Chapter 5 The Periodic Law

History of the Periodic Table

● 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev publishes the first
periodic table.
○ He arranged the elements according to
similarities in properties and increasing
atomic mass.
○ Refer to Figure 5-2 on page 124 in your
textbook.
○ He theorized the idea of periodic law. The idea
that the elements could be grouped together
with similar chemical and physical properties.
 The Modern Periodic Table

● About 40 years after Mendeleev’s first table,

Henry Moseley made a major discovery.
○ The elements in the periodic table fit into
patterns better when they were arranged
according to the number of protons in the
nucleus.
○ Mendeleev’s Periodic Law was modified to
state: the physical and chemical properties of
the elements are periodic functions of their
atomic numbers.
Section 2 Electron Configuration &
the Periodic Table
● S-block elements
○ Group 1: Most reactive metals.
■ Has a single s electron in its outermost energy level.
■ Known as alkali metals.
■ Silvery color, very soft metal.
■ React violently with water to produce hydrogen gas.
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Section 2 Electron Configuration &
the Periodic Table
● S-block elements
○ Group 2: reactive metals.
■ Has two s electrons in its outermost energy level.
■ Known as alkaline earth metals.
■ Harder, denser, higher melting points and stronger
than alkali metals.
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Section 2 Electron Configuration &
the Periodic Table
● S-block elements
○ Hydrogen and Helium.
■ Each has only the 1s orbital present.
■ These are located at the top of Groups 1 and 18, but
H and He are not members of those groups.
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Section 2 Electron Configuration &
the Periodic Table
● D-block elements
○ Groups 3 – 12.
■ Electrons found in d orbitals.
■ Some elements show deviations from a standard,
orderly filling of d orbitals, so not all elements in the
same group share identical outer electron
configurations.
■ They are referred to as the transition elements/metals.
■ Good conductors of electricity/heat and have a shiny
luster.
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 Section 2 Electron Configuration &
the Periodic Table
● P-block elements
○ Groups 13 – 18.
■ Outermost electrons are occupied in both the s and p
orbitals of the same energy level.
■ The s orbital will be filled with 2 electrons.
■ Elements in p block vary the most of any block.
■ Metals
■ Nonmetals
■ Metalloids
■ Solids
■ Gases
■ Liquids
■ Group 17 is referred to as halogens. The most
reactive nonmetals.
Section 2 Electron Configuration
& the Periodic Table
● F-block elements
○ Wedged between Groups 3 and 4 in the sixth and
seventh periods.

○ Lanthanides, electrons fill the 4f orbital, similar

reactivity to the alkaline-earth metals
○ Actinides, electrons fill the 5f orbital, all are
radioactive.
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Section 3 Electron Configuration &
Periodic Properties
● This section explores the relationships of an
element’s physical/chemical properties and
the periodic law.
Section 3 Electron Configuration
& Periodic Properties
● Atomic Radii

● Period trends

● Group trends
Section 3 Electron Configuration
& Periodic Properties
● Ionic Radii

● Cations

● Anions
Section 3 Electron Configuration
& Periodic Properties
● Ionization Energy

● Period trends

● Group trends
 Section 3 Electron Configuration
& Periodic Properties
● Electron Affinity

● Period trends

● Group trends
 Section 3 Electron Configuration
& Periodic Properties
● Electronegativity

● Period trends

● Group trends