6

Projections
of Points

� Introduction
� Location of a Point, Conventional
Representation
� Point Above the H.P. and in Front of the V.P.
� Point Above the H.P. and Behind the V.P.
� Point Below the H.P. and Behind the V.P
� Point Below the H.P. and in Front of the V.P.
� Point on the H.P. and in Front of the V.P.
� Point Above the H.P. and on the V.P.
� Point on the H.P. and Behind the V.P.
� Point Below the H.P. and on V.P.
� Point on Both H.P. and V.P.
6.2 Engineering Graphics

6.1 INTRODUCTION

A point is defined as a geometrical element that has no dimensions. In engineering drawing or graphics,
the point is represented as a dot. This chapter deals with the projections of points.

6.2 LOCATION OF A POINT

We know that the reference planes divide the space in four quadrants. A point lying in the space may be
situated in the following positions with respect to principle planes of projections.

1. Point above the H.P and in front of the V.P.

2. Point above the H.P and behind the V.P.
3. Point below the H.P and behind the V.P.
4. Point below the H.P and in front of the V.P.
5. Point on the H.P and in front of the V.P.
6. Point above the H.P and on the V.P.
7. Point on the H.P and behind the V.P.
8. Point below the H.P and on the V.P.
9. Point on the H.P and V.P both

6.3 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION

1. The actual position of a point is designated by the capital letters. i.e., A, B, C, P, Q, R, … etc.
2. The front view of a point is conventionally represented by small letters with dashes. i.e. a′, b′, c′,
p′, q′, r′, …etc.
3. The top view of a point is conventionally represented by small letters. i.e., a, b, c, p, q, r, …
etc.
4. The side view of a point is conventionally represented by small letters with double dashes. i.e., a″,
b″, c″, p″, q″, r″, …etc.

The intersection of the reference planes is a line known as the reference line. It is denoted as xy. The
reference line is drawn by a thin line.

The line which connects the front view and the top view is called the projection line. It is drawn by
a thin line. The projection line is always perpendicular to the principal axis (XY).

6.4 POINT ABOVE THE H.P. AND IN FRONT OF THE V.P.

A point situated above the H.P. and in front of the V.P. would lie in the first angle.
 Projections of Points 6.3

Example 6.1 (Fig 6.1)

A point P is 50 mm above the H.P. and 70 mm in front of the V.P. Draw its projections.

Fig. 6.1(a) Fig. 6.1(b)

Visualization: Fig. 6.1(a) shows a point P situated in the first angle such that its distance above the
H.P. is 50 mm and in front of the V.P. is 70 mm. The front view of the point is obtained by drawing a
horizontal line through P to intersect V.P. at point p′. Top view is obtained by drawing a vertical line
through P to intersect the H.P. at point p.

After projecting the point P on the V.P. and the H.P., the H.P. is rotated about the XY line in a clock-
wise direction till it lies in the plane with V.P. The projections of the point after rotation of the H.P. is
shown in Fig. 6.1(b). The front view p′ is 50 mm above the XY line and the top view p is 70 mm below
the XY.

Construction: Fig. 6.1(b)

1. Draw a reference line XY.

2. Draw a projector perpendicular to the XY.
3. Mark front view p′ on the projector 50 mm above the XY.
4. Mark top view p on the projector 70 mm the below XY.
6.4 Engineering Graphics

Conclusion

1. If a point is situated above the H.P., then its front view (F.V.) is above the XY and the distance of
front view (F.V.) from the XY is equal to the distance of the given point from the H.P.
2. If a point is situated in front of the V.P., then its top view (T.V.) is below the XY and the distance
of top view (T.V.) from the XY is equal to the given distance of point from the V.P.

6.5 POINT ABOVE THE H.P. AND BEHIND THE V.P.

A point situated above the H.P. and behind the V.P. would lie in the second-angle.

Example 6.2 (Fig 6.2)

A point Q is 40 mm above the H.P. and 60 mm behind the V.P. Draw its projections.

Fig. 6.2(a) Fig. 6.2(b)

Visualization: Fig. 6.2(a) shows a point Q situated in the second angle such that its distance above
the H.P. is 40 mm and behind the V.P. is 60 mm. The front view of the point is obtained by drawing a
horizontal line through Q to intersect the V.P. at point q′. The top view is obtained by drawing a vertical
line through Q to intersect the H.P. at point q.

