PERODICITY Chemistry

**1. Introduction to Periodicity:**

- **Definition:** Periodicity refers to the repeating trends in properties of elements across periods
and down groups in the periodic table.

- **Key Features:** The periodic table organizes elements based on their atomic structure and
properties.

**2. Periodic Trends:**

- **Atomic Radius:**

- Decreases across a period (left to right) due to increased effective nuclear charge.

- Increases down a group (top to bottom) due to additional energy levels.

- **Ionization Energy:**

- Increases across a period and decreases down a group.

- Reflects the energy required to remove an electron from an atom.

- **Electron Affinity:**

- Generally increases across a period and decreases down a group.

- The energy change associated with gaining an electron.

- **Electronegativity:**

- Increases across a period and decreases down a group.

- The ability of an atom to attract shared electrons in a chemical bond.

**3. Group Trends:**

- **Alkali Metals (Group 1):**

- Highly reactive metals with low ionization energies.

 - Form +1 ions in ionic compounds.

- **Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2):**

- Less reactive than alkali metals.

- Form +2 ions in ionic compounds.

- **Halogens (Group 17):**

- Highly reactive nonmetals.

- Form -1 ions in ionic compounds.

- Display trends in physical states and colors.

- **Noble Gases (Group 18):**

- Chemically inert gases.

- Full outer electron shells.

**4. Transition Metals:**

- **Definition:** Located in the d-block of the periodic table.

- **Properties:**

- Variable oxidation states.

- Complex formation.

- Catalytic activity.

**5. Periodic Table Blocks:**

- **S-block Elements:**

- Groups 1 and 2, including hydrogen and helium.

- Outer electron configuration ends in s orbital.

 - **P-block Elements:**

- Groups 13 to 18.

- Outer electron configuration ends in p orbital.

- **D-block Elements:**

- Transition metals (groups 3 to 12).

- Outer electron configuration includes d orbitals.

- **F-block Elements:**

- Lanthanides and actinides.

- Inner transition metals with f orbital involvement.

**6. Atomic and Ionic Radii:**

- **Atomic Radius:**

- Defined as the distance from the nucleus to the outermost electron.

- Decreases across periods and increases down groups.

- **Ionic Radius:**

- Cations (positive ions) are smaller than their parent atoms.

- Anions (negative ions) are larger than their parent atoms.

**7. Periodic Trends in Physical Properties:**

- **Melting and Boiling Points:**

- Generally increase across periods and decrease down groups.

- Influenced by atomic size and forces between atoms.

- **Density:**
 - Exhibits variation based on the type of elements present.

- Metals generally have higher densities than nonmetals.

**8. Periodic Trends in Chemical Reactivity:**

- **Metallic and Nonmetallic Character:**

- Metals are found on the left side of the periodic table and tend to lose electrons.

- Nonmetals are found on the right side and tend to gain electrons.

- **Electron Affinity and Reactivity:**

- Halogens have high electron affinity and are highly reactive nonmetals.

- Alkali metals have low electron affinity and are highly reactive metals.

**9. Applications of Periodicity:**

- **Predicting Properties:**

- Periodicity helps predict the properties of elements based on their positions in the periodic
table.

- **Chemical Bonding:**

- Understanding trends aids in predicting the types of chemical bonds formed.

- **Material Science:**

- Periodic trends guide the design and selection of materials for specific applications.

**10. Periodic Law:**

- **Definition:** The properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic numbers.

- **Mendeleev's Contribution:** Developed the first periodic table based on atomic masses and
predicted properties of missing elements.