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    The document discusses the key concepts and laws of thermodynamics. It defines a thermodynamic system and explains the first law of thermodynamics, which states that the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat supplied minus the work done by the system. It also describes important thermodynamic processes like isothermal, adiabatic, constant volume, and closed cycle. The second law of thermodynamics introduces the concept of entropy. The third law establishes that entropy approaches zero as temperature approaches absolute zero.

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    The document discusses the key concepts and laws of thermodynamics. It defines a thermodynamic system and explains the first law of thermodynamics, which states that the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat supplied minus the work done by the system. It also describes important thermodynamic processes like isothermal, adiabatic, constant volume, and closed cycle. The second law of thermodynamics introduces the concept of entropy. The third law establishes that entropy approaches zero as temperature approaches absolute zero.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    3 views82 pages

    Thermodynamics

    Uploaded by

    molepe6687
    The document discusses the key concepts and laws of thermodynamics. It defines a thermodynamic system and explains the first law of thermodynamics, which states that the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat supplied minus the work done by the system. It also describes important thermodynamic processes like isothermal, adiabatic, constant volume, and closed cycle. The second law of thermodynamics introduces the concept of entropy. The third law establishes that entropy approaches zero as temperature approaches absolute zero.

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    of 82

    Thermodynamics

    Thermodynamic system
    • A thermodynamic system is
    a part of the physical universe
    with a specified boundary for
    observation.
    Cont…
    A closer look at Heat & Work
    Cont…

    ➢ Q and W depend on path of the process.


    ➢ Called path function.
    1 st law of thermodynamics

    • 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑄 − 𝑊 ;[E is a point func.]


    • For a small change, 𝑑𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑑𝑄 − 𝑑𝑊

    dQ = 𝑑𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 + dW
    ➢w∝H
    W = JH; J=4.2 j/cal is known as mechanical equivalent of heat.
    Special case
    1. Isothermal Process: Temperature Constant .
    𝑑𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 0.
    𝑑𝑄 = 𝑑𝑊

    2. Adiabatic Process: No exchange of heat.


    𝑑𝑄 = 0
    𝑑𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = −𝑑𝑊
    Cont…
    3. Constant-volume: Volume Constant.
    dW = 0
    𝑑𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑑𝑄.

    4. Closed cycle: No change of internal energy.


    𝑑𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 0.
    𝑑𝑄 = 𝑑𝑊
    Isothermal & adiabatic
    Isothermal Adiabatic
    Temperature constant Temperature is not constant

    Conducting surface Non-Conducting surface

    Transfer of heat No Transfer of heat

    Slow process. Quick Process


    2 nd law of thermodynamics
    Cont…
    Carnot’s Reversible Engine
    Cont…
    Work done
    Cont…
    Efficiency
    Cont…
    Cont…
    Refrigerator
    Comparison
    Carnot theorem
    3 rd law of thermodynamics
    • At absolute zero (0k) temperature, entropy is also zero.
    • It defines the sign of the entropy of any substance at temperatures
    above absolute zero as positive.
    • It provides a fixed reference point that allows us to measure
    the absolute entropy of any substance at any temperature.
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