After projecting the point Q on the V.P. and H.P., the H.P. is rotated about XY in a clockwise direction
till it lies in the plane with the V.P. The projections of the point after rotation of the H.P. is shown in
Fig. 6.2(b). The front view q′ is 40 mm above the XY and the top view q is 60 mm above the XY.
 Projections of Points 6.5

Construction: Fig. 6.2(b)

1. Draw a reference line XY.

2. Draw a projector perpendicular to the XY.
3. Mark the front view q′ on the projector 40 mm above the XY.
4. Mark the top view q on the projector 60 mm above the XY.

Conclusion

1. If a point is situated above the H.P., then its front view (F.V.) is above the XY and the distance of
front view (F.V.) from the XY is equal to the distance of the point from the H.P.
2. If a point is situated behind the V.P., then its top view (T.V.) is above the XY and the distance of
the top view (T.V.) from the XY is equal to the distance of the given point from the V.P.

6.6 POINT BELOW THE H.P. AND BEHIND THE V.P.

A point situated below the H.P. and behind the V.P. would lie in the third-angle.

Example 6.3 (Fig 6.3)

A point R is 80 mm below the H.P. and 50 mm behind the V.P. Draw its projections.

Fig. 6.3(a) Fig. 6.3(b)

Visualization: Fig. 6.3(a) shows a point R situated in the third angle such that its distance below
the H.P. is 80 mm and behind the V.P. is 50 mm. The front view of the point is obtained by drawing a
horizontal line through R to intersect V.P. at point r′. The top view is obtained by drawing a vertical line
through R to intersect the H.P. at point r.
6.6 Engineering Graphics

After projecting the point R on the V.P. and the H.P., the H.P. is rotated about the XY in clockwise
direction till it lies in the plane with the V.P. The projections of the point after the rotation of the H.P.
is shown in Fig. 6.3(b). The front view r′ is 80 mm below the XY and the top view r is 50 mm above
the XY.

Construction: Fig. 6.3(b)

1. Draw a reference line XY.

2. Draw a projector perpendicular to the XY.
3. Mark the front view r′ on the projector 80 mm below the XY.
4. Mark the top view r on the projector 60 mm above the XY.

Conclusion

1. If a point is situated below the H.P., then its front view (F.V.) is below the XY and the distance of
front view (F.V.) from the XY is equal to distance of the point from the H.P.
2. If a point is situated behind the V.P., then its top view (T.V.) is above the XY and the distance of
top view (T.V.) from the XY is equal to distance of the point from the V.P.

6.7 POINT BELOW THE H.P. AND IN FRONT OF THE V.P.

A point situated below the H.P. and in front of the V.P. would lie in the fourth-angle.

Example 6.4 (Fig 6.4)

A point S is 80 mm below the H.P. and 50 mm in front of the V.P. Draw its projections.

Fig. 6.4(a) Fig. 6.4(b)

 Projections of Points 6.7

Visualization: Fig. 6.4(a) shows a point S situated in the fourth-angle such that its distance below the
H.P. is 80 mm and in front of the V.P. is 50 mm. The front view of the point is obtained by drawing
horizontal line through S to intersect V.P. at point s′. The top view is obtained by drawing a vertical line
through S to intersect the H.P. at point s.

After projecting the point S on the V.P. and the H.P., the H.P. is rotated about the XY in a clockwise
direction till it lies in the plane with V.P. The projection of the point after rotation of the H.P. is
shown in Fig. 6.4(b). The front view s′ is 80 mm below the XY and the top view s is 50 mm below
the XY.

Construction: Fig. 6.4(b)

1. Draw a reference line XY.

2. Draw a projector perpendicular to the XY.
3. Mark the front view s′ on the projector 80 mm below the XY.
4. Mark the top view s on the projector 60 mm below the XY.

Conclusion

1. If a point is situated below the H.P., then its front view (F.V.) is below the XY and the distance of
front view (F.V.) from the XY is equal to distance of point from the H.P.
2. If a point is situated in front of the V.P., then its top view (T.V.) is below the XY and the distance
of top view (T.V.) from the XY is equal to the distance of point from the V.P.

