, which are
valuable minerals used in electronic devices. This impacts the identities of
individuals, as products from across the world reach your hands. In some cases,
coltan mining can be a crucial source of income, but it is also linked with
exploitation and conflict. People can make choices for the environment, as we are
driven by societal pressures and norms, like owning a smartphone. Actions like
these influences aspects that make up an individual’s identity.

Collective identity
● Definition: Sense of belonging shared by a group of people, based on
characteristics like culture, language, religion, and experiences
● Importance: Plays a crucial role in shaping social interactions and preserving
cultural heritage within a community
● Disadvantages: It may lead to conflicts with other groups and cause stereotypes. It
can create an ‘us versus them’ mentality, resulting in social division
● Example: A student joining a popular group of friends to identify as a popular
student in the school

Media concentration
● Definition: Ownership of many media outlets and channels, by a small number of
corporations, leading to dominance of media by just a select few
● Effect: May lead to lack of diversity, limited perspective, and even propaganda in
media content. It may shape public opinion, influencing society’s beliefs and
values
● Origins: Started in the 20th century, with the momentum of mass media and
ownership
 ● Examples: Disney buying 21st Century Fox, Facebook buying Instagram and
WhatsApp

Media convergence
● Definition: Merging of distinct media technologies, resulting in new forms of
media. Integrates many elements like audio, text, and video.
● Causes: Because of the constant demand for integration in digital technologies,
media convergence has become essential to deliver immersive experiences
across many platforms and devices
● Analogy: Just like a melting pot blends different veggies and curries, different
technologies blend together to make a more dynamic media environment
● Example: Netflix, started as a DVD service, but transformed into a streaming
industry. It combines movies, TV shows, documentaries, and much more, to make
an ultimate watching platform.

Economy of scale
● Definition: The cost advantage that arises by producing goods and products in
large quantities
● Effects: Lower production costs, increased competitiveness, and potential for
businesses to expand their market
● Analogy: Economy of scale is like buying in bulk. Buying goods in large quantities
leads to lower cost per unit. This results in significant savings for the buyer.
● Changes: This concept started back in the early 20th century primarily from the
industrial and manufacturing sector. With advancements in technology and
automation, the economy of scale allows businesses to leverage modern tools for
increased efficiency and larger production volumes
● Example: TNCs (transnationals) like Walmart purchase products in bulk,
maximizing profits and ensuring competitive pricing for customers
Digital divide
● Definition: The gap between the people who have access to digital technology
like the internet, and the people that don’t
● Causes: The digital divide is influenced by many factors including socioeconomic
disparities, geographic location, infrastructure limitations, and lack of educational
opportunities
● Importance: Bridging the gap is crucial for promoting inclusive economic growth,
equal opportunities, and equitable access to resources for all of society
● Origins: The term gained prominence in the 1990s with the rapid growth of the
internet. It highlights the disparities in access to digital technologies across
different groups and regions
● Changes: Efforts to reduce the gap has intensified over the past few years.
Governments, businesses, and organizations are now collaborating to improve
connectivity and provide equal access to digital resources for all communities
● Example: Developing countries, especially in regions like Africa, face the
challenges of the digital divide. They have limited access to reliable internet,
technology, and resources, which hinder their participation in the vast digital
landscape.