Parts of a steer by wire system

Steering Input: When the driver turns the steering wheel, sensors in the steering column
detect the input and send signals to the electronic control unit (ECU) of the steer-by-wire
system.
Electronic Control Unit (ECU): The ECU receives the signals from the steering sensors and
processes the input. It calculates the appropriate steering angle and other parameters based on
the driver's input, vehicle speed, and various other factors.
Electric Actuators: The ECU sends electronic signals to electric actuators located at the
front wheels. These actuators control the movement of the wheels based on the calculated
steering angle. They can either assist the driver's steering effort or directly steer the wheels.
Redundancy and Safety Systems: Steer-by-wire systems often incorporate redundancy and
safety measures to ensure reliability and safety. They may have multiple sensors, ECUs, and
actuators to provide backup and fail-safe mechanisms in case of component failure.
Steering Feedback: One crucial aspect of steer-by-wire is providing the driver with steering
feedback. Since there is no direct mechanical linkage, the system simulates steering feedback
through various means. This can include haptic feedback through the steering wheel, visual
cues on the instrument cluster, or even auditory feedback.
Operation
In a steer-by-wire system, the driver's steering inputs are captured by sensors and transmitted
as electronic signals to an electronic control unit (ECU). The ECU then processes these
signals and sends commands to electric actuators, which directly control the steering
mechanism of the vehicle. This allows for precise and customizable steering feel, as well as
the potential for additional safety features and autonomous driving capabilities. Steer-by-wire
eliminates the need for physical connections and enables design flexibility, but redundant
systems and fail-safe mechanisms are incorporated to ensure safety in case of component
failure
Benefits of steer-by-wire
❖ Potential for greater design flexibility, i.e., provides space in the cabin
❖ Reduced weight, and improved fuel efficiency.
❖ Paves the way for autonomous (self) driving capabilities.
Disadvantages of steer-by-wire
❖ Drivers have no mechanical feel of the road i.e., it has no road feedback
❖ Electrical failures since it relies on electrical components
❖ Complexity and high cost