6.8 POINT ON THE H.P. AND IN FRONT OF THE V.P.

Example 6.5 (Fig 6.5)

A point P lies in the H.P. and 70 mm in front of the V.P. Draw its projections.

Fig. 6.5(a) Fig. 6.5(b)

6.8 Engineering Graphics

Visualization: Fig. 6.5(a) shows a point P which lies on the H.P. and is 70 mm in front of the V.P. The
front view of the point is obtained by drawing the horizontal line through P to intersect the V.P. on the
reference line at point p′. The top view p is obtained on point P as the point P lies on the H.P.

After projecting the point P, the H.P. is rotated about the XY in a clockwise direction till it lies in the
plane with V.P. The projections of the point after rotation of the H.P is shown in Fig. 6.5(b). The front
view p′ is on XY and the top view p is 70 mm below the XY.

Construction: Fig. 6.5(b)

1. Draw a reference line XY.

2. Draw a projector perpendicular to the XY.
3. Mark the front view p′ on the XY.
4. Mark the top view p on the projector 70 mm below the XY.

Conclusion

If a point is situated on the H.P., then its front view (F.V.) is on the XY.

6.9 POINT ABOVE THE H.P. AND ON THE V.P.

Example 6.6 (Fig 6.6)

A point Q is 70 mm above the H.P. and on the V.P. Draw its projections.

Fig. 6.6(a) Fig. 6.6(b)

 Projections of Points 6.9

Visualization: Fig. 6.6(a) shows a point Q which is situated 70 mm above the H.P. and on the V.P.
The front view q′ of the point is obtained on point Q, as point Q is on the V.P. The top view is obtained
by drawing a vertical line through Q to intersect the H.P. on the reference line at point q.

After projecting the point Q, the H.P. is rotated about the XY in a clockwise direction till it lies in the
plane with the V.P. The projections of the point after rotation of the H.P. is shown in Fig. 6.6(b). The
front view q′ is 70 mm above the XY and the top view q is on the XY.

Construction: Fig. 6.6(b)

1. Draw a reference line XY.

2. Draw a projector perpendicular to the XY.
3. Mark the front view q′ on the projector 70 mm above the XY.
4. Mark the top view q on the projector on XY.

Conclusion

If a point is situated on the V.P., then its top view (T.V.) is on the XY.

6.10 POINT ON THE H.P. AND BEHIND THE V.P.

Example 6.7 (Fig 6.7)

A point R is on the H.P. and 60 mm behind the V.P. Draw its projections.

Fig. 6.7(a) Fig. 6.7(b)

6.10 Engineering Graphics

Visualization: Fig. 6.7(a) shows a point R situated on the H.P. and 60 mm behind the V.P. The front
view of the point is obtained by drawing a horizontal line through R to intersect the V.P. on the reference
line at point r′. The top view r coincides with point R, as the point R lies on the H.P.

After projecting the point R, the H.P. is rotated about the XY in a clockwise direction till it lies in the
plane with the V.P. The projections of the point after rotation of the H.P. is shown in Fig. 6.7(b). The
front view r′ is on XY and the top view r is 60 mm above the XY.

Construction: Fig. 6.7(b)

1. Draw a reference line XY.

2. Draw a projector perpendicular to the XY.
3. Mark the front view r′ on the XY.
4. Mark the top view r on the projector 60 mm above the XY.

Conclusion

If a point is situated on the H.P., then its front view (F.V.) is on the XY.

6.11 POINT BELOW THE H.P. AND ON V.P.

Example 6.8 (Fig 6.8)

A point S is 70 mm below the H.P. and on the V.P. Draw its projections.

Fig. 6.8(a) Fig. 6.8(b)

Visualization: Fig. 6.8(a) shows a point S which is situated 70 mm below the H.P. and on the V.P.
The front view s′ of the point is obtained on point S, as the point S lies on the V.P. The top view is ob-
tained by drawing a vertical line through S to intersect the H.P. on the reference line at point s.
 Projections of Points 6.11

After projecting the point S, the H.P. is rotated about the XY in a clockwise direction till it lies in the
plane with the V.P. The projections of the point after rotation of the H.P. is shown in Fig. 6.8(b). The
front view s′ is 70 mm below the XY and the top view s is on the XY.

Construction: Fig. 6.8(b)

1. Draw a reference line XY.

2. Draw a projector perpendicular to the XY.
3. Mark the front view s′ 70 mm below the XY.
4. Mark the top view s on the projector on the XY.

Conclusion

If a point is situated on the V.P., then its top view (T.V.) is on the XY.

6.12 POINT ON BOTH H.P. AND V.P.

Example 6.9 (Fig 6.9)

A point T is on the H.P. and the V.P. both. Draw its projections.

Fig. 6.9(a) Fig. 6.9(b)

Visualization: Fig. 6.9(a) shows a point T situated both on the H.P. and the V.P. The Point lies on the
reference line. The front and top views of the point are obtained on the reference line itself.

After projecting the point R, the H.P. is rotated about the XY in a clockwise direction till it lies in the
plane with the V.P. The projections of the point after rotation of the H.P. is shown in Fig. 6.9(b). The
front view r′ and the top view r are on the XY.
6.12 Engineering Graphics

Construction: Fig. 6.9(b)

1. Draw a reference line XY.

2. Mark front view r′ and top view r coinciding on the XY.

Conclusion

If a point is situated both on the H.P. and the V.P., then its front and top views coincide on the XY.

6.13 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES

Example 6.10 (Fig. 6.10)

Draw the projections of the following points on the same ground lines, keeping the projectors
15 mm apart:

(a) A in the H.P. and 20 mm behind V.P.

(b) B 25 mm below the H.P. and 25 mm behind V.P.
(c) C 15 mm above the H.P. and 20 mm in front of V.P.
(d) D 40 mm below H.P. and 25 mm in front of V.P. [RGPV April 2010]

Solution

b
a
c′
25
20

15

X Y
a′
15
20
25

25

40

c
b′
d

d′
Fig. 6.10
 Projections of Points 6.13

Example 6.11 (Fig. 6.11)

Draw the projections of the following points on a common reference line, keeping the distance
between their projectors 30 mm apart.

(a) Point A is 20 mm below the H.P. and 50 mm in front of the V.P.

(b) Point B is in the H.P. and 40 mm behind the V.P.
(c) Point C is 30 mm in front of the V.P. and in the H.P.
(d) Point D is 50 mm above the H.P. and 30 mm behind the V.P.
(e) Point E is 20 mm below the H.P. and 50 mm behind the V.P.
(f) Point F is in the V.P. and 50 mm below the H.P.

Solution

Fig. 6.11

Example 6.12 (Fig. 6.12)

Projection of various points are given in Fig. 6.12. State the position of each point with respect
to the planes of projection.

Fig. 6.12
6.14 Engineering Graphics

Solution
(a) Point A is 30 mm above the H.P. and 50 mm in front of the V.P.
(b) Point B is in the H.P and 40 mm in front of the V.P.
(c) Point C is 50 mm below the H.P and in the V.P.
(d) Point D is 20 mm above the H.P and 50 mm behind the V.P.
(e) Point E is 30 mm below the H.P and 40 mm behind the V.P.

EXERCISE 6

1. A point is 30 mm from the H.P. and 50 mm from the V.P. Draw its projections keeping it in all
possible positions.
2. Draw the projections of the following points on a common reference line keeping the distance
between their projectors 25 mm apart.
(a) Point A is 40 mm above the H.P and 25 mm in front of the V.P.
(b) Point B is 40 mm above the H.P and on the V.P.
(c) Point C is 25 mm in front of the V.P. and on the H.P.
(d) Point D is 25 mm above the H.P and 30 mm behind the V.P.
(e) Point E is on the H.P and 30 mm behind the V.P.
(f) Point F is 40 mm below the H.P and 30 mm behind the V.P.
(g) Point G is 25 mm below the H.P and 40 mm in front of the V.P.
(h) Point H is on the V.P and 30 mm below the H.P.
3. Draw the projections of the following points on a common reference line keeping the distance
between their projectors 30 mm apart.
(a) Point P is 35 mm below the H.P. and on the V.P.
(b) Point Q is 40 mm in front of the V.P. and 25 mm below the H.P.
(c) Point R is 45 mm above the H.P. and 20 mm behind the V.P.
(d) Point S is 30 mm below the H.P. and 45 mm behind the V.P.
(e) Point T is both on the H.P. and the V.P.

Fig. E 6.1
 Projections of Points 6.15

4. Projection of various points is given in Fig. E 6.1. State the position of each point with respect to
the planes of projection.
5. State the quadrants in which the following points are located:
(i) A - front view and top view are above XY.
(ii) B-front view below XY and top view above XY.
(iii) C-front view and top view below XY.
(iv) front view above XY and top view below XY. [RGPV Aug. 2010]

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. If both the views of a point coincide with each other and lie below the reference line, state the
angle in which the point lies.
2. State the similarities and dissimilarities in the projections of points which lie in the second-angle
and the fourth-angle.
3. State the position of the point, the front view of which lies 50 mm below the reference line and
the top view 30 mm above the front view.
4. State the position of the point, the top view of which lies 50 mm above the reference line and the
front view 30 mm below the top view.
5. If the front view of a point lies above the reference line, state the possible angles in which the
point may lie.
6. If the top view of a point lies above the reference line, state the possible angles in which the point
may lie.
7. If the front view of a point lies below the reference line, state the possible angles in which the
point may lie.
8. If the top view of a point lies below the reference line, state the possible angles in which the point
may lie.
9. State the relationship between front view and top view of a point.
10. State the position of the point if its both views lie on the reference line.
11. State the position of the point, the top view of which lies on the reference line and the front view
50 mm below it.
12. State the position of the point, the front view of which lies on the reference line and the top view
50 mm below it.
13. State the position of the point, the top view of which lies on the reference line and the front view
45 mm above it.
14. State the position of the point, the front view of which lies on the reference line and the top view
35 mm above it.
6.16 Engineering Graphics

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

Choose the most appropriate answer out of the given alternatives.

(i) The line joining the front and top views of a point is called
(a) reference line (b) projector
(c) connector (d) locus
(ii) A point lying in the H.P. has its top view above the XY. Its front view will be
(a) on XY (b) above XY
(c) below XY (d) any of these
(iii) A point whose elevation and plan are above XY is situated in
(a) first-angle (b) second-angle
(c) third-angle (d) fourth-angle
(iv) A point whose elevation is above XY may be situated in
(a) first-angle (b) second-angle
(c) vertical-plane (d) any of these
(v) A point is 20 mm below the H.P. and 30 mm behind the V.P. Its top view will be
(a) 20 mm below XY (b) 30 mm below XY
(c) 20 mm above XY (d) 30 mm above XY
(vi) If the front view of a point is 50 mm above the XY and the top view is 20 mm below the front
view, the point lies in
(a) First-angle (b) Second-angle
(c) Third-angle (d) Fourth-angle
(vii) If both the front and the top views of a point lie on opposite sides of the reference line, the point
may be situated in the following angles:
(a) First or second (b) First or third
(c) Second or fourth (d) Third or fourth
(viii) If both the front and the top views of a point lie on the same side of the reference line, the point
may be situated in following angles:
(a) First or second (b) First or third
(c) Second or fourth (d) Third or fourth
(ix) If the top view of a point is situated 60 mm below the reference line and its front view is 20 mm
above the top view, the point lies in
(a) first-angle (b) second-angle
(c) third-angle (d) fourth-angle
 Projections of Points 6.17

(x) If the front view of a point is 40 mm above the XY and the top view is 50 mm below the xy, the
position of point is
(a) 40 mm above H.P. (b) 40 mm below the H.P.
(c) 50 mm above H.P. (d) 50 mm below the H.P.
(xi) State the position of a point the front view of which lies on the reference line and the top view
is 40 mm above it.
(a) 40 mm above the H.P. and on the V.P. (b) 40 mm behind the V.P. and on the H.P.
(c) 40 mm below the H.P. and on the V.P. (d) 40 mm in front of the V.P. and on the H.P.
(xii) State the position of a point the top view of which lies on the reference line and the front view
is 30 mm below it.
(a) 30 mm above the H.P. and on the V.P. (b) 30 mm behind the V.P. and on the H.P.
(c) 30 mm below the H.P. and on the V.P. (d) 30 mm in front of the V.P. and on the H.P.

Answers
(i) (b) (ii) (a) (iii) (b) (iv) (d) (v) (d) (vi) (b) (vii) (b) (viii) (c) (ix) (d) (x) (a)
(xi) (b) (xii) (c)